Effect Of Metal Addition Research Articles

Doping effect on a two-electron silver nanocluster.

This study investigates the effects of metal addition and doping of a 2-electron silver superatom, [Ag10{S2P(OiPr)2}8] (Ag10). When Ag+ is added to Ag10 in THF solution, [Ag11{S2P(OiPr)2}8(OTf)] (Ag11) is rapidly formed almost quantitatively. When the same method is used with Cu+, a mixture of alloys, [CuxAg11-x{S2P(OiPr)2}8]+ (x = 1-3, CuxAg11-x), is obtained. In contrast, introducing Au+ to Ag10 leads to decomposition. The structural and compositional analysis of Ag11 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), ESI-MS, NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. While no crystal structure was obtained for CuxAg11-x, DFT calculations provide insights into potential sites for copper location. The absorption spectrum exhibits a notable blue shift in the low-energy band after copper doping, contrasting with that of the slight shift observed in 8-electron Cu-doped Ag nanoclusters. Ag11 and CuxAg11-x are strongly emissive at room temperature, and solvatochromism across different organic solvents is highlighted. This study underscores the profound influence of metal addition and doping on the structural and optical properties of silver nanoclusters, providing important contributions to understanding the nanoclusters and their photophysical behaviors.

Effect of metal addition to Ni/CeO2 catalyst on the steam reforming reaction of methane

In this study, the effect of metal addition (V, Co, Cu, Mo, or W) to Ni/CeO2 catalyst on the steam reforming reaction of methane was investigated. The addition of Cu, Mo, or W resulted in decreased catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of the Co added catalyst was not largely affected compared with that of the Ni/CeO2 catalyst. Meanwhile, the addition of V increased the catalytic activity in the steam reforming reaction of methane. Therefore, the V added catalyst was analyzed in detail. Ni–V mixed oxide formation was confirmed in the prepared state. After reduction, it was presumed that the Ni–V mixed oxide was transformed into Ni and the oxide of V. The V oxide was present near the metal-state Ni. The Ni metal phase derived from the Ni–V mixed oxide may contribute to the positive effect of V addition to the Ni/CeO2 catalyst on the steam reforming reaction. Moreover, changing the support to gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) confirmed the positive effect of V addition. In particular, the Ni–V/GDC catalyst enabled near-equilibrium CH4 conversions even at low temperatures of 600–700 °C.

Effects of Metal Additives (Fe, Zn, and Sn) on the Co-Pyrolysis of Rice Husk and Cow Manure

Effects of Metal Additives (Fe, Zn, and Sn) on the Co-Pyrolysis of Rice Husk and Cow Manure

Effect of Metal Additives in the Bed on the Performance Parameters of an Adsorption Chiller with Desalination Function

Adsorption chillers with desalination functionality, being devices characterised by very low electricity consumption, provide an alternative to conventional sources of cooling and water. The option of desalinating water means that the use of a single device enables obtaining two useful products. Adsorption chillers are not widely used at present. due to their low performance characteristics; these are, however, constantly being improved. This paper presents a verification of the possibility of increasing the cooling coefficient of performance (COP) and specific cooling power (SCP) of a laboratory adsorption chiller by optimising the length of cycle times and using a copper additive to silica gel with a mass fraction of 15% to increase heat transport in the bed. The choice of copper among other considered additives was determined by the conclusions from the research on the sorption kinetics of various mixtures, price and availability, and a high thermal conductivity. The device was operated in a two-bed mode aimed at producing cooling. The adsorbate was distilled water. The results were compared with those obtained under similar conditions when the beds were only filled with silica gel. As a result of the testing, it was found that the use of the copper additive with the sorbent increased both the COP and SCP. The tests were performed for different cycle times, of 100, 200, 300 and 600 s. With increasing cycle time COP also increased. In contrast, the specific cooling power increased only up to a certain point, whereafter its value decreased.

