Effects Of nano-TiO2 Research Articles

Differential toxic effects of nano-titanium dioxide on clams (Meretrix meretrix) with various individuality

Nano-TiO2 is inevitably released into aquatic environment with increasing of nanotechnology industries. Study pointed that different individuality showed divergent behavioral and physiological response when facing environmental stress. However, the effects of nano-TiO2 on tolerance of bivalves with different individualities remain unknown. In the study, clams were divided into two types of individuality - proactive and reactive by post-stress recovery method. It turned out that proactive individuals had quicker shell opening level, stronger burrowing behavior, faster feeding recovery, higher standard metabolic rate and more rapid ammonia excretion ability than reactive individuals after exposed to air. Then, the survival rate, hemocytes response and oxidase activity of classified clams were evaluated after nano-TiO2 exposure. Results showed that after 30 d exposure, proactive individuals accelerated burrowing behavior with higher survival rate. Moreover, proactive clams had better adaptability and less hemocytes response and oxidative damage than reactive clams. The study highlights the individualities of marine shell fish determine individual capacity to adapt to environmental changes, play important roles in aquaculture and coastal ecosystem health.

Effect of Nano-TiO2 and Polypropylene Fiber on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

In order to promote the engineering application of recycled concrete, the effects of PPF and nano-TiO2 dioxide on the mechanical properties and durability of recycled concrete were studied.Polypropylene fiber recycled concrete(PRAC) and nano-TiO2 recycled concrete(TRAC) were prepared by adding different volume contents of PPF and nano-TiO2. The experimental findings demonstrated that the PPF and nano-TiO2 improved the splitting tensile strength of RAC better than the compressive strength. When the volume content of nano-TiO2. and PPF is 0.8% and 1.0%, respectively, the corresponding splitting tensile strength of concrete reaches the maximum value(3.4 and 3.7 MPa). The contribution rates of nano-TiO2 and PPF with different volume contents to the mechanical properties of RAC have optimal values, which are 0.4 and 1.0%, respectively. The incorporation of nano-TiO2 and PPF can effectively inhibit the loss of RAC mass and the generation of pores under freeze–thaw conditions, and slow down the decrease of dynamic elastic modulus. When the volume content of PPF is 1.0% and the volume content of nano-TiO2 is 0.4%, the protection effect on the internal structure of RAC is better, and its carbon resistance is better. The results of RSM model analysis and prediction show that both PPF and nano-TiO2 can be used as admixture materials to improve the mechanical properties and durability of RAC, and the comprehensive improvement effect of PPF on RAC performance is better than that of nano-TiO2.

Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement

Abstract In recent years, nano-modified asphalt has gained significant attraction from researchers in the design of asphalt pavement fields. The recently discovered Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) are among the most exciting and promising nanomaterials. This study examines the effect of 1, 3, 5, and 7% of nano-TiO2 by weight of asphalt on some of its rheological and hardened properties. The experimental study included physical and rheological properties. The asphalt penetration, softening point, ductility, and rotational viscometer tests indicate that 5% nano-TiO2 is the ideal amount to be added to bitumen as a modifier. The study of the rotating viscosity test showed that the addition of nano-TiO2 helped to increase viscosity and lessen bituminous sensitivity. Rutting factor in terms of G*/sin δ indicated the addition of 3 to 7% of nano-TiO2 increased the rutting resistance of asphalt against higher temperatures and promoted performance grade by about one grade at 3% and two grades at a range of 5–7% this suggests that nano-TiO2 increased the stiffness of the asphalt and leading to enhance the rutting performance of asphalt. While fatigue parameter, G*.sin δ shows that as nanocontent increases, higher stiffness at 5 and 7% of TiO2 content leads to an increase in complex modulus and a decrease in fatigue parameter. Higher creep stiffness and higher m-values were noted at low temperatures as nano increases in asphalt binder, increasing stiffness and decreasing the m-value at −6 and 12°C. As a result, using 5% nano-TiO2 will improve asphalt’s physical properties and enhance asphalt anit-rutting and fatigue resistance.

