Effect Of Montmorillonite Clay Research Articles

Effect of Montmorillonite Clay on Physical Properties of HDPE/ HGS Composites

Effect of Montmorillonite Clay on Physical Properties of HDPE/ HGS Composites

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English

Effect of montmorillonite Clay in partial treatment of Sea water

With increase in population day by day all over the world, it is not easy to allocate water for everyone of them through ground water. Now providing water of good quality had been under threat, which made us to turn our view to look on alternative to groundwater like treating sea water. There are many methods to treat seawater mostly which are expensive by cost and complex in operation and maintenance. This research proposes a mechanism of using montmorillionite clay, a naturally easy available material for treating the seawater partially to meet up the as per IS standards by reducing the seawater chemical characteristics. Clay minerals have been appreciated for their nature of adsorption and cation exchange. Experiment was conducted with standard one litre of seawater by varying the montmorillionite clay and the detention time through precipitation aided by sorption and cation exchange. The major parameter analyzed were pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride (Cl) and Sodium (Na). It was found that the optimum clay of 60 g at a detention time 40 min gives us a better result of removing 89.83 % TDS, 96.62 % of Chloride and 98 % of Sodium. The final distillate was found to be worth of using for industries, irrigation and domestic purpose other than drinking.

Effect of montmorillonite clay on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two cationic dyes Acridine Orange and Rhodamine B in solution

In this article the Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two important cationic dyes namely Acridine Orange (AO) and Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution in presence and absence of montmorillonite (MMT) is demonstrated. The energy transfer is also studied in ethanolic solution. Excited state energy migration is occurred from AO to RhB molecules and the extent of energy transfer efficiency linearly increases with increase in RhB concentration in the solution. Interestingly the incorporation of MMT clay significantly increases the energy transfer efficiencies between the dye pair in the solution but the nature of interaction depends on the clay concentrations studied in the present work. The nature of quenching of steady state fluorescence emission of AO in presence of RhB as well as MMT clay in the mixed ensemble is systematically investigated and further confirmed by Time-resolved fluorescence and temperature-dependent steady state fluorescence emission experiments. AO and RhB dye molecules formed ground state complex with MMT clay followed by static quenching. As the clay platelets successfully control the FRET efficiency and it is also well known that MMT clay can host wide diversity of molecular species therefore, the present studies may provide a new insight for the design and the development of FRET-based molecular sensors.

Effect of Montmorillonite clay on pyrolysis of paper mill waste

The thermal degradation of paper mill waste (PMW) has been investigated in presence and absence of Montmorillonite clay in the temperature range of ambient to 1000 °C and at the heating rates of 20 °C/min, 25 °C/min and 30 °C/min. Proximate and ultimate analyses and evaluation of calorific value (HHV) of PMW have been carried out using standard protocols. The thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) data obtained under both situations have been used to evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and elucidate the reaction mechanism. The clay has also been characterized using TGA/DTG analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. The activation energy, pre-exponential factor and thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated using the model-free iso-conversional method of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Vyazovkin and the distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The Montmorillonite clay has influenced the degradation process appreciably through its catalytic action.

Homopolymerization of methacrylamide by anionic process under effect of Maghnite-Na+ (Algerian MMT)

The present study describes a new way for synthesis of methacrylamide (MAM) and it's homologue polymethacrylamide (PMAM) under effect of montmorillonite clay (Algerian MMT). The interlayer cation of montmorillonite clay was exchanged with Na + protons (anionic process). Monomer was successfully synthesized by the condensation of ammonia with methacrylic anhydride in bulk (without solvent) and the polymer with increasing anionic catalyst (Mag-Na+) in Tetrahydrofuran THF. Furthermore, the obtained monomer (MAM) and polymer (PMAM) were characterized and confirmed by Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Thermal properties by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The conversion and yield of monomer-polymer increased with the increase of the amount of catalyst “Maghnite-Na+”, the reactivity of the ammonia related to its basicity and the effect of amine substitution with methacrylic anhydride involved electron donor forces of the substitution group.

