Effects Of Moderate-intensity Exercise Training Research Articles

Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training in Association with Insulin Promotes Heat Shock Proteins 70 and 90 Expressions in Testicular Tissue of Experimental Type 1 Diabetes.

Objective The current research was designed to analyze the effect of moderate-intensity exercise training (MEXT), solely and simultaneous with insulin, on the network between oxidative stress and Hsp70 and Hsp90 chaperones after experimental type I diabetes (DM) induction in rats. Materials and Methods In the experimental study, 36 mature Wistar rats were assigned into control and experimental type I DM-induced groups, and then the diabetic animals were categorized to sedentary type I DM-induced (SDM), exercise training-sole without DM (E), exercise training DM-induced (EDM), insulin-treated sedentary DM-induced (ISDM), and exercise training insulin-treated DM-induced (EIDM) groups. After 6 weeks, Johnson’s score was evaluated to analyze the spermatogenesis ratio. Results The Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression levels, testicular total antioxidant capacity (TAC), protein peroxidation ratio, testicular DNA fragmentation ratio, and mRNA damage were investigated. The animals in EDM and EIDM groups (solely and simultaneously) represented a significant (P<0.05) improvement in Johnson’s score, spermatogenesis, and TAC ratios versus SDM animals. Moreover, the DM-induced DNA and mRNA damage and protein peroxidation ratio were significantly (P<0.05) recovered in EDM and ISDM groups, which was more remarkable in the EIDM group. The EDM and EIDM groups exhibited significant (P<0.05) increment in Hsp70 and Hsp90 expression levels versus the control and SEDT1 animals. However, the EIDM group exhibited no significant changes compared to the control animals. ConclusionThe EX could ameliorate the EDT1-induced detrimental impact by up-regulating Hsp70 and Hsp90 expressions. Meanwhile, it exerts potentially more effective impact, when it is considered simultaneously with insulin therapy.

Effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on GDNF signaling pathway in testicles of rats after experimental diabetes type 1 induction

AimsThe spermatogenesis failure is reported as the main complication for diabetes and the moderate-intensity exercise (EX) is shown to ameliorate the diabetes-induced impairments both at spermatogenesis and sperm levels. Thus, the current study was done to investigate the possible effect of EX in the sole and simultaneous form with insulin on the network between Sertoli and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) by focusing on niche factor Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). MethodsFor this purpose, 30 mature male Wistar rats were divided into control and experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced groups. Then the T1D-induced animals were subdivided to sedentary T1D-induced (ST1D), EX + T1D, insulin (INS) + T1D and EX + INS + T1D groups. The general histological changes of testicles, mRNA and protein contents of GDNF and its special receptors gfrα1 and c-RET were evaluated and compared between groups. ResultsEX in the sole and simultaneous form with INS significantly (p < 0.05) diminished the T1D-induced histological damages, amplified the GDNF expression, and enhanced the gfrα1 and c-RET mRNA and protein contents compared to ST1D group. ConclusionIn conclusion, the EX in the sole form promotes spermatogenesis by up-regulating the GDNF signaling system. Moreover, EX remarkably amplifies the insulin-induced ameliorative effect on spermatogenesis.

Moderate-intensity Exercise Training in Sole and Simultaneous Forms with Insulin Ameliorates the Experimental Type 1 Diabetes-induced Intrinsic Apoptosis in Testicular Tissue.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of moderate-intensity exercise training in sole and simultaneous forms with insulin on experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D)-induced apoptosis. A total of 36 mature male Wistar rats were divided into six equally sized groups, including sedentary control (Con), moderate-intensity exercise training (E-sole), sedentary T1D-induced (D-sole), moderate-exercise-trained T1D-induced (DE), insulin-treated sedentary T1D-induced (DI) and exercise-trained, and insulin-treated T1D-induced (DEI) groups. The 6-week exercise training intervention was involved 30 min of moderate-intensity running on a treadmill once daily (5 days/week). Next, tubular differentiation (TDI) and spermiogenesis (SPI) indices were assessed. The Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 expressions were determined using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques. Finally, the TUNEL staining was used to analyze the apoptosis ratio. The moderate-intensity exercise training in the sole and when simultaneously considered with insulin (DEI) maintained testicular cellularity, up-regulated Bcl-2 expression, reduced Bax expression and ameliorated the diabetes-induced apoptosis. We failed to show remarkable alterations in caspase-3 mRNA and protein levels in the DE group versus D-sole animals. In conclusion, the moderate-intensity exercise training is able to potentially protect testicular cells from T1D-induced intrinsic apoptosis via up-regulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax expressions. Moreover, it amplifies the insulin-induced anti-apoptotic impacts.

