Effectiveness Of Motivational Interviewing Research Articles

Influence of motivational interviewing on postoperative mobilization in the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) pathway in elective colorectal surgery - a randomized patient-blinded pilot study

PurposeEarly mobilization is an essential component of the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS®)-pathway. However, a large percentage of patients fail to achieve the ERAS® recommended goal (360 min out of bed from post-operative day 1/POD1). Motivational Interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based type of patient-centered consultation to promote intrinsic motivation. This study aims to evaluate if MI can improve postoperative mobilization.MethodsThis two-arm, patient-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial included ERAS®-patients undergoing elective bowel resections. Conversations were validated by MI Treatment Integrity. Two validated motion sensors (movisens) and self-assessments were used to measure mobilization (POD1–POD3: Time out of bed, time on feet and step count).Results97 patients were screened, 60 finally included and randomized. Cumulatively across POD1–3, the intervention group (IG) was longer out of bed than the control group (CG) (median: 685 vs. 420 min; p=0.022). The IG achieved the ERAS®-goal of 360 min/day more frequently across POD1–3 (27.4% vs. 10.61%; p=0.013). Time on feet was 131.5 min/day (median per POD) in IG vs. 95.8 min/day in the CG (p=0.212), step count was 1347 in IG vs. 754 steps/day in CG (p=0.298).ConclusionMI could be conducted low threshold and was well accepted by patients. MI can improve mobilization in the context of ERAS®. Despite better performance, it should be noted that only 27.4% of the IG reached the ERAS®-compliance goal of 360 min/day. The findings of this pilot study stipulate to further test the promising perioperative effects of MI within a multicenter superiority trial.RegistrationThis study was registered prospectively in the German Clinical Trials Register on 25.02.2022. Trial registration number is “DRKS00027863”.

Virtual Motivational Interviewing (VIMINT) to support physical activity: Experiences of older adults and counsellors.

The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of older adults and counsellors involved in virtual motivational interviewing (MI). This study was part of the Virtual Motivational INTerviewing (VIMINT) feasibility trial of virtual MI for physical activity in older adults. A descriptive qualitative design utilized content analysis. Seven older adults and three counsellors were interviewed. Four categories were developed: (i) Benefits and limitations of using technology (ii) Relationships between older adults and counsellors (iii) MI skills and spirit and (iv) Effects of virtual MI. Older adults and counsellors reported that receiving/delivering MI virtually was convenient and flexible. They described reduced non-verbal communication in virtual MI. Virtual MI facilitates interpersonal relationships, and counsellors reported that MI skills and spirit can be applied virtually. This study showed that virtual MI offers potential benefits with some limitations. The findings could inform future research involving virtual delivery of MI.

Motivational Enhancement Interventions to Increase Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Use in Sexual Minority Men Who Use Stimulants: Protocol for a Pilot Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial.

Although pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could substantially mitigate HIV risk, sexual minority men who use stimulants commonly experience difficulties with engaging in PrEP clinical services. Motivational interviewing (MI) and contingency management (CM) reduce substance use and condomless anal sex (CAS) in this population, but these motivational enhancement interventions require modifications to promote engagement along the PrEP care continuum. PrEP Readiness Interventions for Supporting Motivation (PRISM) is a pilot sequential multiple assignment randomized trial testing the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of distinct combinations of telehealth MI and CM in 70 cisgender sexual minority men who use stimulants that are not currently taking PrEP. A national sample was recruited via social networking applications to complete a baseline assessment and mail-in HIV testing. Those with nonreactive HIV results were randomized to receive either (1) a 2-session MI intervention focusing on PrEP use (session 1) and concomitant stimulant use or CAS (session 2) or (2) a CM intervention with financial incentives for documented evidence of PrEP clinical evaluation by a medical provider (US $50) and filling a PrEP prescription (US $50). At the 3-month follow-up assessment, participants who reported they had not filled a prescription for PrEP were randomized a second time to either (1) switch to a second-stage intervention (ie, MI+CM or CM+MI) or (2) continue with assessments only. Outcomes for both responders and nonresponders were reassessed at a 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome is documented evidence of filling a PrEP prescription over 6 months. Self-reported secondary outcomes include PrEP clinical evaluation by a medical provider, stimulant use, and CAS. Qualitative exit interviews were conducted with a subgroup of responders and nonresponders to characterize their experiences with the MI and CM interventions. Implementation of PRISM underscores challenges in reaching sexual minority men who use stimulants to optimize HIV prevention efforts. Approximately 1 in 10 (104/1060) eligible participants have enrolled. Of the 104 who enrolled, 87 (84%) completed mail-in HIV testing. We delivered 5 preliminary HIV-positive results, including posttest counseling with referrals to confirmatory testing. Lessons learned from PRISM underscore the central importance of a flexible, participant-centered approach to support the engagement of sexual minority men who use stimulants. Leveraging telehealth platforms to deliver motivational enhancement interventions also expanded their reach and potential public health impact with this high-priority population. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of telehealth MI and CM for supporting PrEP use in sexual minority men who use stimulants. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04205487; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04205487. DERR1-10.2196/48459.