Investigation of the clay sensitivity and cement hydration process of modified HPEG‐type polycarboxylate superplasticizers

ABSTRACTIn this work, three kinds of HPEG‐type polycarboxylate superplasticizers (PCs) were synthesized with three kinds of typical functional monomers: [diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAM), respectively. The effects of montmorillonite clay on the fluidity of cement/PC pastes were investigated. It was found that the fluidity was negatively affected by the clays in the order: DMAM‐PC < HEMA‐PC < conventional PC (CPC) < DMDAAC‐PC. The DMAM‐PC was found to disperse cement well even in presence of montmorillonite clay. The dispersion performance of DMDAAC‐PC was much more effectively affected by clay due to the reaction between ammonium and montmorillonite. More study including mortar fluidity, adsorption behavior and morphology of the cement samples were investigated in details. Thermogravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction experiments allowed us to observe the influence of PCs on the hydrated products. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46572.

Effect of montmorillonite and chain extender on rheological, morphological and biodegradation behavior of PLA/PBAT blends

The effect of montmorillonite clay (MMT) and/or chain extender (CE) on rheological, morphological and biodegradation properties of PLA/PBAT blend was investigated. The biodegradation behavior was evaluated by CO2 evolution in soil burial. CE incorporation resulted in an increase in the complex viscosity of PLA/PBAT blends, an increase in PLA crystallinity and a decrease in the dispersed phase diameter. MMT incorporation resulted in an increase in the complex viscosity, more pronounced shear-thinning behavior and a decrease in the dispersed phase diameter. CE incorporation resulted in a slight effect in the rheological properties of PLA/PBAT blend in the presence of MMT. Unfilled PLA/PBAT blend presented the highest amount of evolved CO2, and the micrographs indicated that degradation tends to occur on the surface. MMT delayed biodegradation of PLA/PBAT blends even although their surfaces presented some cracks and holes in a few localized regions. PLA/PBAT + CE blend presented the lowest amount of evolved CO2.

Effects of Montmorillonite Clay on Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Papers Made with Cationic Starch and Neutral Sulfite Semichemical or Old Corrugated Container Pulps

The impact of montmorillonite (nanoclay) addition on the mechanical and morphological properties of paper made from neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) and old corrugated container (OCC) pulps was evaluated in systems utilizing cationic starch for dry-strength. The nanoclay amount was considered at five levels, and cationic starch was applied at a 1% level. In OCC pulp, by increasing the nanoclay up to 4%, the tensile index and corrugating medium test (CMT) were increased; however, there was a decrease when the nanoclay was increased to 8%. By increasing the nanoclay to 2%, the tear and burst indexes and ring crush test (RCT) increased, but there was a reduction when the nanoclay was increased to 8%. Average air resistance tended to increase as the nanoclay was increased to 8%. In the case of NSSC pulp, by increasing the nanoclay amount from 0 to 8%, the average tensile, tear, and burst indexes decreased, while the air resistance increased. The CMT amount increased with increasing nanoclay content to 2%, but a reduction was seen for other levels. The RCT exhibited an increase with increasing nanoclay up to 4%, after which it decreased. Results suggest that the proportion of nanoclay added with cationic starch needs to be optimized, depending on furnish conditions.

The Effect of Montmorillonite Clay on the Crystallinity of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Nanocomposites Obtained by Solution Intercalation and In Situ Polymerization.

In this study, PVAL/sodic clay nanocomposite materials were obtained using different clay ratios. The nanocomposites were prepared by solution and in situ polymerization. They were characterized through proton relaxometry and X-ray diffraction, the latter technique used to determine the crystallinity of the PVAL matrix in the nanocomposites through the addition of unmodified montmorillonite clay. The relaxation data for the nanocomposite films obtained by solution intercalation showed a decrease in the proton spin-lattice relaxation values with increased clay proportion, forming a nanostructured material with high exfoliation degree, as a result of two phenomena: the higher molecular mobility of the polymer chains around the clay layers and the presence of paramagnetic metals in the clay layers, which accelerates the hydrogen relaxation process, causing a decrease in the relaxation value. The samples obtained through in situ polymerization were mixed nanocomposites (partly exfoliated and partly intercalated). The NMR relaxation data for the systems analyzed showed the solution intercalation process was more efficient than in situ polymerization in relation to the generation of nanostructured polymers with higher degree of exfoliated clay.