Effect of Metal Addition to Ru/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst on CO Methanation Removal from Reformed Gas for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications

Effect of Metal Addition to Ru/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst on CO Methanation Removal from Reformed Gas for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Applications

Plasmonic DSSC performance of spray deposited Ag-ZnO and Au-ZnO films

Plasmonic silver-ZnO (Ag-ZnO) and gold-ZnO (Au-ZnO) thin films were deposited by simple and cost-effective spray pyrolysis technique (SPT). The compositional and optical properties of deposited films were investigated by XPS and UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) related absorption peaks were observed in visible region.Also, the effect of metal addition on the photovoltaic performance was investigated. By utilizing Au–ZnO and Ag–ZnO films as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the photovoltaic performance was improved. The photoconversion efficiencies of 0.93 % and 1.7 % were obtained for Ag–ZnO and Au-ZnO based DSSCs, respectively.

Effect of Metal Additives on Flatness of Aluminum Plated Films Using Organic Solvent

1. IntroductionZinc and zinc alloy films formation is the most common for corrosion resistance treatment. However, the zinc will be exhausted after 10 or 15 years later. Aluminum and aluminum alloy film formation is the one of the most promising candidates for new corrosion resistance treatment. An electrodeposition method is one of the most common method for corrosion resistance treatment. Unfortunately, a deposition potential of aluminum ion is less novel than that of hydrogen evaluation in aqueous solution. Many researchers have investigated organic or ionic solvents for aluminum electrodeposition. In this study, a dimethyl sulfone has been used as organic solvent because of its low volatility. Flatness is important for multi-function such as reflection. In this study, two types of additives are investigated to improve flatness, one is ammonium chlorides and the other is niobium chloride.2. ExperimentalIn this study, dimethyl sulfone, (CH3)2SO2, is used as a solvent because of its nonvolatile characteristic. Aluminum chloride, AlCl3, is used as an aluminum source. Copper plates are used as a substrate. First, the ammonium chlorides have been investigated to make film surface flatter, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), methyl ammonium chloride, [(CH3)NH3]Cl, di-methyl, ammonium chloride, [(CH3)2NH2]Cl, and tri-methyl ammonium chloride, [(CH3)3NH]Cl. These additives are added 0.001 mol in the bath whose contained 30g of (CH3)2SO2 and 12.75g of AlCl3. Second, the niobium chloride, NbCl5, has been investigated by changing addition amount from 0.05 mol% to 0.4 mol%. An aluminum wire is used as reference electrode. The prepared baths have been heated at 150oC for 30 minutes to dehydrate.3. Results and Discussion3.1. Ammonium Chloride AdditivesTable 1 shows effect of ammonium chloride additives on surface roughness of aluminum films. As shown in Table 1. Leveling effect has been clearly observed. Addition of ammonium chlorides decrease the roughness of plated aluminum films. The surface roughness of plated aluminum film without additives is much larger than that of plated with ammonium chloride additives. Especially fro tri-methyl ammonium chloride, [(CH3)3NH]Cl, the surface roughness is the smallest than those of other plated films at both deposition voltage, 4.0 and 6.0V.3.2. Niobium Chloride AdditivesFigure 1 shows effect of niobium chloride addition and deposition voltage on reflection. As a reference, the copper substrate has been measured. The aluminum film plated without niobium chloride addition shows no reflection. The other films which are plated with niobium chloride additive shows reflection. Figure 2 shows roughness of the films which plated with or without niobium chloride additive. Three types of roughness have been measured. The two types of roughness are measured along a line but different direction, longitudinal direction and lateral direction, Ra (longitudinal direction) which is shown in green and Ra (lateral direction) which is shown in blue. One type of roughness has been measured in area, Sa, which is shown in red. The plated aluminum film shows larger roughness values than those of copper substrate. Therefore, the plated aluminum films increase all three roughness values. On the other hand, all plated aluminum films with niobium chloride additive show lower all roughness values than those of copper substrate. The aluminum film with niobium chloride additive plated -2.7 V shows the lowest roughness values, Ra (longitudinal direction), Ra (lateral direction) and Sa.4. ConclusionIn this study, two types of additives have been investigated to improve surface flatness of plated aluminum films. Especially for Especially for tri-methyl ammonium chloride, [(CH3)3NH]Cl, the surface roughness is the smallest than other plated films at both deposition voltage, 4.0 and 6.0 V. The films plated with niobium chloride additive show flatter surface than that of only copper surface. The aluminum film with niobium chloride additive plated -2.7 V shows the lowest roughness values, Ra (longitudinal direction), Ra (lateral direction) and Sa. Both ammonium chlorides and niobium chloride additive are effective as a lever, improving surface flatness additive.Table 1 Effect of ammonium chloride additives on surface roughness of Al films. Additives Deposition Potential(V) Surface Roughness(μm) Without additive -4.0 5.805 -6.0 0.741 With NH4Cl -4.0 0.130 -6.0 0.034 With [(CH3)NH3]Cl -4.0 0.052 -6.0 0.049 With [(CH3)2NH2]Cl -4.0 0.834 -6.0 0.224 With [(CH3)3NH]Cl -4.0 0.040 -6.0 0.051 Figure 1