The effects of psychoeducation and motivational interviewing on treatment adherence and functionality in individuals with bipolar disorder

BackgroundIndividuals diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) encounter difficulties in adherence to treatment and functionality. Although it is known that psychosocial interventions such as motivational interviewing (MI) and psychoeducation are important in regard to improving adherence to treatment and functionality, the content and nature of these interventions remain uncertain. ObjectiveThis study was conducted to determine the effects of psychoeducation and MI on treatment adherence and functionality in individuals diagnosed with BD. MethodIn this study, a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with three groups was adopted. The study was completed with 119 participants in the MI (n = 32), psychoeducation (n = 31), and control (n = 56) groups. ResultsThere was a statistically significant improvement in the psychoeducation and MI groups in terms of treatment adherence compared to the control group (F = 32.672, p = 0.001, Partial η2 = 0.364). Similarly, the psychoeducation and MI groups had significantly higher functionality levels compared to the control group, and significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the degree of improvement in functionality dimensions including the feeling of stigmatization (F = 8.433, p = 0.001, Partial η2 = 0.129) and participation in social activities (F = 7.038, p = 0.001, Partial η2 = 0.110). ConclusionIt can be stated that psychoeducation and MI have positive effects in terms of improvement in treatment adherence and functionality in individuals diagnosed with BD.

153 Adapting Motivational Interviewing for Vaccine Hesitancy in Underserved Communities

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To adapt and evaluate motivational interviewing (MI) as a tool for better understanding the beliefs that underlie vaccine hesitancy and effectively respond to these beliefs with emphasis on reaching underserved communities disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our group reviewed the principals for motivational interviewing, rationale for vaccination, and likely beliefs underlying hesitancy and developed a guide for MI to address vaccine hesitancy. We recruited lay members of Black and Hispanic communities in Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD. 90-minute zoom facilitator training sessions included didactic material, questions and discussion, and role playing. We were not successful recruiting unvaccinated individuals to provide written consent to be followed re vaccination status. Facilitators indicated incorporating MI in their job-related and informal interactions. Surveys were developed to obtain feedback regarding beliefs underlying hesitancy, perceptions of MI effectiveness, and more recently (Oct 2022), evolving concerns regarding the pandemic. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: 67% of facilitators were Black, their average age was 39 years, and 67% had at least a high school education. All had received a COVID-19 vaccination. 82% endorsed utilizing MI in discussions receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. 46% of the facilitators endorsed that MI was moderately effective (46%) in clarifying objections and very effective (50%) in persuading friends, family, and co-workers to consider getting vaccinated. The most common elicited objections to the vaccine were side-effects (21%) and beliefs in government conspiracies (21%). In the second survey respondents indicated receiving another booster followed by getting their children vaccinated as the most common identified concerns. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: MI can be adapted to address vaccine hesitancy in underserved minority groups and appears promising for identifying beliefs underlying hesitancy and possibly for increasing vaccination rates among these communities.

