Effect Of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene Research Articles

The effect of coupling agent on the mechanical properties of injection molded polypropylene/wheat straw composites

The objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as coupling agent in polypropylene (PP)-based composites filled with ground wheat straw (WS) particles. The WS and the MAPP content in the composites was 10 wt% and 2 wt%, respectively. The samples were fabricated through melt compounding using a twin-screw extruder and then formed into dumbbell-shaped specimens by injection molding. The mechanical properties of neat PP and the composites with and without coupling were evaluated based on tensile and flexural tests and dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA). The experimental results showed that incorporating WS into the PP reduces its tensile strength by ~3 MPa, while improving its Young’s modulus by 0.14 GPa. The addition of MAPP compensated for the loss in tensile strength without affecting the modulus. Similar observations were made during the flexural tests as well, in which case, however, there was no loss revealed in the strength in the presence of WS due to the different types of load. The results of DMA analyses indicated an improved stiffness of WS-containing samples throughout the whole analyzed temperature range of 20-120 °C as a consequence of reduced chain mobility of PP caused by the stiff straw particles.

Insight into interfacial compatibilization of glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) using maleic-anhydride modified PP employing infrared spectroscopic imaging

We propose a technique for evaluating the compatibilization effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) introduced into glass fiber reinforced polypropylene by probing chemical structures using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. The dispersion state of MAPP in the composites was investigated by FTIR imaging constructed with integrated spectral intensity arising from carbonyl groups. MAPP was predominantly distributed around the glass fibers, due to the formation of interactions between the carbonyl groups in MAPP and the surface silanol groups on the fibers. The effects of interfacial interactions on matrix-fiber adhesion of the fiber composite were confirmed by observation of a fracture surface, using FTIR imaging, after tensile testing. The presence of polymer adhered to the fiber was detected. This revealed cohesive failure to occur in the matrix portion, attributable to improved interfacial adhesion. The addition of MAPP is therefore essential to improve matrix-filler adhesion, which contributes to enhanced strength and ductility by efficient stress transfer and prevention of fracturing at the matrix-fiber interface. This characterization technique can be utilized as a generally applicable tool to reveal the mechanisms of compatibilization of polymer composites.

Selected properties of mahogany wood flour filled polypropylene composites: The effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP)

The aim of this study was to produce mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) wood flour filled polypropylene (both recycled and virgin) composites and to determine the effects of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the interfacial compatibility, density, and other mechanical properties of the resulting composites. Approximately 40 wt% of mahogany wood flour, and 60 wt% of polypropylene, 3 wt% of MAPP, 1.5 wt% of zinc stearate, and 1.5 wt% of wax were used during composite manufacturing. Test specimens were manufactured using extrusion and injection molding processes. The flexural, tensile, impact, and hardness properties of all specimens were determined. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology and interfacial compatibility of the filler in prepared composites. The test results showed that MAPP use and the filler rates affected the density and mechanical properties of test specimens.

말레산 무수물 그래프트 폴리프로필렌이 재생 탄소섬유 보강 폴리프로필렌에 미치는 영향

말레산 무수물 그래프트 폴리프로필렌이 재생 탄소섬유 보강 폴리프로필렌에 미치는 영향

Investigation on the interface modification of PET/PP composites

In this study, surface modifications and manufacturing processes for polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/polypropylene (PP) composites were developed. When non-polar PP resin is combined with polar polyester fiber, its compatibility and wettability are the key technologies. Maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MAPP) was blended with PP to improve the polarity of the PP resin and react with PET fibers. In addition, a primer was applied to the PET fabric to improve the bonding and reactivity of PET fiber and MAPP. PET/PP composites that imitated the texture and appearance of carbon fabric were prepared by thin film stacking method. The effect of MAPP and primer on interfacial bonding was evaluated by single-fiber pullout test. The mechanical properties of the PET/PP composites such as impact, and open-hole tensile strength (OHT), were studied.

Tensile and morphological studies of polypropylene/empty fruit bunch composite: Effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene

The effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PPMAH) as compatibilizer on the tensileand morphological properties of polypropylene (PP)/empty fruit bunch (EFB) composite were investigated. The composite was melt mixed using a heated two roll mill at 180 °C with speed of 15 rpm for seven different EFB filler loadings (70/30, 75/25, 80/20, 85/15, 90/20, 95/5 and 100/0 wt%). From the analysis, tensile strength and elongation at break decreased with increasing EFB filler loading. However, it is interesting to observe that the addition of PPMAH has resulted in5 to 10 % better tensile strengthcompareto without PPMAHcompatibilizer. The morphological studies from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture surfaces showed thatPPMAH compatibilizercomposites also indicates improved dispersion and adhesion of EFB fibre on the PP matrix.