High-Performance Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Metal-Deposited Graphite Cathode and Lithium Polysulfide Catholyte

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have attracted remarkable attention as next-generation batteries due to their low cost and high theoretical specific energy density.[1] However, it has encountered several difficulties, including low specific capacity due to the insulating nature of sulfur as well as poor cycle performance, which is caused by the dissolution of reaction intermediates (lithium polysulfide, LiPS) into the electrolyte. [2] Most strategies to overcome the above disadvantages are focused on designing carbon-based host materials, such as highly conductive and/or mesoporous carbon. [3] [4] However, it is difficult to completely suppress the dissolution of LiPS by the physical adsorption. Recent research thus focused on the utilization of chemical interactions between LiPS and electrode additive, mainly metal particles, to suppress the dissolution of LiPS. [5] Although it has been reported that the addition of metal improves the capacity retention and suppresses the self-discharge, the mechanistic understanding is still lacking.In this study, we selected Au and Ag as a metal additive, which has similar electrical conductivity but different affinity towards sulfur, to clarify the effect of metal-sulfur interaction on battery performances. We selected catholyte, in which LiPS (Li2S8) was previously dissolved, was selected as an electrolyte to achieve a continuous supply of LiPS to the positive electrode. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements revealed that the charge/discharge capacity affected by the metal addition; 75.8 mAh cm-3 (G) < 77.4 mAh cm-3 (Ag/G) < 99.5 mAh cm-3 (Au/G), with excellent initial discharge capacity for Au-decorated electrode. Furthermore, we confirmed the effect of the amount of metal additive on the charge/discharge capacity. The result thus indicates (1) addition of metal with a strong affinity towards sulfur and (2) optimization of its amount is crucial to improve Li-S battery performances. The improvement in capacity retention rate was confirmed for the metal-decorated electrode; capacity retention at the 20th cycle was G = 68.1 % < Ag = 89.3 % < Au = 94.9 %. The interaction between the metal additives and LiPS may contribute to anchor LiPS at the vicinity of the electrode, leading the improvement in the cyclability.The reason for the improvement in the cyclability will be discussed based on the surface product analysis of the electrode after initial charge and discharge, as deduced from on-line gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) measurements. We will also discuss the effect of metal additives on the reaction mechanism of sulfur redox reaction by in situ probing of the reaction intermediates using infrared spectroscopy. Elucidation of the reaction mechanism opens up the new avenue to optimize both electrode and electrolyte materials, which can further improve the performance of the Li-S battery technology.[1] Richard, V. N, Nature, 2014, 507, 26-28.[2] Hailiang, W. et al. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2644-2647.[3] Kunpeng, C. et al. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 6474-6479.[4] Jorg, S. et al. Angew. Chem. Ed. 2012, 51, 3591-3595.[5] Chao-Ying, F. et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 27959-27967.