The Effect of Motivational Interviewing on Reduction of New Carious Lesions in Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Preventive therapies rely on effective behavior change. Motivational interviewing (MI), has been the most recent advancement in behavior therapies that have been successful in tobacco cessation. The effectiveness of MI needs to be evaluated in caries prevention. To evaluate the effectiveness of MI on the reduction of new carious lesions in children with early childhood caries (ECC). The two authors independently searched data from Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, J gate, and Quintpub. Selection criteria-interventional studies written in the English language with MI as an intervention, a mean follow-up period of atleast 2 years, ECC with decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth/decayed, missing, and filled primary surfaces (dmft/dmfs) as the outcome measures, in the age group of 0-6 years. We excluded cross-sectional studies. Information regarding methods, participants, interventions, outcome measures, and results were extracted. A risk of bias assessment within and across studies was conducted. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were applied to generate quality evidence. Six studies with a total of 2,663 participants were included in the review, and meta-analysis was conducted on 4; 3 studies had a high risk of bias. A mean reduction of 2.16 (-5.06, 0.75) was observed with MI as an intervention. A sensitivity analysis revealed a mean reduction of 3.64 (-5.77, -1.51) in favor of MI. There is some evidence with moderate certainty that MI is beneficial in the reduction of new carious lesions in children with ECC. Manek S, Jawdekar AM, Katre AN. The Effect of Motivational Interviewing on Reduction of New Carious Lesions in Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(1):112-123.

Preliminary Support for the Use of Motivational Interviewing to Improve Parent/Adult Caregiver Behavior for Obesity and Cancer Prevention.

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a promising behavioral intervention for improving parent and adult caregiver (PAC) health behavior for obesity and cancer prevention. This study explored the preliminary effects of MI from a registered dietitian (RDMI) within an obesity prevention intervention to promote PAC behavior change and positive proxy effects on children and the home environment. N = 36 PAC/child dyads from low-resource communities were enrolled in a randomized trial testing a 10-week obesity prevention intervention. Intervention dyads were offered RDMI sessions. Data were collected at baseline and post-intervention (PAC diet quality (Healthy Eating Index (HEI)), child skin carotenoids, home environment, and PAC ambivalence regarding improving diet). Results show that for every RDMI dose, PAC HEI scores increased (0.571 points, p = 0.530), child skin carotenoid scores improved (1.315%, p = 0.592), and the home food environment improved (3.559%, p = 0.026). There was a significant positive relationship between RDMI dose and change in ambivalence (ρ = 0.533, p = 0.007). Higher baseline ambivalence was associated with greater dose (ρ = -0.287, p = 0.173). Thus, RDMI for PACs may improve diets among PACs who are otherwise ambivalent, with potential effects on the diets of their children and the home food environment. Such intervention strategies have the potential for greater effect, strengthening behavioral interventions targeting obesity and cancer.

Using Motivational Interviewing to Treat Hoarding Symptoms in a Rural-Dwelling Older Adult: A Case Study

IntroductionHoarding disorder is one of the few psychological disorders that increases in severity and prevalence in older adulthood. It is marked by maladaptive cognitions (e.g., distress parting with items others would discard) and behavioral patterns (e.g., avoidance of sorting/discarding items) that result in the problematic accumulation of items, typically referred to as clutter. Due to its various consequences for both the individual and society, hoarding disorder is a critical area of research for treatment development and refinement. MethodsThis is a case report of an older adult living in rural Mississippi who participated in a pilot study of a brief in-home intervention for hoarding disorder. Ms. T is a 61-year-old White woman with a psychiatric history of hoarding disorder and several psychiatric and medical comorbidities, including high blood pressure, diabetes, asthma, arthritis, obesity, and sleep apnea. She also reported an extensive history of head trauma, both in childhood and as an adult. At baseline, she reported high levels of distress during a sorting task and discarded 23% of items sorted. She also completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. She performed in the mildly to moderately impaired range on measures of working memory, processing speed, memory, and overall fluid intelligence. However, she performed in the average to above average range on measures of vocabulary, cognitive flexibility, oral reading, and overall crystallized intelligence. Ms. T received six one-hour long sessions of treatment using motivational interviewing (MI), a treatment approach that facilitates behavioral change through a focus on the patient's values and exploring discrepancy between their current behaviors and their desired goals (Miller & Rollnick, 2013). Session one involved an assessment of strengths, values, and goals. Ms. T then engaged in sorting practice, which involved sorting items from her home into keep and discard piles. Sessions 2-6 involved checking in on progress and engaging in sorting practice while using MI skills to facilitate motivation for behavioral change. Each week, she recorded number of days and average time spent sorting. ResultsFollowing treatment, Ms. T reported increased frequency and duration of sorting/discarding clutter independently between sessions. She also demonstrated decreases in reported sadness and somatic arousal associated with fear. Despite the brief nature of the intervention, Ms. T also indicated a slight decrease in overall negative affect and a slight increase in social satisfaction. Expanding on her self-identified strength of surviving and being resilient, Ms. T was able to overcome her feeling of being overwhelmed at initiating sorting and avoidance behaviors to consistently engage in sorting practice for the majority of each session. At post-assessment, she reported low to medium levels of distress during the sorting task and was able to discard 48% of items sorted, an increase of 25% from baseline. Ms. T consistently reported increased motivation driven by her desire to gain a fresh start after her traumatic past and provided her treatment progress with unique momentum that protected against attrition and encouraged continued compliance. ConclusionsMs. T presented externally as a typical hoarding disorder case; however, the psychosocial factors of the case created a unique set of barriers and protective factors. This case report discusses the interplay between the effectiveness of MI and the impact of external psychosocial factors (i.e., resilience within negative lifetime experiences, relational stress, and physical limitations) as they relate to Ms. T's treatment for her hoarding symptoms. Here, we illustrate the need for a more comprehensive approach to case conceptualization for older adults diagnosed with hoarding disorder.