Effects of nano-TiO2 and pentachlorophenol on the bioenergetics of mussels under predatory stress

Organic and nanoparticle pollutants are the main environmental problems affecting marine species, which have received great attention. However, the combined effect of pollutants on marine life in the presence of predators needs to be clarified. In this study, the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) on the energy metabolism of mussels (Mytilus coruscus) in the presence of predators were assessed through cellular energy allocation (CEA) approach. Mussels were exposed to PCP (0, 1, and 10 μg/L), nano-TiO2 (1 mg/L, 25 and 100 nm), and predators (Portunus trituberculatus presence/absence) for 14 days. Exposure to high concentrations of PCP (10 μg/L) with small particle size nano-TiO2 (25 nm) decreased cellular energy stores (carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) and increased cellular energy demand (measured as the activity of the mitochondrial electron transport system, ETS). During the first 7 days, energy was supplied mainly through the consumption of carbohydrates, while lipids are mobilized to participate after 7 days. The presence of predators caused a further decrease in energy stores. These findings demonstrate that PCP, nano-TiO2 and predators have a negative impact on energy metabolism at the cellular level. Carbohydrates are not able to meet the metabolic demand, lipids need to be consumed, and energy metabolism was also mediated by the involvement of proteins. Overall, our results suggest that PCP, nano-TiO2 and predators disrupt the cellular energy metabolism of mussels through reduced cellular energy allocation, small particles and predators drive mussels to exert energetic metabolic adjustments for detoxification reactions when toxic contaminants are present.

Effect of Nano-TiO2 at macro and micro level of concrete by partial substitution of cement

At macro level the strength of the concrete will decline due to several reasons like high water-cement ratio, improper compaction and improper curing. At micro level concrete strength will reduce due to poor pore structure. Since the cement acts a binding agent upon reacting with water, the fineness of the cement influences the strength. Higher water cement ratio leads to higher porosity. Fine particles of very high specific surface area may affect the pores of concrete leading to strength enhancement rather than decline. In this study is aimed to study the effects of partial substitution of nano-TiO2 for cement into concrete, on mechanical strength and microstructure. Fresh and hard macro level properties are investigated for M40 and M60 with cement replacement 0% to 2% by nano-TiO2. SEM images were examined for studying dispersion of particles and XRD for products of hydration at micro level. It is found that at 1% of nano-TiO2 strength for M40 and M60 were higher with other percentages replacements.

EFFECTS OF TIO2 NANO-PRIMING ON TOMATO SEED GERMINATION AND PLANT DEVELOPMENT

The effect of nano-TiO2 on seed germination and plant development as a priming agent has not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TiO2 nano-priming on seed germination, plant growth and yield of tomato plants relying on experiments that have been conducted both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. During the laboratory experiments, the seed germination, seed vigor index and water uptake of seeds were determined after 5, 10, 50 and 100 mg L-1 of TiO2 nano-priming while hydropriming was used as control. The biomass of tomato seedling was increased the most for the 10 mg L-1 TiO2 nano-priming condition. With follow-up experiments, the effect of 10 mg L-1 TiO2 nano-priming was investigated further under greenhouse conditions, where hydropriming was also used as control. The physiological traits of tomato plants, like chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were increased by TiO2 nano-priming treatment. Although the photosynthesis rate was boosted by nano-priming, the yield was not affected. The application of 10 mg L-1 TiO2 as nano-priming agent increased plant development and chlorophyll content under both laboratory and greenhouse conditions without translocation in the plant, which is one of the most important concerts of using nanoparticles in plant production. Key words: Nano-priming, priming, TiO2, tomato, seed

Effects of nano-TiO2/Fe3O4 addition on soil phosphorus fractions, microbial characteristics, and plant growth

Effects of nano-TiO2/Fe3O4 addition on soil phosphorus fractions, microbial characteristics, and plant growth

Effect of nano TiO2 and SiO2 on gelation performance of HPAM/PEI gels for high-temperature reservoir conformance improvement