The effect of montmorillonite clay in alginate gel beads for polychlorinated biphenyl adsorption: Isothermal and kinetic studies

Beads of alginate montmorillonite have been used as sorbent for polychlorinated biphenyls from aqueous solutions.The structure and the differences between the different beads were established by IR spectroscopy (FT-IR). The adsorption at 25°C has been studied in a batch system, following its kinetics and assessing adsorbent dose, initial PCB concentrations, and pH effects. The results show that increasing the initial concentration of the PCBs and the adsorption time favored the adsorption. Adsorption isotherm data were modeled using Chapman, Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms and the appropriate parameters were calculated.Adsorption of trichlorobiphenyls on alginate–montmorillonite beads followed a Freundlich isotherm type model, while adsorption of tetra-, penta-, and hexachlorobiphenyls displayed a sigmoid-shaped (S-type) isotherm fitting the Chapman sigmoidal equation with the highest non-linear R2 values among the three tested models. By comparing the percentage adsorptions using the same number of beads (same volumes), best removals were obtained by using alginate montmorillonite beads.Kinetic models were investigated to determine the mechanism of adsorption showing a best fit for the pseudo-second order model (R2 from 0.998 to 0.982).Moreover, to underline the effect of montmorillonite in alginate gel beads, we have compared the isothermal adsorption curves between alginate montmorillonite and alginate beads.

Effect of montmorillonite clay and biopolymer concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of alginate nanocomposite films

Alginate-based nanocomposites at different montmorillonite clay (MMT) loadings were produced by solvent casting method. The combined effect of biopolymer and MMT content on the mechanical and physical properties of the obtained nanocomposites was investigated. The MMT weight percent relative to alginate was varied from 1% to 5% and polymer concentration was 1 and 1.5%w/v. Films containing 5% (wt/wt) of MMT show, with respect to neat alginate, reduced water permeability of about 19% and 22% and an increased water solubility of about 36% and 40%, for 1% and 1.5% alginate films, respectively. The tensile strength of neat alginate films increased significantly with increasing alginate concentration (about 36%) but slightly increased with increasing clay content up to 3%. The values of elongation decreased with increasing the both of clay content and polymer concentration. Results on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed well developed exfoliated nanocomposite films especially at low level of nanoclay addition.

Compressive Properties of Nanoclay/Epoxy Nanocomposites

The effect of montmorillonite clay on the compressive properties of Epikote 828 epoxy was studied. A series of epoxy-based nanocomposites with 1-5wt.% nanoclay content was prepared. The degree of dispersion and exfoliation was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Static uniaxial compression tests were conducted in order to study the effect of nanoclay on the compressive stress-strain behaviour and compressive properties of the Epikote 828 polymer. It was found that the compressive properties depend on the degree of exfoliation of the clay nanoplatelets in the epoxy. Reduction in compressive strength for 1 and 3 wt% nanoclay was recorded. This is because the intercalated structure of nanoclay in the polymer creates high localised stresses in the matrix during compression that leads to premature failure.

