Effect Of Long-term Intake Research Articles

Effects of long-term intake of iron-enriched beverage containing ʟ-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside on iron nutrition status and condition of female college athletes

Effects of long-term intake of iron-enriched beverage containing ʟ-ascorbic acid 2-glucoside on iron nutrition status and condition of female college athletes

The adverse effect of long term intake of Monosodium Glutamate on kidney performance

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a food additive that is considered as a water and environmental pollutant and affects the tissues of the living being. This study was aimed to find the effect of long-term administration of MSG on the mass of mesangial cells of the kidneys. Forty adult male rats were divided into four groups (10 each). Control groups 1&2 were supplied orally with distilled water for 30 and 60 days, respectively. Treatment groups 1&2 were supplied orally with 15 mg/kg Bwt of MSG for 30 & 60 days, respectively. Control and treatment groups were sacrificed, specimens of kidneys were obtained, fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed by Routine histological techniques, stained by Hematoxylin and eosin, and PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff) stains then examined under the light microscope. The result found enlargement in a mesangial mass represented by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of mesangial cells leading to mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Accordingly, the study showed an increase in creatinine values, indicating a disturbance in renal function. This will lead to a decrease in the sizes of the glomeruli of renal corpuscles and a relative increase of Bowman’s space. With the time of the experiment, the glomerular capillaries and gates of basement membranes will be closed, resulting in renal filtration disorders. It was concluded that the long-term intake of MSG leads to indirect narrowing of the glomerular capillary lumen, causing kidney failure.

Consumption of fresh Centella asiatica improves short term alertness and contentedness in healthy females

Centella asiatica is rich in pentacyclic triterpenes that have been associated with several beneficial health effects. Several earlier studies investigated the effects of long term intake of C. asiatica on several cognitive functions and mood, either in the form of dried herb, powder, supplements or extract, but not as a fresh herb in a human intervention study. In this research, for the first time, the short-term effect of consuming a single smoothie, containing two concentrations of the fresh herb, on the cognition and mood of healthy female participants was investigated. Madecassic acid was the major triterpene in the fresh leaves of C. asiatica. Cognitive performance and mood dimensions were assessed before and one hour after consuming a single serving of smoothies. Alertness and contentedness factors significantly improved with higher concentration of C. asiatica. No significant improvements in cognitive functions after one hour of consumption were found.

Telomere Length of Multiple Dietary Supplement Users - A Cross-sectional Study in Comparison with Age-matched Controls

Telomeres are DNA-protein complexes that cap chromosomal ends to promote chromosomal stability. Telomere length has been associated with diet and nutrition and inversely associated with mortality, life stress, and diseases. The objective of the current study was to explore the effect of long-term intake of multiple dietary supplements on telomere length in adults compared with age-matched controls. Salivary telomere lengths were determined from a group of heavy supplement users (HSU group; n=81; 20 males and 61 females age 30-79), the majority of whom took > 12 different supplements daily at least 4 days per week for at least 5 years, compared to a population of relatively healthy, non-smoking, age-matched subjects in the San Francisco Bay Area (control group; n=323; 146 males and 177 females) who took ≤ 3 different supplements daily. Telomere lengths were measured by quantitative PCR to determine the telomere-to-single copy gene (T/S) ratio and were compared between groups that were age-matched by decade from 30 to 79. There was an age effect (p≤0.05) and a significant difference between groups (p≤0.001). The HSU group had significantly longer telomere length in the 50s, 60s, and 70s age groups (p ≤0.01, 0.001, 0.01 respectively). Routine clinical blood chemistry biomarkers (glucose, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, renal function and CRP) in both groups were all within the normal ranges. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that heavy dietary supplementation may attenuate telomere shortening compared to an age-matched control group. Longitudinal studies are needed to further explore the potential association between nutritional supplementation, healthy aging and the reduced rate of telomere shortening.