The effectiveness of motivational interviewing among dentists. systematic review

Aim. 1) To study the development of emotional burnout syndrome among dentists of different genders, ages, seniority and place of work, and different specializations. 2) Analyze the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) among dentists with symptoms of emotional burnout. 3) To study the influence of MI on the behavior and psycho-emotional state of dentists, on the development of emotional burnout syndrome, empathy and job satisfaction.Materials and Methods. Studying the relevance of "motivational interviewing" in PubMed and Web of Science databases. Evaluation of the effectiveness of MI in medical practice among dentists with symptoms of emotional burnout. Modification of the professional burnout questionnaire in accordance with the specifics of the professional duties of dentists and the manifestations of burnout. A questionnaire was conducted to determine the development of professional burnout syndrome among dentists.Results. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire among 135 dentists, taking as a sample the Questionnaire of emotional burnout K. Maslach and S. Jackson. Based on this model, the "Areas of Worklife Survey" and the "General Health Questionnaire" (General Health Questionnaire GHQ-12) were constructed and modified. The questionnaire showed that among dentists, pediatric dentists suffer from a large percentage of the development of burnout (75%), followed by dental therapists (65%), universal dentists (44%), dental surgeons (38%), orthopedic dentists (35%), dentists and orthodontists (30%). The presence of signs of burnout requires corrective action such as the method of motivational interviewing. We have developed methodological recommendations for individual training with the use of MI for dentists of various specialties with emotional burnout syndrome. The results of the study show that the percentage of dentists with burnout after training with MI becomes 3% less.Conclusions. Timely preventive and corrective measures reduce the negative impact of the burnout syndrome on the personality of a professional. Motivational interviewing is useful for strengthening motivation to change behavior in dentists working with patients who have various behavioral problems.

Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in Increasing Use of Hearing Protection Devices Among Agricultural Producers.

Agricultural producers are frequently exposed to noise that is hazardous to their hearing and cardiovascular health, and have among the highest rates of noise-induced hearing loss of all occupations. However, despite information-sharing approaches, few producers wear sufficient hearing protection. There is a need to develop effective methods of protecting producers from their noise exposure. We provided a series of 2 to 3 short (30-minute) telephone-based motivational interviewing (MI) sessions to noise-exposed agricultural producers. We assessed intervention effectiveness through changes in measuring hearing protector use pre- and post-intervention using a one-group pre/posttest design. The sample (N = 29) predominantly consisted of crop producers from Michigan. The mean percentage of time hearing protection was used increased from 44.9% to 51.8% after the intervention, approximately a 7% increase (p =.105). Regression analysis suggested the relationship between intervention dose and use of hearing protection was not correlative. There was a marginal increase in the use of hearing protection after the intervention, although setting-specific increases in use were uneven. Intervention dose did not correlate with a change in hearing protection use. Further research is warranted to determine the effectiveness of MI, how it compares to information sharing, and to identify intervention dose parameters that promote efficiency.