Isothermal crystallization of lightly sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites

Lightly sulfonated syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) nanocomposites were prepared using a solution intercalation technique, and the effect of montmorillonite clay on the crystallization kinetics of sulfonated sPS ionomer nanocomposites was systematically studied. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to evaluate the dispersion of clay platelets within sPS and sulfonated sPS ionomer (SsPS) matrices. Experimental results obtained from WAXD and TEM revealed a predominately exfoliated morphology within the SsPS ionomer containing 5 wt.% of organically-modified clay. The corresponding non-sulfonated sPS control exhibited a mixed morphological structure consisting of intercalated platelets and many platelets that were present as micron-sized agglomerates. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the Avrami approach was used to elucidate information related to nucleation and growth within the sPS and SsPS systems during the isothermal crystallization process. Pristine and organically-modified clays significantly increased the overall crystallization rate of the SsPS ionomer, while the nanoclays slightly decreased the crystallization rate of the non-ionic sPS. The mechanistic origins of increased crystallization rates within the SsPS ionomer clay nanocomposites were attributed to multiple phenomena including disruption of the ionomer electrostatic network and a nucleating effect due to the presence of well-separated, homogeneously dispersed clay platelets.

Effect of montmorillonite clay on flax fabric reinforced poly lactic acid composites with amphiphilic additives

Bio-composites (PF) were successfully prepared by reinforcing poly lactic acid (PLA) with woven flax fibers (F) in the presence of mandelic acid, benzilic acid, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and zein as additives. To improve the mechanical properties of the bio-composites, montmorillonite clay (MMT) was also added. Characterizations of the bio-composites in presence and absence of MMT were performed by FTIR, DSC, TGA and DMTA. The interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix was qualitatively assessed from SEM micrographs of fractured specimens. Intercalation of MMT with 1.4 nm basal spacing was observed in the PLA matrix leading to the increased modulus and water resistance of the bio-composites. Results indicated that mandelic acid and dicumyl peroxide acted as efficient additives for this system. This work provided us the exploratory idea of using MMT in presence of amphiphilic compounds as additives in bio-composites for possible applications.

Effect of Montmorillonite Clay on the Burning Rate of High-Impact Polystyrene

The effect that montmorillonite clay has on the burning rate of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) is examined. Two clays are considered a pristine montmorillonite (MMT-Na+) and a montmorillonite clay intercalated with triphenyl phosphite (TPP). In addition to the burning rate tests, mechanical, impact and rheological properties are determined. Results show an increase of 55% in the burning rate of the nanocomposite when the neat MMT-Na+ clay is added. Thermal measurements indicate a diminishing HIPS decomposition temperature as the MMT-Na+ clay concentration rises. On the other hand, when TPP is incorporated in MMT-Na+ (MMT-i-TPP) and the clay is added to HIPS, a substantial reduction (42%) of the burning rate is observed, while the mechanical properties are kept at the level of those of the original HIPS. The system HIPS-MMT-i-TPP presents a steeper reduction in the viscosity as compared to HIPS in the high-temperature range.

Efficacy of Montmorillonite Clay (NovaSil PLUS) for Protecting Full-Term Broilers from Aflatoxicosis

Contamination of poultry feeds by aflatoxin is a problem faced by poultry producers at one time or another. Of the several strategies used to reduce the economic effect of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds, the inclusion of selective enterosorbents may be the most practical and cost effective. This study evaluated the effectiveness of montmorillonite clay (MC) supplied as NovaSil PLUS on the performance of full-term commercial type broilers. Eight hundred male commercial broiler chickens (all vaccinated for Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, and bronchitis) were randomly assigned, (20 each) to 40 floor pens and fed 1 of the 4 dietary treatments of industry-type corn-soy broiler diets. Treatments consisted of a control feed, control feed plus 0.5% MC (CMC), a feed containing ˜4,000 ppb aflatoxin (AF), and a feed containing ˜4,000 ppb aflatoxin plus 0.5% MC (AMC). The starter diet was fed for 3 wk, the grower for 2 wk and, the finisher for 1 wk. Selected birds were randomly retained for specific tissue analyses of blood serum; relative liver, spleen, and kidney weights; and histological examination of sampled organs.The combined data showed that birds fed MC as NovaSil PLUS received significant protection against the effects of the aflatoxin for most parameters measured. This level of protection did not totally protect the birds from the effects of feeding extremely high concentrations of aflatoxin, however, as their performance was not as good as that of the control group. To our knowledge this is the first study addressing the protective effects of MC in full-term broilers fed steam-pelleted feeds more nearly approximating commercial production.