Nanoparticles have been widely used in polymer gel systems in recent years to improve gelation performance under high-temperature reservoir conditions. However, different types of nanoparticles have different effects on their gelation performance, which has been little researched. In this study, the high-temperature gelation performance, chemical structure, and microstructure of polymer gels prepared from two nanomaterials (i.e., nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2) were measured. The conventional HPAM/PEI polymer gel system was employed as the control sample. Results showed that the addition of nano-TiO2 could significantly enhance the gel strength of HPAM/PEI gel at 80 °C. The gel strength of the enhanced HPAM/PEI gel with 0.1 wt% nano-TiO2 could reach grade I. The system also had excellent high-temperature stability at 150 °C. The enhanced HPAM/PEI gel with 0.02 wt% nano-TiO2 reached the maximum gel strength at 150 °C with a storage modulus (G′) of 15 Pa, which can meet the need for efficient plugging. However, the nano-SiO2 enhanced HPAM/PEI polymer gel system showed weaker gel strength than that with nano-TiO2 at both 80 and 150 °C with G′ lower than 5 Pa. Microstructures showed that the nano-TiO2 enhanced HPAM/PEI gel had denser three-dimensional (3D) mesh structures, which makes the nano-TiO2 enhanced HPAM/PEI gel more firmly bound to water. The FT-IR results also confirmed that the chemical structure of the nano-TiO2 enhanced HPAM/PEI gel was more thermally stable than nano-SiO2 since there was a large amount of –OH groups on the structure surface. Therefore, nano-TiO2 was more suitable as the reinforcing material for HPAM/PEI gels for high-temperature petroleum reservoir conformance improvement.

The role of nano-TiO2 on the mechanical properties and hydration behavior of C2S, C3S and C4A3[formula omitted

To clarify the details of hydration between nanomaterials and single minerals in cement, C2S, C3S and C4A3S‾ were prepared by chemical synthesis, and the effects of nano-TiO2 on the hydration properties of C2S, C3S and C4A3S‾ were explored to reveal the mechanism of different hydration stages from the perspective of hydration kinetics. The results suggested that nano-TiO2 did not essentially change the type of hydration products of C2S, C3S and C4A3S‾, but mainly acted as seeds to promote the nucleation and crystal growth of hydration products, and as fillers to form denser microstructures and higher strength. However, for C4A3S‾, the crystal growth of AFt at the late stage of hydration was further promoted by nano-TiO2, resulting in microcracks due to volume expansion of the hydrated matrix. Meanwhile, the relatively insufficient amount of alumina gel caused that the AFt could not being effectively cross-linked into a monolith, so the compressive strength decreased by 29.21% and 37.8% at 14d and 28d. The hydration kinetics shows that the acceleration period of C2S, C3S and C4A3S‾ appeared earlier by reducing the activation energy required for the reaction by nano-TiO2. However, the hydration kinetic processes of C2S and C3S (NG-I-D) and C4A3S‾ (NG-D) were not disturbed by nano-TiO2, but significantly increased the hydration rates of the corresponding stages and advanced the turning point of the control stage. This demonstrated that nucleation and crystal growth of hydration products of these minerals are promoted by nano-TiO2, and the difficulty of phase boundary reactions and diffusion was also weakened.

Effects of nano-TiO2 and nano-SiO2 particles on the reflectance and weathering durability of solar heat reflectance coating

Two pure emulsion acrylic resins, PRIMAL™ AC-261 and DIRTSHIELD™ K-2, were used to fabricate the multifunctional acrylic coating for solar heat reflective system. The ratios of nano-TiO2: micro-TiO2 particles were 2/98, 4/96, and 8/92, whereas the content of heat-reflective nano-SiO2 particles was 1 % by the total solid content of coating film.The experimental results showed that the appropriate ratio of nano-TiO2 /micro-TiO2/solid resin was 4/96/100, corresponding to the 2 % content of nano-TiO2 particles in the coating. At this optimal ratio, a 60 µm thick coating had an average refractive index of 92.68% in the 425–1400 nm range. Under solar irradiation, our synthesized acrylic nanocomposite coating showed a temperature reduction of concrete surface up to 9.5 °C. When the ambient air temperature was in the range of 40–42 °C, this coating sytem could reduce the temperature of concrete surface and test chamber by 9.5 °C and 4.2 °C, respectively. In case of neat acrylic coating system (without nano-TiO2 particles), it could only reduce the temperature of concrete surface and test chamber by 7.5 °C and 2.5 °C, respectively.After 1500 h of the accelerated weathering test, no blisters or peelings were observed by naked eyes for both coatings with or without nanoparticles. With nanoparticles, their reflectance index decreased slightly from 92.68% to 90.48%. Without nanoparticles, the refractive index decreased from 89.17% to 86.67%. These findings indicated that adding nano-TiO2 and nano-SiO2 particles to the acrylic coating formulation has significantly increased the reflectivity, cooling insulation efficiency, and weathering resistance of the coating.