Interventions for Co-occurring Cannabis Use and Depression.

This review aimed to investigate the effective intervention options for depression in patients with a history of cannabis use. The study eligibility criteria were as follows: English-language, peer-reviewed human studies; data not previously reported elsewhere; randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials comparing an intervention group and a control group, and single-group trials.In total, eight studies of interventions for patients with depression who reported cannabis use were identified. Four studies evaluated the effectiveness of the following three pharmacological interventions: extended quetiapine release, extended venlafaxine release, and fluoxetine. However, all studies failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of these drugs. Four studies evaluated the following psychological interventions: motivational interviewing (MI) and cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). These studies found that CBT may improve depression symptoms and cannabis dependence, and MI was associated with improvements in cannabis dependence.CBT and MI may be effective in improving depression and reducing cannabis use. However, the conclusions of this review are limited because of the small number of studies and their low quality. Higher-quality research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of CBT, MI, and other interventions for comorbid cannabis use and depression.

Reducing Polydrug Use among Methadone Assisted Therapy Patients

Polydrug use continues to rise across the world with more victims suffering from substance use disorders (SUD). Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) which has shown significant results in reducing morbidity, increased treatment retention, reduced use of illicit psychoactive substances. This study founded on the self-determination theory, sought to find out the effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing (MI) on Polydrug Use (PDU) reduction among Methadone Assisted Therapy (MAT) patients. Using a mixed methods approach with a quasi-experimental research design with pre and post strategy in experimental group site A and control group site B. Both treatment and control group received baseline and endline assessment as well as MAT treatment. The experimental group received MI with instant assessment and feedback to reduce polydrug use through self-rating readiness ruler while the control group received Zero MI treatment. The population of the study comprised 2121 patients from which a sample of 120 respondents was obtained through random sampling technique where 60 respondents were assigned to the treatment group and the other 60 in control group. Base line assessment was done for 5 to 10 minutes using: TimeLine Fallback for polydrug use, WHO (Five) well-Being for MAT patient’s wellbeing, self-rating readiness ruler for readiness to reduced polydrug use. Motivation Interviewing took 15 to 25 minutes, 10 participants per group in the treatments group of 6 sessions for one and half months. Data analysis was done both descriptively and with inferential inform of regression and correlations analysis. At three months follow up, effectiveness of MI in the treatment group is evidenced by MAT patients’ significant reduction in polydrug use, improved wellbeing, increased adherence, reduced MAT dosage, increased MAT patients on cessation of MAT dosage as well as reduced patient dropping out MAT.

Benefits of Motivational Interviewing on Adolescent Physical Activity: A Systematic Review

Research indicates that approximately 80% of adolescents do not meet the physical activity (PA) recommendations for Americans. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is one method researchers have examined to increase PA. This systematic review aimed to 1) explore the literature on the effects of MI on PA levels among adolescents and 2) report on the current state of the MI and adolescent PA literature for evidence and gaps. A modified Cochrane method of the systematic review was conducted within relevant databases (PsycInfo, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, SCI-EXPANDED, and SSCI). The lead author conducted an initial review of the titles and abstracts. The second review tier consisted of three authors independently conducting a full-text review of the remaining articles, discussing to a consensus whether to retain or reject each article based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Of the 392 articles initially identified, nine studies were retained in the review. Three of the nine studies found that MI had a statistically significant impact on PA behaviors in adolescents. Two studies found that MI significantly impacted Body Mass Index or body composition. Generalizations are limited due to heterogeneity. Despite this, results indicate that MI is a possible pathway to improve PA behavior in adolescents.

Can Outcomes of a Chat-Based Suicide Prevention Helpline Be Improved by Training Counselors in Motivational Interviewing? A Non-randomized Controlled Trial.