Evaluating pulmonary function, aerobic capacity, and pediatric quality of life following a 10-week aerobic exercise training in school-aged asthmatics: a randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundIt has been documented that aerobic exercise may increase pulmonary functions and aerobic capacity, but limited data has evaluated a child’s satisfaction and pediatric quality of life (PQoL) with exercise training.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the effects of moderate-intensity exercise training on asthmatic school-aged children.Subjects and methodsThis study included 38 school-aged children with asthma (23 males and 15 females) aged between 8–12 years. They were randomly assigned to two groups, aerobic exercise (AE) and conventional treatment (Con ttt) groups. The AE group received a program of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 10 weeks with asthma medications and the Con ttt group received only asthma medications without exercise intervention. A home respiratory exercise was recommended for the two groups. Aerobic capacity was investigated using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and fatigue index. PQoL was evaluated using Pediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire (PQoLQ). Also, pulmonary function tests were performed, and the results recorded.ResultsThe findings of this study showed significant improvements in pulmonary functions and VO2max in the two groups; however, this improvement was significantly higher in the AE group than in the Con ttt group (p<0.05). The 6MWT and fatigue index improved in the AE group (p<0.05) but not in the Con ttt group (p>0.05). All dimensions of PQoL significantly improved in the AE group (p<0.05), but there was no significant improvement in the Con ttt group after the 10-week intervention period (p>0.05).ConclusionTen weeks of physical exercise had beneficial effects on pulmonary functions, aerobic capacity, and PQoL in school-aged children with asthma. Effort and awareness should be dedicated to encouraging the active lifestyle among different populations, especially asthmatic children.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training on Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Formulating exercise recommendations for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is challenging because of concern about triggering ventricular arrhythmias and because a clinical benefit has not been previously established in this population. To determine whether moderate-intensity exercise training improves exercise capacity in adults with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A randomized clinical trial involving 136 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was conducted between April 2010 and October 2015 at 2 academic medical centers in the United States (University of Michigan Health System and Stanford University Medical Center). Date of last follow-up was November 2016. Participants were randomly assigned to 16 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise training (n = 67) or usual activity (n = 69). The primary outcome measure was change in peak oxygen consumption from baseline to 16 weeks. Among the 136 randomized participants (mean age, 50.4 [SD, 13.3] years; 42% women), 113 (83%) completed the study. At 16 weeks, the change in mean peak oxygen consumption was +1.35 (95% CI, 0.50 to 2.21) mL/kg/min among participants in the exercise training group and +0.08 (95% CI, -0.62 to 0.79) mL/kg/min among participants in the usual-activity group (between-group difference, 1.27 [95% CI, 0.17 to 2.37]; P = .02). There were no occurrences of sustained ventricular arrhythmia, sudden cardiac arrest, appropriate defibrillator shock, or death in either group. In this preliminary study involving patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, moderate-intensity exercise compared with usual activity resulted in a statistically significant but small increase in exercise capacity at 16 weeks. Further research is needed to understand the clinical importance of this finding in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, as well as the long-term safety of exercise at moderate and higher levels of intensity. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01127061.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 gene Gly482Ser polymorphism is associated with the response of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations to exercise training in elderly Japanese.

Muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 (PGC-1)α gene expression is influenced by the Gly482Ser gene polymorphism, which is a candidate genetic risk factor for diabetes mellitus and obesity. This study investigated the effects of PGC-1 gene Gly482Ser polymorphisms on alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism induced by exercise training. A 12-week intervention study was performed for 119 participants who were more than 65years of age and completed exercise training at lactate threshold intensity. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced in Gly/Gly but not in Gly/Ser and Ser/Ser participants after exercise. The Gly/Gly genotype of the PGC-1 gene Gly482Ser polymorphism influences the effects of moderate-intensity exercise training on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations in older people.