Effect of long-term intake of Vitasil on ultrasound and blood biochemical parameters associated with fatty liver disease in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Effect of long-term intake of Vitasil on ultrasound and blood biochemical parameters associated with fatty liver disease in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Long-term antihypertensive effect of a soluble cocoa fiber product in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Background and MethodsThis study evaluates the antihypertensive effect of long-term intake of a soluble cocoa fiber product (SCFP). Different doses of SCFP were evaluated (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day) and a dose of 800 mg/kg/day of beta-glucan 0.75 (BETA-G) was used as a standard fiber. Water, a neutral vehicle, was used as negative control, and 50 mg/kg/day captopril was used as positive control. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly by the tail cuff method. Body weight, food, and liquid intake were also registered weekly in the rats from 10 to 24 weeks of life. Glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; redox status; and the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity were also studied in the plasma samples of these animals.ResultsThroughout the 10 weeks of treatment, captopril and SCFP (400 mg/kg/day) demonstrated blood pressure lowering effects in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (p<0.05; n=8). Paradoxically, neither the highest dose (800 mg/kg/day) of SCFP decreased SBP nor 800 mg/kg/day BETA-G (p>0.05; n=8). When the corresponding antihypertensive treatment, was disrupted the SBP values of the 400 mg/kg/day SCFP treated animals returned to control values (p>0.05; n=8). In addition, the SCFP significantly decreased (p<0.05; n=4) the glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and also the liver and plasma malondaldehyde levels. Moreover, the SCFP slightly increased the reduced glutathione levels in the liver.ConclusionThe SCFP could be used to control the blood pressure of hypertensive subjects for a long period of time and could improve metabolic complications associated to cardiovascular diseases.

Agaricus brasiliensis mycelium supplementation in Sarcoma 180tumour-bearing mice reverses the immune response induced by the tumour

The biological properties of Agaricus brasiliensis mycelium, including their immuno-stimulating and anti-tumour activities, have previously been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term intake of A. brasiliensis mycelium cultivated on wheat grains by solid-state culture on tumour growth and immune response in Sarcoma 180 tumour-bearing mice. Mice received dietary supplementation with 100% or 50% Agaricus mycelium cultivated on wheat grains for 14 weeks and were inoculated with Sarcoma 180 tumours. We found that A. brasiliensis had anti-tumour activity, and that dietary supplementation with a 50% concentration (A50S) prevented loss of body weight, inhibited tumour growth, induced the increase of CD4+ T cells and CD25+ CD4+ T subsets in peripheral organs and downregulated Tumor necrosis factor alpha production in plasma. Our results confirm that dietary supplementation with Agaricus may offer immuno-modulatory activity and protection against tumour growth.

Branched-chain amino acids and muscle ammonia detoxification in cirrhosis

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are used as a therapeutic nutritional supplement in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy (HE). During liver disease, the decreased capacity for urea synthesis and porto-systemic shunting reduce the hepatic clearance of ammonia and skeletal muscle may become the main alternative organ for ammonia detoxification. We here summarize current knowledge of muscle BCAA and ammonia metabolism with a focus on liver cirrhosis and HE. Plasma levels of BCAA are lower and muscle uptake of BCAA seems to be higher in patients with cirrhosis and hyperammonemia. BCAA metabolism may improve muscle net ammonia removal by supplying carbon skeletons for formation of alfa-ketoglutarate that combines with two ammonia molecules to become glutamine. An oral dose of BCAA enhances muscle ammonia metabolism but also transiently increases the arterial ammonia concentration, likely due to extramuscular metabolism of glutamine. We, therefore, speculate that the beneficial effect of long term intake of BCAA on HE demonstrated in clinical studies may be related to an improved muscle mass and nutritional status rather than to an ammonia lowering effect of BCAA themselves.

Does long term supplementation of vitamin E cause detrimental effects on the central nervous system? Morphological and histological study in experimental male Wistar rats.

Aging is attributed to neuronal loss associated with increased oxidative stress. Vitamin E, and in particular, tocotrienol are potent antioxidants, which have been shown to be neuroprotective. The main aim of the present study was to observe the effect of long term intake of vitamin E in the form of tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) and refined, bleached, deodorized palm olein (RBDPO) on the brain of experimental rats. Thirty male Wistar rats aged 3 months were either supplemented with TRF (dose of 200 mg/kg body weight), RBDPO (dose of 1 ml/kg body weight) or distilled water, continuously for 8 months. The animals were then examined in vivo for clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies before being sacrificed. The brain was extracted, measured and studied for histological changes. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the lateral ventricle, cortical thickness of cingulate gyrus and hippocampus size did not show any significant changes in all three groups. The brain weight, length and width as well as histological sections of the brain showed no significant changes between the groups. It is thereby concluded that chronic consumption of vitamin E was not detrimental to the central nervous system.