ObjectiveTo examine whether the outcomes of a chat-based suicide-prevention helpline could be improved by training counselors in motivational interviewing (MI).MethodsIn a pre- and post-test design, visitors of a chat-based suicide prevention helpline received either the Five-Phase Model (treatment as usual [TAU]) or MI. They completed a pre- and post-chat questionnaire on several suicide-related risk factors. Linear mixed modeling was used to estimate the effect of the condition. Furthermore, the treatment proficiency of newly trained counselors was assessed using MI-Scope.ResultsA total of 756 visitors and 55 counselors were included in this study. The visitors showed an improvement in suicidal ideation and psychological risk factors after a chat conversation. However, there were no significant differences between the MI and TAU conditions (β = 0.03, 95% CI [−0.23–0.30], p = 0.80). The treatment integrity indices showed that the counselors mostly used MI-consistent techniques but were unable to strategically employ these techniques to evoke enough change talk.ConclusionsMI and TAU led to comparable outcomes in a chat-based suicide prevention helpline. The effectiveness of MI might improve by intensifying or improving the training of counselors, keeping the process of engaging more concise or offering visitors multiple sessions of MI.

Does Motivational Interviewing Prevent Early Childhood Caries? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a serious public health concern in the world. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been used to prevent ECC as a scientifically tested method for advising patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MI on prevention of ECC and identify factors shaping outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using MI as the intervention and the decay-missing-filled index (dmfs) report as result. Databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library were systematically searched to recognize relevant RCTs evaluating the effects of MI on prevention of ECC from the beginning of 1989 to April 2020. Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were summarized using a fixed-effect model. Visual inspection of Egger's test was used for potential publication bias in this study. Six studies comprising 2776 contributors showed that MI had a significant effect on preventing ECC. There was no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that deleting any of the studies could not affect the significance of pooled results. This meta-analysis showed that MI might prevent ECC. MI will be effective at any age, whether it is a baby or a child, and more than the number of interview sessions, the quality of the sessions should be considered. Moreover, follow-up for at least 3 years will be very effective.

Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing for alcohol and cannabis use within a predominantly Hispanic adolescent sample.

Hispanic youth represent one of the fastest-growing minority groups. Yet, we know little about Hispanic adolescents' response to empirically-supported interventions for adolescent addiction, including motivational interviewing (MI). This randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared MI to an active educational treatment for adolescent alcohol and cannabis use (alcohol and cannabis education; ACE). Adolescents who regularly use substances (N = 448; n = 347 Hispanic; n = 101 non-Hispanic white; ages 13-18) were randomized to two 1-hr individual sessions of MI or ACE. We examined 6-month outcomes and mechanisms of change across Hispanic and non-Hispanic white youth. Treatment response was comparable across ethnicities (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic white youth). Additionally, adolescents in the MI condition showed greater reductions in alcohol use compared to those in ACE, with support for motivation and self-efficacy as mechanisms of treatment response. Direct effects of MI on cannabis use were not observed; however, a significant indirect effect of motivation was observed for reductions in cannabis use. Data support the efficacy of MI in reducing adolescent alcohol use, through the vehicle of enhanced motivation and self-efficacy. While consistent treatment response was observed for adolescent alcohol use across ethnicities (Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic white), further exploration into potential underexplored mechanisms of Hispanic adolescents' treatment response is requisite to strengthening prevention and intervention programming for Hispanic adolescents' cannabis use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Dental hygienists’ use of motivational interviewing and perceptions of effectiveness in changing patient behaviors

The University of Minnesota (UMN) Dental Hygiene (DH) program devotes considerable time developing students' competency using motivational interviewing (MI). However, the extent to which graduates use MI in clinical practice and their perceptions of MI effectiveness in changing behavior is unknown. A cross-section of UMN dental hygiene classes from 2010-2019 were emailed an electronic survey using Qualtricsxm software (n=208). The survey instrument collected demographic information and queried respondents' current MI use and perceptions of its effectiveness in changing patients' behavior. Survey questions were aligned with the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and one-way ANOVA tests. There were 73 responses for a 35% response rate and 58 surveys (28%) included in data analysis. Respondents (95%) used MI, held positive attitudes toward MI and perceived MI to be an effective behavior counseling method (98%). However, respondents expressed concerns about patients' abilities to change behaviors. The three TPB constructs were found to be predictors of MI use in the clinical environment. A significant association was found between age and the TPB construct: behavioral control (p=0.02). The majority of respondents reported using MI in clinical practice. According to the TPB, respondents exhibited strong behavioral intentions to use MI. Respondents held favorable attitudes toward MI and believed it to be effective in motivating positive behavior change. Respondents were confident in their MI skills and felt supported to use MI in their work environments.