Effect of metal additives on neutralization and characteristics of AP/HTPB solid propellants

Conventional ammonium perchlorate (AP) based solid propellant system has been used in rocket boosters and most tactile missiles. But the toxic chloride emissions from the combustion of AP during the rocket launch increase the air pollution by 1%. For the conversion of conventional AP based propellant into Green propellant there approaches can be used. These are scavenging propellants, Neutralizing propellants and Non-chlorine propellants. In present study an attempt is made to investigate the characteristics of neutralizing propellant with the help of different metal additives such as Al, Mg, and combined Al–Mg. The investigations were theoretically and experimentally carried out and the results compared with base composite solid formulation (AP/HTPB). Theoretical investigation on that addition of metal additives clearly indicated helps in the reduction of toxic HCl without the compensation of performance. The burn rate study was carried out using Crawford strand burner setup in inert atmosphere under different pressure conditions ranges from 0.689 MPa to 4.136 MPa. A considerable enhancement in the burn rate of AP based solid propellant by 14.02% using pure metals as additives and by 54% using binary metal mixtures as additives was observed. Studies on HCl reduction of AP based propellant samples using gas bubbling setup shows that addition of Mg-15% to the base propellant enhances the HCl reduction by 47% but the propellant was porous in nature and addition of Al–Mg(15%) to the base propellant enhances the reduction by 37%. Thus, the binary metal mixtures in AP/HTPB based solid propellant resulted in better reduction of toxic HCl without reduction in performance than the sample without metal additives.

The effects of metallic additives on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-Co cermets prepared by microwave sintering

The present work investigated the effects of Mo and Si metallic powders on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-5wt%Co cermets prepared through fast microwave heating process. Accordingly, 5 wt% Mo and 5 wt% Si were added separately to the WC-Co cermet and intensive mixing was performed using a high-energy ball mill. The prepared samples were sintered at 1400, 1500 and 1600 °C without any soaking time. The XRD patterns demonstrated WC peaks as the dominant crystalline phase along with tiny peaks that could be attributed to the formed carbides and intermetallics as the reaction product. As expected, the mechanical properties of the cermets were improved by increasing the sintering temperature due to the increased density; then porosity was decreased. WC-Co-Si cermet sintered at 1600 °C obtained higher hardness (15.8 ± 0.1 GPa), bending strength (876 ± 16 MPa) and fracture toughness (15.8 ± 0.1), as compared to the WC-Co-Mo cermet, due to the lower eutectic temperature of the Co–Si binary phase in comparison to that of Co–Mo. Moreover, the microstructural investigations confirmed the formation of carbides and intermetallics with an almost uniform distribution of the phases in the composites.

MOF-derived 1D hollow bimetallic iron(iii) oxide nanorods: effects of metal-addition on phase transition, morphology and magnetic properties

It is demonstrated that 1D hollow bimetallic iron oxide nanorods containing Mn, Ru, Ni, La and Ag ions can be obtained regardless of the different values of ionic radius and hardness of metal dopants from NH4OH-etched MIL-88A MOF particles.

The effect of metal additives in Cu/Zn/Al2O3 as a catalyst for low-pressure methanol synthesis in an oil-cooled annulus reactor

• Annulus reactor minimising the influence of heat produced on the catalytic activity. • Zr addition to the commercial Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst enhanced the methanol yield. • CO 2 conversion reduced for Zr modified Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. • The addition of Ga and Mg reduced the performance of the Cu catalyst. • Reducibility and copper crystallite size strongly influenced catalyst activity. The effect of metal additives, including Zr, Mg, and Ga, on the conventional Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 (CZA) catalyst, was investigated for methanol synthesis using an oil-cooled annulus reactor. The annulus reactor was found to reduce the temperature gradient within the diluted catalyst bed by effective cooling and thus provide experimental data at steady-state and in kinetic regime allowing for the comparison of intrinsic activity between different catalysts. The addition of Zr enhanced the overall performance of methanol synthesis. However, the CZA-Zr catalyst displayed significantly reduced CO 2 conversion, possibly due to intensified water-gas shift reaction activity. The addition of Ga and Mg to CZA was found to be detrimental to the catalytic performance and is attributed to difficulties in reducibility and the increased crystalline size of copper particles. A relatively long induction period was observed for CZA-Zr sample in this study, which is attributed to the effective cooling imparted by the annulus reactor suppressing the r-WGS reaction.