Effect of Long-term Intake of &lt;i&gt;wx/ae&lt;/i&gt; Double Mutant Brown Rice on Human Lipid Metabolism

Effect of Long-term Intake of &lt;i&gt;wx/ae&lt;/i&gt; Double Mutant Brown Rice on Human Lipid Metabolism

Long-term consumption of aspartame and brain antioxidant defense status

The present study investigated the effect of long-term intake of aspartame, a widely used artificial sweetener, on antioxidant defense status in the rat brain. Male Wistar rats weighing 150–175 g were randomly divided into three groups as follows: The first group was given aspartame at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.); the second group was given aspartame at dose of 1,000 mg/kg b.w., respectively, in a total volume of 3 mL of water; and the control rats received 3 mL of distilled water. Oral intubations were done in the morning, daily for 180 days. The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly reduced in the brain of rats that had received the dose of 1,000 mg/kg b.w. of aspartame, whereas only a significant reduction in GSH concentration was observed in the 500-mg/kg b.w. aspartame-treated group. Histopathological examination revealed mild vascular congestion in the 1,000 mg/kg b.w. group of aspartame-treated rats. The results of this experiment indicate that long-term consumption of aspartame leads to an imbalance in the antioxidant/pro-oxidant status in the brain, mainly through the mechanism involving the glutathione-dependent system.

Effect of long term intake of aspartame on antioxidant defense status in liver

The present study evaluates the effect of long term intake of aspartame, the artificial sweetener, on liver antioxidant system and hepatocellular injury in animal model. Eighteen adult male Wistar rats, weighing 150–175g, were randomly divided into three groups as follows: first group was given aspartame dissolved in water in a dose of 500mg/kg b.wt.; the second group was given a dose of 1000mg/kg b.wt.; and controls were given water freely. Rats that had received aspartame (1000mg/kg b.wt.) in the drinking water for 180days showed a significant increase in activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT). The concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly reduced in the liver of rats that had received aspartame (1000mg/kg b.wt.). Glutathione was significantly decreased in both the experimental groups. Histopathological examination revealed leukocyte infiltration in aspartame-treated rats (1000mg/kg b.wt.). It can be concluded from these observations that long term consumption of aspartame leads to hepatocellular injury and alterations in liver antioxidant status mainly through glutathione dependent system.

Effect of long term intake of ethanol on nutritional status of rats

This study sought to determine nutritional parameters after chronic administration of ethanol in rats. Control and ethanol-fed rats was fed with a standard control diet. Ethanol-rats also have ethanol in the drinking water during 30 weeks. We have found that the food intake in the ethanol-fed rats is lower than in the control rats, this difference is significant along the totality of the experimental period. The liquid fluid consumption is also lower in the ethanol-fed rats, although at the beginning of the experimental period is similar in both studied groups. The intake of total calories is high in the ethanol-fed rats at the induction period and the second month, but is lower in the rest of the experimental period, as a consequence of the lower intake of food. The body weights are lower in the ethanol-fed rats, and this difference is significant from the third month until the end of the experimental period. In summary, there is a lower weight in the ethanol-fed rats group for the effect of a lower caloric intake, and perhaps also for a wastage of energy.

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Effects of long term alcohol ingestion on glutathione metabolising enzymes and taurine contents in the myocardium of rats.

The effects of long term intake of dietary alcohol on myocardial glutathione metabolism and taurine content were studied in rats. Alcohol, comprising more than 30% of the dietary calorie content, was administered to male CFY rats for six weeks. Compared with the controls, the left ventricle of the alcohol treated animals had an increased taurine content (18.4(2.6) vs 13.1(2.5) mumol X g wet weight-1) and a slightly, but not significantly, decreased reduced glutathione content. To assess the glutathione metabolism in the myocardium, the activities of glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and glutathione synthetase were measured. Significant increases were found in the activities of glutathione reductase (0.65(0.03) U.g wet weight-1 in the controls and 0.80(0.05) U.g wet weight-1 in the alcohol treated rats) and glutathione-peroxidase after six weeks of alcohol ingestion. Only slight, non-significant changes were found for the other enzymes investigated. It is thus apparent that in the myocardium of rats treated long term with ethanol the previously observed enhanced lipoperoxidation is not necessarily associated with severe glutathione depletion, and an increase in the activity of glutathione reductase might be responsible, at least in part, for the preservation of glutathione.