The effect of exercise training with an additional inspiratory load on inspiratory muscle fatigue and time-trial performance

The purpose was to determine the effect of moderate-intensity exercise training (ET) on inspiratory muscle fatigue (IMF) and if an additional inspiratory load during ET (ET+IL) would further improve inspiratory muscle strength, IMF, and time-trial performance. 15 subjects were randomly divided to ET (n=8) and ET+IL groups (n=7). All subjects completed six weeks of exercise training three days/week at ∼70%V̇O2peak for 30min. The ET+IL group breathed through an inspiratory muscle trainer (15% PImax) during exercise. 5-mile, and 30-min time-trials were performed pre-training, weeks three and six. Inspiratory muscle strength increased (p<0.05) for both groups to a similar (p>0.05) extent. ET and ET+IL groups improved (p<0.05) 5-mile time-trial performance (∼10% and ∼18%) and the ET+IL group was significantly faster than ET at week 6. ET and ET+IL groups experienced less (p<0.05) IMF compared to pre-training following the 5-mile time-trial. In conclusion, these data suggest ET leads to less IMF, ET+IL improves inspiratory muscle strength and IMF, but not different than ET alone.

Effect of Exercise Training on Estimated GFR, Vascular Health, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients With CKD: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Exercise capacity, which is predictive of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease risk, is reduced significantly in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. This pilot study examined the effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on kidney function and indexes of cardiovascular risk in patients with progressive chronic kidney disease stages 3 to4. Single-blind, randomized, controlled, parallel trial. 20 patients (aged 18-80 years; 17 men) randomly assigned to rehabilitation (n=10) or usual care (n=10). Participants were included if they were 18 years or older and had evidence of rate of decline in creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcr)≥2.9mL/min/1.73m(2) per year for 12 months preintervention. Patients were excluded if they had unstable medical conditions or had recently started regular exercise. The rehabilitation group received resistance and aerobic training (3 days per week) for a 12-month period. The usual care group received standard care. Kidney function assessed by comparing mean rate of change in eGFRcr (mL/min/1.73m(2) per year) from a 12-month preintervention period against the 12-month intervention period. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), peak oxygen uptake (Vo2peak), and waist circumference assessed at 0, 6, and 12 months. eGFR assessed using creatinine, cystatin C (eGFRcys), and a combination of both values (eGFRcr-cys). 18 participants (rehabilitation, 8; usual care, 10) completed the study. A significant mean difference in rate of change in eGFRcr (+7.8±3.0 [95% CI, 1.1-13.5] mL/min/1.73m(2) per year; P=0.02) was observed between the rehabilitation and usual care groups, with the rehabilitation group demonstrating a slower decline. No significant between-group mean differences existed in absolute eGFRcr, eGFRcr-cys, or eGFRcys at 12 months of study intervention. Significant between-group mean differences existed in PWV (-2.30 [95% CI,-3.02 to-1.59] m/s), waist circumference (-7.1±12.8 [95% CI,-12.4 to-3.2] cm), and Vo2peak (5.7 [95% CI, 1.34-10.10] mL/kg/min). Change in eGFRcr was correlated inversely with PWV (r=-0.5; P=0.04) at 12 months. Small sample size, inconsistency between primary and secondary measures of kidney function. The effect of a 1-year exercise intervention on progression of kidney disease is inconclusive. A larger study with longer follow-up may be necessary.

Effect of Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training on the Cognitive Function of Young Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

In addition to cognitive impairment, young adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) are also more likely to be in poor health. Exercise may help ameliorate both of these deficits. While the health benefits of exercise are well documented and understood, the cognitive benefits of exercise are emerging. Exercise has been shown to improve the cognitive function of young, old, and diseased populations but few studies have evaluated the effect of exercise training on the cognitive functioning of individuals with IDs. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on the cognitive function of young adults with IDs. Fourteen students (age, 19.4 ± 1.3 years) with mild to moderate IDs participated in an 8-week comprehensive exercise intervention program based on circuit training, aerobic dancing, and adapted sport activities. Sessions lasted 45 minutes, and intensity was maintained at 60-70% of maximum heart rate (HR(max)). Aerobic fitness was assessed via the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) step test, and intellectual functioning was assessed via 3 subtests from the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities once before and after the intervention. Performance was significantly improved on all 3 cognitive tests (all, p < 0.002). Aerobic fitness also significantly improved (p < 0.002). The mean percent increase in processing speed, a measure taking into account each individual's performance on the 3 subtests, was 103%. The mean individual improvement in aerobic fitness was 17.5%. Moderate-intensity exercise training can yield robust improvements in the cognitive functioning and aerobic fitness of young adults with IDs. These effects support the inclusion of exercise into the lives of young adults with ID to promote their physical and cognitive health. Fourteen students (age, 19.4 ± 1.3 years) with mild to moderate IDs participated in an 8-week comprehensive exercise intervention program based on circuit training, aerobic dancing, and adapted sport activities. Sessions lasted 45 minutes and intensity Powered by Editorial Manager and Preprint Manager from Aries Systems Corporation was maintained at 60-70% of HR(max). Aerobic fitness was assessed via the YMCA step test, and intellectual functioning was assessed via 3 subtests from the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities once before and after the intervention. Performance was significantly improved on all 3 cognitive tests (all, p < 0.002). Aerobic fitness also significantly improved (p < 0.002). The mean percent increase in processing speed, a measure taking into account each individual's performance on the 3 subtests, was 103%. The mean individual improvement in aerobic fitness was 17.5%. Moderate-intensity exercise training can yield robust improvements in the cognitive functioning and aerobic fitness of young adults with IDs. These effects support the inclusion of exercise into the lives of young adults with ID to promote their physical and cognitive health.