Mechanical, Permeability, and Photocatalytic Properties of White Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete with Nano-TiO2

White ultra-high performance concrete (WUHPC) was prepared with limestone powder (LP), silica fume (SF), and metakaolin (MK) to meet low carbon requirements. The influence of the mineral admixture on fluidity, strength, and whiteness of WUHPC was studied by orthogonal experiments and variance analysis. The effects of nano-TiO2 (NT) on fluidity, strength, whiteness, impermeability, and the photocatalysis of WUHPC were also investigated. Results shown that the fluidity of WUHPC was decreased with increased concentration of NT. The compressive and flexural strength of WUHPC reached 198 MPa/44.4 MPa when the NT content was 1%. The whiteness of WUHPC increased and then decreased with increasing NT content. The water absorption of WUHPC continuously increased when the NT content exceeded 1%. The photocatalytic rate of WUHPC continuously increased to 18 times greater when NT increased from 3% to 10%.

Calcium sulphoaluminate cement from solid waste with nano-TiO2 addition for high-efficiency CO2 capture

Calcium sulphoaluminate cement from solid waste (WCSA) has a relatively lower sintering temperature and low CO2 emission, meanwhile, the low cost of WCSA and the good CO2 absorption capacity make it one of the current hot topics of research. In this work, based on the optimal water-cement ratio, the effect of titanium oxide (TiO2) on the pore structure and the hydration process of WCSA were explored. The hydration process and microscopic evolution were studied by compressive strength test, carbonization test, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller measurement (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), the heat of hydration, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effect of nano-TiO2 on the carbon sequestration behavior of WCSA was also analyzed. The results show that WCSA with a water-cement ratio of 0.4 is the optimal carbonization substrate and nano-TiO2 will make the pore structure more uniform and dense, simultaneously increasing the adsorption pressure for the CO2. Meanwhile, the nano-TiO2 can effectively promote and regulate the crystallization, nucleation, and growth of ettringite crystals. It can be found that the WCSA containing 1% nano-TiO2 has the highest carbon capture ability among all the contents, and the ettringite crystal is concave hexahedron. The research considered that the concave surface with large specific surface energy can effectively increase the contact area between CO2 and ettringite, which greatly improved the CO2 absorption of ettringite. Overall, WCSA containing nano-TiO2 may provide some new opportunities for efficient carbon capture.

Investigation of FT-IR and impedance spectroscopy of nanocomposite PVDF-HFP based polymer electrolytes

The fabrication of nano TiO2 polymer electrolyte of PVDF-HFP: Mg (ClO4)2 polymer matrix deploying solution casting technique. An effect of nano TiO2 with PVDF-HFP: Mg(ClO4)2 was studied by FTIR, and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The FT-IR results revealed the dramatic changes in α, β, γ and δ polymorphous phase transition of –CF-CF- on PVDF-HFP polymer shows fair miscibility and interaction between Mg2+ ion and PVDF-HFP and nano TiO2; when nano TiO2 added to PVDF-HFP: Mg solid polymer electrolyte. The impedance spectroscopy results of PVDF-HFP: Mg(ClO4)2 with nano-TiO2 included revealed that bulk resistance decreased with increasing TiO2 nano filler concentration up to a specific optimum concentration, and then rose with additional increases in TiO2 nano filler concentration. The optimum conductivity was obtained for the PVDF-HFP:Mg(ClO4)2:TiO2(nano) solid polymer electrolyte in the 100:40:12 ratio, and the observed value is in the order of 10−3 Scm−1.