Motivational Interviewing-based interventions for reducing substance misuse and increasing treatment engagement, retention, and completion in the homeless populations of high-income countries: An equity-focused systematic review and narrative synthesis.

Rising mortality and disease prevalence in the homeless have been largely attributed to addiction disorders. This review aimed to assess whether Motivational Interviewing (MI) is effective in changing substance misuse behaviours in the homeless, specifically: 1. reducing substance misuse; 2. increasing addiction treatment linkage; and 3. whether MI effectiveness varied according to the different levels of social disadvantage within homeless populations. Electronic databases and other sources were searched (to July 2021) for relevant randomized trials and comparative studies. Risk of bias in included studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. A Narrative Synthesis framework was applied to included studies. Moderator variables subgroup analyses were planned a priori. PROSPERO study protocol registration: CRD42019134312 RESULTS: The searches found 1885 records; after application of inclusion criteria n=11 studies from 30 articles were included in the review, all from the United States. There was a paucity of research regarding MI effectiveness for substance misuse outcomes in homeless populations, with a focus on short-term rather than long-term impacts. Risk of bias was generally low but was high for detection bias in most studies. MI appeared to be more effective overall amongst adult homeless persons, yielding consistently small effects, and alcohol use behaviours seemed to be more amenable to change as a result of MI/MET (Motivational Enhancement Therapy) interventions than drug use ones. Limited evidence with high risk of bias indicated that social gradient may attenuate MI effectiveness within the young homeless population, with no impact in the most disadvantaged. The review's mixed findings discourage the use of MI as a stand-alone substance use intervention in homeless populations. Although the review findings did not identify MI effectiveness for substance use according to the external level of social disadvantage faced by homeless persons, this should be a focus for further research.

Appraisal of Behaviour-change Models and Application of Transtheoretical Model-based Motivational Interviewing for Bottle Feeding Cessation- A Qualitative Study

Behaviour change is the key to prevention of diseases; oral diseases being no exception. Behaviours such as frequent consumption of sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), feeding milk using a bottle and lack of oral hygiene maintenance are a few examples of behaviours that can cause early childhood caries. Dentists must adopt skills to counsel patients in a manner that will elicit behaviour change. Motivational Interviewing (MI) based on the transtheoretical model of behaviour-change has been effective in tobacco cessation and also has been shown effective in oral health behaviours. This qualitative study demonstrates effectiveness of MI practiced by a paediatric dentist for bottle-feeding cessation. Sixteen mothers were counselled by a single trained MI counsellor in one-to-one counselling sessions and followed up telephonically. Fifteen mothers could stop the practice of bottle feeding. Mothers reported positive feedback on the counselling sessions and satisfaction with the result.

Effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) with and without Motivational Interviewing (MI) on Glycemic Control among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease that is difficult to control. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative style of communication that was designed to strengthen a person’s motivation and commitment to change and improve. We hypothesized that applying MI to diabetes care would lead to improved glycemic control and improved diabetes self-care behavior.
 Methods: Subjects were T1DM patients aged 10-18 years with HbA1C ≥8% that were recruited from the Outpatient Diabetes Clinic during October 2016 - March 2017. Subjects were randomized into the diabetes self-management education (DSME) or DSME plus MI groups. HbA1C levels, diabetes knowledge test, and diabetes self-care behavioral questionnaire were performed.
 Results: Thirty-five patients (17 DSME, 18 DSME + MI) completed the study. Baseline HbA1C was not significantly different between groups. At the end of the study, HbA1C levels were not significantly different within or between groups. From pre-intervention to post-intervention, diabetes knowledge scores were significantly increased, and self-care behavioral scores were significantly increased for dietary control and medical taking. Transition to the stages of change action stage was increased from 0 to 12 persons.
 Conclusions: The effectiveness of MI on glycemic control was not found to be statistically significant at 6 months. However, continuation of DSME in T1DM patients is necessary for improving diabetes knowledge and care. Further study in a larger sample size with longer duration of MI and follow-up is needed to conclusively establish the value of MI on glycemic control in pediatric T1DM.