Effects of different compatibilizing agents on the interfacial adhesion properties of polypropylene/magnesium oxysulfate whisker composites

The effects of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) and maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin elastomer (POE-g-MAH) on interfacial adhesion properties of the polypropylene/magnesium oxysulfate whiskers (PP/MOSw) composites were investigated via mechanical, thermal, ATR-FTIR and rheological tests. Although significant increases in yield strength and Young’s modulus were observed in PP-g-MAH treated composites, a sharp decline in these properties was observed in POE-g-MAH treated composites. ATR-FTIR results indicated that esterification occurred between the hydroxyl groups of MOSw and the carbonyls of anhydrides of both compatibilizers but POE-g-MAH was still incompatible with the PP matrix, as verified by the presence of shoulder peaks in DTG curves and numerous voids in SEM micrographs. On the other hand, PP-g-MAH was highly compatible with the PP matrix, as evidenced by the peaks in DTG curves and vague interfaces with wrapped melts on the surface of MOSw. Rheological behaviors also confirmed that introducing PP-g-MAH resulted in a transition from liquid-like to solid-like, which was attributed to the stronger interfacial adhesion between MOSw and the PP matrix. POE-g-MAH treated composites, in contrast to PP-g-MAH, maintained liquid-like rheological behaviors as typical molten polymers. There is likely a MOSw network formed in the PP/15PP-g-MAH/15MOSw composite as suggested by the significant deviation of G′ versus G″ plots and the two crossover frequencies observed in plots of tanδ versus frequency.

Effects of Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polypropylene (MAPP) on the Physico-Mechanical Properties and Rheological Behavior of Bamboo Powder-Polypropylene Foamed Composites

To improve the interfacial compatibility between bamboo powder and polypropylene (PP), the effects of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on the physico-mechanical properties and rheological behavior of 33 wt% bamboo powder/PP foamed composites were investigated. The results showed that the mechanical properties, water resistance, and surface wettability of MAPP-treated composites improved significantly, and the optimum content of MAPP was 9%. The density of 9% MAPP-treated composite was 0.845 g/cm3 and its specific bending and tensile and notched impact strengths increased by 22.9%, 29.6%, and 49.0%, respectively, and the water absorption decreased from 8.80% to 1.92%, compared to the untreated composite. The frequency sweep results indicated that both the modulus and complex viscosity of the 9% MAPP-treated composite reached minimum values, and the slope of the lgG'-lgf curve for the treated composite increased by 15.9% compared with that of the untreated analogue. ESEM results indicated that the MAPP-treated composite had better bamboo powder dispersion and better interfacial compatibility. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed the esterification between anhydride groups of MAPP and hydroxyl groups of bamboo powder. XRD studies showed the degree of crystallinity for the MAPP-treated composite increased to 26.52%, compared to 21.05% for the untreated composite.

Effects of Maleic Anhydride Polypropylene on Tensile, Water Absorption, and Morphological Properties of Recycled Newspaper Filled Polypropylene/Natural Rubber Composites

This study focused on the effects of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) on tensile, water absorption, and morphological properties of recycled newspaper (RNP) filled polypropylene (PP)/natural rubber (NR) composites. The abbreviation MAPP will be used for its common name in this research work. For both uncompatibilized and MAPP-compatibilized RNP-filled composites, tensile strength and elongation at break (EB) increased at certain filler content, then decreased at higher filler content. Meanwhile, continuous increase of Young’s modulus has been observed in the case of uncompatibilized and compatibilized composites. At similar filler content, compatibilized composites show higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus but lower EB than uncompatibilized composites. Water absorption study indicates that the incorporation of MAPP reduced water uptakes of the composites. This may be attributed to the enhanced adhesion between the MAPP-compatibilized RNP and polymer matrix, as evidenced from morphology study with scanning electron microscopy. The chemical interaction between MAPP-compatibilized RNP and polymer matrix was confirmed with Fourier transform infrared analysis.