Retracted: Effect of Nano TiO2 Filler Addition on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Polyester Hybrid Composites and Parameters Optimized Using Grey Taguchi Method

Retracted: Effect of Nano TiO₂ Filler Addition on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Polyester Hybrid Composites and Parameters Optimized Using Grey Taguchi Method

Effect of Nano-TiO2 on Capillary Water Absorption of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

To improve the durability performance of recycled aggregate concrete in actual use, this paper uses nano-TiO2-modified recycled coarse aggregate to study, through experiments, the effects of nano-TiO2 on the pore distribution of recycled coarse aggregate concrete after freeze–thaw. The capillary-water-absorption law was used as the evaluation index. The recycled coarse aggregate concrete was prepared with different contents of nano-TiO2, and changes in the 24 h capillary water absorption and porosity of the recycled aggregate concrete after freeze–thaw cycles were analysed. With the help of high-resolution image recognition and binary-image-processing technology, the pore distribution of the recycled aggregate concrete before and after freeze–thaw cycles was obtained. Through the analysis of the water-absorption data at different times, the initial capillary-water-absorption rate, S1, is obtained. The capillary water absorption of recycled aggregate concrete is reacted with S1, and the initial capillary-water-absorption prediction model of nano-TiO2 recycled aggregate concrete under freeze–thaw cycles is established. The results show that under the action of freeze–thaw cycles, the capillary water absorption of recycled coarse aggregate concrete increases with the increase in the RCA substitution rate and decreases with the increase in nano-TiO2 content. After 150 freeze–thaw cycles, the cumulative water absorption and porosity of RC25-NT1.2 decreased by 25.52% and 14.57%, respectively, compared with the test block without nanomaterials. It was found that nano-TiO2 has a prominent role in modifying recycled aggregate concrete. Nano-TiO2 can reduce the cumulative water absorption and porosity of recycled aggregate concrete and alleviate the negative impact of the recycled coarse aggregate on capillary water absorption of concrete after freeze–thaw cycles. It was observed by scanning electron microscopy that a large amount of C–S–H gel was produced inside the concrete mixed with nano-TiO2, which bonded the internal pores and cracks to form a dense structure.

Nano-TiO2 modifies heavy metal bioaccumulation in Daphnia magna: A model study

Due to special properties, nano-TiO2 will interact with heavy metals and other pollutants in water, thus affecting the environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of these pollutants. However, the exact manner in which nano-TiO2 affects the bioaccumulation mechanisms of heavy metals is still unclear now. In the present study, quantitative structure bioaccumulation relationship (QSBAR) models were established to explore the relationships between physicochemical parameters of heavy metals and their accumulation in Daphnia magna in the absence and presence of nano-TiO2 at low metal exposure concentrations. The results showed that different physicochemical parameters affected the bioaccumulation of metals in Daphnia magna. The metal accumulation could be described by means of a Comprehensive Parameter composed of seven parameters, i.e., atomic number (AN), relative atomic weight (AW), atomic radius (AR), atomic ionization potential (AN/ΔIP), covalent index (X2r), second ionization energy (I2) and electrochemical potential (E0), in the absence of nano-TiO2, whereas the metal accumulation increased with the increase in Van Der Waals radius (rw) of metals in the presence of nano-TiO2. It was demonstrated that the bioaccumulation mechanism of the metals to Daphnia magna changed in the presence of nano-TiO2. Moreover, the bioaccumulation of more than 85% of the metals increased in the presence of nano-TiO2, but it increased differently for different metals. The present study provides an alternative approach to understand the mechanism of heavy metal bioaccumulation at low metal exposure concentrations and the effect of nano-TiO2 on metal bioaccumulation.

Effect of nano TiO2 on the thransport, structural and thermal properties of PEMA-NaI solid polymer electrolytes for energy storage devices

Nano Titania (TiO2) added polymer electrolytes have been prepared successfully via conventional solvent casting technique using Poly (Ethyl Methacrylate) (PEMA) as the host polymer and Sodium Iodide (NaI) as salt. Different characterization techniques such as AC impedance spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) have been employed. With the help of the AC impedance analyzer, the ionic conductivity for all samples has been calculated and higher ionic conductivity of 2.91 × 10−5 Scm−1 is achieved for the system PEMA/NaI/4 wt% TiO2 at room temperature. The shifting and disappearance of bands in FTIR spectroscopy confirm the mixing of polymer and salt in the homogeneous polymer electrolytes. The decrease in crystallinity and hence the increase in amorphous nature has been confirmed through XRD studies. The diffusion coefficient, mobility, and the number of mobile ion concentrations have been estimated for all compositions of nano TiO2 added PEMA/NaI systems. The thermal stability of the membranes has been investigated by TG-DTA analysis.

Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mammalian Cell Cycle In Vitro: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Although most studies that explore the cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) have focused on cell viability and oxidative stress, the cell cycle, a basic process of cell life, can also be affected. However, the results on the effects of nano-TiO2 on mammalian cell cycle are still inconsistent. A systematic review and meta-analysis were therefore performed in this research based on the effects of nano-TiO2 on the mammalian cell cycle in vitro to explore whether nano-TiO2 can induce cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, the impact of physicochemical properties of nano-TiO2 on the cell cycle in vitro was investigated, and the response of normal cells and cancer cells was compared. A total of 33 articles met the eligibility criteria after screening. We used Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 15.1 for analysis. The results showed an increased percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and an upregulation of the p53 gene after being exposed to nano-TiO2. Nevertheless, nano-TiO2 had no effect on cell percentage in other phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the cell percentage in both the sub-G1 phase of normal cells and S phase of cancer cells were significantly increased under anatase-form nano-TiO2 treatment. Moreover, nano-TiO2 with a particle size <25 nm or exposure duration of nano-TiO2 more than 24 h induced an increased percentage of normal cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, the cell cycle of cancer cells was arrested in the S phase no matter if the exposure duration of nano-TiO2 was more than 24 h or the exposure concentration was over 50 μg/mL. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that nano-TiO2 disrupted the cell cycle in vitro. The cell cycle arrest induced by nano-TiO2 varies with cell status and physicochemical properties of nano-TiO2.

Effects of nano-TiO2 on the bioavailability and toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in developing zebrafish

Nanoparticles like nano-TiO2 are suspected to influence the bioavailability and toxicity of co-existing organic or inorganic pollutants differently in aquatic environment. Recently, bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) with potential lipid-metabolism disruptive effects, has been detected prevalently in multiple environments including where nano-TiO2 was also observed. However, their interaction in aqueous phase and modification of nano-TiO2 on biological processes and toxicity of TBPH at environmental relevant levels remain unknown. Accordingly, we exposed zebrafish embryos to TBPH (1, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) alone or with nano-TiO2 (100 μg/L) until 72 h post-fertilization (hpf) with emphasis on their physicochemical interactions in solutions and variations of bioavailability and toxicity regarding lipid metabolism in vivo. Zeta potential, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and TEM-EDS revealed adsorption and agglomeration between TBPH and nano-TiO2in vitro. Decreased body contents of nano-TiO2 and TBPH implied a reduction of TBPH in bioavailability. The enhanced lipid metabolism and reduced fat storage by TBPH alone were all alleviated by co-exposure to nano-TiO2. The overall results indicate that nano-TiO2 adsorbed TBPH to form size-enlarged agglomerates and led to decreased bioavailability and consequently mitigated lipid metabolism disorders in developing zebrafish embryo/larvae.

Effect of Nano TiO2 Filler Addition on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Polyester Hybrid Composites and Parameters Optimized Using Grey Taguchi Method

Exploration has shifted from traditional materials and alloys to composite materials in recent years to develop lightweight, high-effective materials for specific purposes. Natural fibres are less costly, biodegradable, and nonflammable than glass fibres. This study explores how titanium oxide affects woven polyester reinforced composite’s mechanical and physical characteristics. Nanocomposites were created by hand utilizing the following terms: (i) TiO2 nanoparticle filler weight ratio, (ii) fibre content, and (iii) fibre diameter, all at three unique levels. Using the L9 (33) orthogonal design, nine composite samples are generated and tested according to the ASTM standard. According to the research, hybrid composites containing 4% titanium oxide powder and 15 mm length of bamboo fibre with 0.24 mm of bamboo fibre diameter have high mechanical strength. Adding fibre to pristine polyester increased its mechanical properties. As the fibre and filler percentages grew, more effort was required to break the fragments between the matrix and its resin. The verification test, which uses the optimal processing value and grey relational analysis, outperforms the real test results by a wide margin. Tensile strength increased by 14.76%, flexural strength increased by 14.07%, and hardness increased by 25.55%.