Effect of metal additives on the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in thermocatalytic decomposition of methane

Thermocatalytic decomposition of methane is proposed to be an economical and green method to produce COx-free hydrogen and carbon nanomaterial. In present work, 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 catalysts with different additives (Cu, Mn, Pd, Co, Zn, Fe, Mg) were prepared by co-impregnation method to investigate promotional effects of these metal additives on the activity and stability of 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 and find out a really effective promoter for decomposition of methane. The catalyst was characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction. While metal additives (5 wt%) were added into 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3, the activity stability of 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 was improved and the CH4 conversion of 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 was also improved except Zn addition. Mn addition was found to improve the catalytic activity of 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 significantly and the CH4 conversion of 5 wt% Mn-60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 was ∼80%. Cu addition was found to remarkably improve the catalytic stability of 60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 and the CH4 conversion of 5 wt% Cu-60 wt% Ni/Al2O3 decreased from 61% to 45% after 250 min of reaction time. Carbon nanomaterials formed in the thermocatalytic decomposition process were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analyzer and Raman spectroscopy. Carbon deposits consist of amorphous carbon and carbon nanofibers.

Effect of Different Micro Metal Powders on the Electrical Resistivity of Cementitious Composites

The electrical resistivity is an essential parameter describing materials’ capacity to convey electric current. Normal cementitious materials display high estimation of the electrical resistivity because of their insulating nature. However, the high electrical resistivity of concrete can be reduced by a sufficient amount of electrically conductive admixture. Such an improvement is advantageous in self-sensing or self-heating concrete design. In this study, the effects of metal additives on the electrical resistivity of hardening cement paste were investigated. In the experiments, two different types of metal admixtures; copper powder and iron powder were used. Hybrid composition of copper and iron were also considered for comparisons of the electrical resistivity. A water to binder ratio of 0.35 was used. The metal powders were used in the mixtures by replacing the cement in ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by weight. The total binder content (cement and metal additives) was always the same in the experiments. The measurements were carried out at room temperature by using two-electrode- AC method. The test results indicate that the metal cement composites with 20% of cement weight improved the lower electrical resistivity of the cement paste than plain cement paste. In addition, composites with copper powders had less electrical resistivity than those with iron powders. The reduction of electrical resistivity with an increase of metal content was steady for when of using hybrid composites better than when using metal powders alone. The Different frequency options 1 kHz, 10 kHz and 100 kHz were used to investigate the effect of impedance-frequency and phase angle-frequency of a sample test using the LCR meter. The highest current frequency available on the LCR meter, 100 kHz, was chosen to be used as the applied current frequency in all of the experiments which exhibit much lower phase angle values that can cancel the effect of change in electrical resistivity measurements.

Role of native defects and the effects of metal additives on the kinetics of magnesium borohydride.

Magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2) has been considered as a potential material for hydrogen storage. In this paper, density functional theory studies have been carried out on native point defects and electrically active impurities (Ni and Ti) in Mg(BH4)2. A detailed analysis of the geometrical structures, energetics and migration of the defects reveals that hydrogen related defects are charged and their formation energies are Fermi-level dependent. We propose a specific mechanism for the decomposition of Mg(BH4)2: the self-diffusion of Mgi2+ is the rate-limiting process for decomposing Mg(BH4)2. Moreover, Ni and Ti impurities can tailor the hydrogen desorption kinetics of Mg(BH4)2 by shifting the Fermi level, but the effects of impurities on shifting the Fermi levels are related to how the impurity is incorporated into Mg(BH4)2.

Urban wastewater treatment by using Ag/ZnO and Pt/TiO2 photocatalysts.

In this study, the treatment of wastewater coming from a river highly polluted with domestic and industrial effluents was evaluated. For this purpose, series of photocatalysts obtained by ZnO and TiO2 modification were evaluated. The effect of metal addition and Ti precursor (in the case of the titania series) over the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of the materials obtained was also analyzed. The evaluation of the photocatalytic activity showed that semiconductor modification and precursor used in the materials synthesis are important factors influencing the physicochemical and therefore the photocatalytic properties of the materials obtained. The water samples analyzed in the present work were taken from a highly polluted river, and it was found that the effectiveness of the photocatalytic treatment increases when the reaction time increases and for both, wastewater samples and isolated Escherichia coli strain follow the next order Pt/TiO2 << ZnO. It was also observed that biochemical and chemical demand oxygen and turbidity significantly decrease after treatment, thus indicating that photocatalysis is a non-selective technology, which can lead to recover wastewater containing different pollutants.