12주간의 중강도 운동 트레이닝이 고령여성의 혈관탄성, 혈장 엔도텔린-1 및 혈장 질소산화물질에 미치는 영향

12주간의 중강도 운동 트레이닝이 고령여성의 혈관탄성, 혈장 엔도텔린-1 및 혈장 질소산화물질에 미치는 영향

Effects of moderate-intensity exercise training on plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in older patients with type 2 diabetes

Background and aims Some plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction have been recently recognized as important cardiovascular risk factors. Currently, there is little information about the effects of aerobic exercise training on these biomarkers in older adults with type 2 diabetes. We have therefore assessed the effects of a twice-weekly moderate, aerobic exercise programme, without a concomitant weight loss diet, on plasma inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in older type 2 diabetic patients. Methods and results A group of 16 sedentary, overweight, non-smoking, older patients with type 2 diabetes volunteered to participate in a 6-month, supervised, progressive, aerobic training study, two times per week. Plasma levels of hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α receptors, P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured before and after physical training. While hs-CRP and soluble TNF-α receptors remained essentially unaffected by physical training, plasma concentrations of P-selectin ( P < 0.001) and ICAM-1 ( P < 0.01) markedly decreased; physical training also increased HDL cholesterol by 12% ( P < 0.05) and decreased uric acid levels by ∼33% ( P = 0.021). Body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, haemoglobin A1c, plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentrations did not change. Interestingly, the exercise-induced changes in ICAM-1 and P-selectin levels remained significant after adjustment for the percent variations of body weight, waist circumference, haemoglobin A1c, HDL cholesterol and uric acid concentrations. Conclusions A twice-weekly, 6-month, progressive aerobic-training programme, without a concomitant weight loss diet, is associated with significant decreases in circulating P-selectin and ICAM-1 levels and with a less atherogenic lipid profile in overweight, non-smoking, older type 2 diabetic individuals.

Moderate-Intensity Exercise and Self-rated Quality of Sleep in Older Adults

To determine the effects of moderate-intensity exercise training on self-rated (subjective) sleep quality among healthy, sedentary older adults reporting moderate sleep complaints. Randomized controlled trial of 16 weeks' duration. General community. Volunteer sample of 29 women and 14 men (of 67 eligible subjects) aged 50 to 76 years who were sedentary, free of cardiovascular disease, and reported moderate sleep complaints. No participant was withdrawn for adverse effects. Randomized to 16 weeks of community-based, moderate-intensity exercise training or to a wait-listed control condition. Exercise consisted primarily of four 30- to 40-minute endurance training sessions (low-impact aerobics; brisk walking) prescribed per week at 60% to 75% of heart rate reserve based on peak treadmill exercise heart rate. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Compared with controls (C), subjects in the exercise training condition (E) showed significant improvement in the PSQI global sleep score at 16 weeks (baseline and posttest values in mean [SD] for C=8.93 [3.1] and 8.8 [2.6]; baseline and posttest values for E=8.7 [3.0] and 5.4 [2.8]; mean posttest difference between conditions=3.4; P<.001; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-5.4), as well as in the sleep parameters of rated sleep quality, sleep-onset latency (baseline and posttest values for C=26.1 [20.0] and 23.8 [15.3]; for E=28.4 [20.2] and 14.6 [13.0]; net improvement=11.5 minutes), and sleep duration baseline and posttest scores for C=5.8 [1.1] and 6.0 [1.0]; for E=6.0 [1.1] and 6.8 [1.2]; net improvement=42 minutes) assessed via PSQI and sleep diaries (P=.05). Older adults with moderate sleep complaints can improve self-rated sleep quality by initiating a regular moderate-intensity exercise program.