Sisal Glass Fiber Reinforced PP Hybrid Composites: Effect of MAPP on the Dynamic Mechanical and Thermal Properties

Hybrid composites of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with short sisal and glass fibers were prepared using twin-screw extruder, followed by injection molding in the presence and absence of maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) as a coupling agent. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength increased by an optimum value at 15% sisal and 15% glass fiber loading in the presence of 2% MAPP. The rate of water absorption in the composites decreased due to the presence of glass fiber and coupling agent. The storage modulus of sisal/glass reinforced PP hybrid composites (SGRP) showed maximum improvement after treatment with MAPP. The fiber matrix morphology of the interface region in the composites was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The differential scanning calorimetry thermogram confirms higher thermal stability in the case of hybrid composites.

Effects of PP-g-MAH on the Mechanical, morphological and rheological properties of polypropylene and poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) blends

The effects of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) addition on polypropylene (PP) and poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) blends were studied. Blends of PP/ABS (70/30, wt%) with PP-g-MAH were prepared by a twin-screw extruder. From the results of mechanical testing, the impact, tensile and flexural strengths of the blends were maximized at a PP-g-MAH content 3 phr. The increased mechanical strength of the blends with the PP-g-MAH addition was attributed to the compatibilizing effect of the PP and ABS blends. In the morphological studies, the droplet size of ABS was minimized (6.6 μm) at a PP-g-MAH content of 3 phr. From the rheological examination, the complex viscosity was maximized at a PP-g-MAH content of 3 phr. These mechanical, morphological and rheological results indicated that the compatibility of the PP/ABS (70/30) blends is increased with PP-g-MAH addition to an optimum blend at a PP-g-MAH content of 3 phr.

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as a reinforcing fibre in polypropylene composites

In this study the switchgrass (Panicum virgatumL.), a biomass crop being developed in North America and Europe, was tested as a stiffening and reinforcing agent in polypropylene (PP) composites with and without maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) as a compatibiliser and to evaluate the effect of pulping and different sources of switchgrass on composite characteristics. The refiner pulping yield for two switchgrass varieties was estimated between 70–80%. The addition of 30% (by weight) switchgrass pulp resulted in an increase of the flexural modulus by a factor of about 2.5 compared to pure polypropylene. Which was only slightly lower than values found for jute and flax. The flexural strength of PP composites reinforced with pulped switchgrass and MAPP was almost doubled compared to pure PP and approached values found for jute and flax. The compatibilising effect of MAPP has been visualised by micrographs. The good mechanical properties are achieved despite the severe fibre length reduction as a result of thermoplastic compounding which is shown by fibre length analysis. The impact strength of switchgrass/PP composites was much lower than for pure PP. The use of different switchgrass varieties and harvesting time had a minor to no effect on the mechanical performance of the respective composites. The chemical composition of different varieties was fairly constant. The low price and the relatively good mechanical characteristics should make switchgrass an attractive fibre for filling and stiffening in thermoplastic composites. Further improvement of composite mechanical properties should be possible.

In situ reinforcement of polypropylene with liquid-crystalline polymers: effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene

The effect of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAP) on the mechanical properties of three polypropylene/liquid-crystalline polymer (PP/LCP) blends was investigated. Three LCPs were used in the study. One LCP was a poly(ester amide) and the other two LCPs were copolyesters. The tensile properties of the PP/liquid-crystal (LC) poly(ester amide) blend were affected by the addiction of MAP to a greater extent than were the tensile properties of the two PP/LC copolyester blends. The tensile strength of the former blend increased without reaching a plateau as the level of MAP was increased, whereas the tensile strength of the latter blends showed that a plateau or maximum in the strength existed. The tensile modulus of the PP/LC poly(ester amide) blend showed a 19% increase as the amount of MAP was increased above 5 wt%. Only small changes occurred in the modulus of the PP/LC copolyester blends. The effect of MAP on the mechanical properties of PP/LCP blends indicated that MAP interacted with the amide group preferentially over the ester group. An excess of MAP was also shown to change the morphology from larger elongated structures to smaller structures that can lead to reduced tensile moduli. Measurement of the contact angles of liquids on PP,PP/MAP and the three LCPs indicated that MAP lowered the interfacial tension for all three PP/LCP blends. The reduced interfacial tension and increased adhesion indicated that MAP compatibilized the PP/LCP blends. While in most polymer blends compatibilization leads to finely dispersed drops of the minor components, LCP fibrils were obtained over a large range of compatibilizer concentrations. Finally, isolation of the PP/MAP phase from the LCP phase indicated that MAP did not react with the LCP. Instead, an interaction such as hydrogen bonding was believed to be responsible for the compatibilizing effect of MAP on PP/LCP blends.