Effect of Metallic Additives to Polymer Matrix on Properties of Composite Adhesives Dedicated for Light Metal Joining

AbstractThe most recent and promising trends in development of renewable sources of energy are Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems. The newest solutions from this field are hybrid compact solar panels. The correct operation of both systems, i.e. the photovoltaic panel and the heat exchanger requires an effective connection between the two. The adhesives utilized to interconnect above elements should provide a stable and hermetic joint able to withstand mechanical and thermal impacts of the surrounding environment factors. The paper presents the research results over the impact of the type and the amount of reinforcing phase on the physical and mechanical properties of epoxy resin matrix composites reinforced with particles of non-ferrous metals (Ag, Cu, W, Al), dedicated as adhesives for connections between photovoltaic panels and heat exchangers. Based on the experimental findings the usefulness of classical analytic models for valuation of polymer-metal composites properties was validated.

Development of Silver Based Catalysts Promoted by Noble Metal M (M = Au, Pd or Pt) for Glycerol Oxidation in Liquid Phase

The liquid-phase oxidation of glycerol was studied to obtain glycolic acid as a value-added molecule. The effect of metal addition to silver based catalyst was investigated under strong basic condition. The best catalytic performance was obtained over silver catalyst promoted with a small amount of platinum Ag95–Pt5/CeO2. Namely, the conversion close to 54% was reached after 5 h of reaction at 60 °C, with the selectivity to glycolic acid of 51%. Further increase in the amount of promotor (up to 50%) changed the reaction mechanism to product selectively the glyceric acid.

Experimental Research on the Effect of Aluminum Additive on the Electromagnetic Radiation in Detonation Process

Explosions of explosives can produce electromagnetic radiation signals. Based on the theory of the explosion of electromagnetic radiation, the effects of metal additives on the electromagnetic radiation produced by explosive detonation should be researched. In this paper, the electromagnetic radiation signal characteristic produced by the passivation RDX of metal additives explosion were studied by experimental. The rod-shaped antenna measurement system was used to measure the electromagnetic radiation signals generated by the different percentages of aluminum-containing passivation RDX and pure passivation RDX. The results show that the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation signal produced by the explosion is obviously increased by mixing aluminum. In the case of the same explosive mass, the signal intensity of the electromagnetic radiation generated by the explosion increases with the aluminum mass percentage is increased. When the content of aluminum is the same，with the increase of the mass of explosives，the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation signal generated by explosion also increases. The main component of the electromagnetic radiation signal frequency generated by explosives is less than 1MHz，the electromagnetic spectrum generated by explosives with the same composition is consistent.

On the Mechanism of Efficiency of Lead Azide

AbstractThe mechanism of superior efficiency of lead azide (LA) in comparison with mercury fulminate (MF) is not understood. Indeed, both primary explosives have quite close detonation velocities and result in a large amount of condensed lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), respectively. We explore an idea that the high efficiency of LA is due to the fact that the boiling point of lead markedly exceeds that of Hg. Then the products of LA in the detonation reaction zone could contain liquid Pb droplets, while MF products are gaseous. These lead droplets could violently impact the acceptor charge and favor its initiation. The plate dent studies of high explosives (HE) heavily loaded by metal particles provide an indirect support to the proposed mechanism. To check this hypothesis we numerically studied the donor/acceptor problem, where the donor is made of HE loaded with the inert metal particles. Pressure, velocity, and temperature relaxations of particles are taken into account. The model agrees with the experimental effect of metal addition on HE performance. However, the calculations show that the effect of particle penetration into the acceptor is late and weak in comparison with the effect of primary shock induced in the acceptor. Thus, the above hypothesis could not guide the development of green substitutes of LA. Hybrid mixtures of a nanothermite with a high explosive seem to be more promising for this purpose. A simple explanation is proposed for the superior triggering capacity of LA.