Effect Of Long Storage Research Articles

The Effect of Long Storage of Temperature Refrigerator to The Eksternal and Internal Quality of Herbal Egg Layer Second Phase

This study aimed to determine the effect of storage time at refrigerator temperature on the external and internal quality of the second phase layer chicken herbal eggs. This research was conducted on May 21 – September 2021 at the Livestock Production Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 9 treatments and 4 replications. Each replication consisted of 3 eggs. The data obtained were analyzed for Analysis of Variance at the 5% level of significance, the results of the variance analysis were significantly different, the Least Significant Difference test was continued. The results of this study showed that the weight of herbal eggs decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing storage time, which was for 8 weeks ranging from 0.90% – 5.82%. Albumen index also decreased and the storage of herbal eggs for 0 weeks (0.073) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than storage for 1-8 weeks (0.061-0.036). Likewise, the yolk index in herbal egg storage for 0 – 1 week (0.420 – 0.411) was significantly higher (P<0.05) compared to storage for 2 – 8 weeks (0.388 – 0.358). On the other hand, the size of the air cavity diameter showed that the longer the storage time is increasing, which is for 8 weeks ranging from 1.409 cm – 3.058 cm. The quality of the second phase layer chicken herbal eggs was classified as well based on the average HU value (52.25 – 72.55). Conclusion of this study were 1) the longer storage time at refrigerator temperature could decrease egg weight, albumen index, yolk index, air cavity diameter, and Haugh Unit and could increase the size of the air cavity diameter of second phase layer chicken herbal eggs; and 2) the quality of the second phase layer chicken herbal eggs that were stored at refrigerator temperature for up to 8 weeks was classified as well based on the average HU value

Mycotoxins and Mycotoxigenic Fungi in Ready to Eat Spices and their Prevention

The study aimed at monitoring the effect of long storage of the daily-used spices under varying humidity on the development of mycotoxins and their producing fungi. The spices samples were analyzed for mycotoxins and their potential producing fungi. The results showed that Aspergillus, Eurotium, Fusarium, and Penicillium were the most frequent genera on spices. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. niveus, Eurotium chevalieri, Fusarium oxysporum, F. verticillioides, Penicillium cyclopium, and P. waksmanii were detected as potential mycotoxin-producing fungi. The results exhibited the contamination of spices with aflatoxin B1 and G1, zearalenone, citrinin, and sterigmatocystin in high concentration (66.45µg/Kg, 12.64µg/Kg, 0.064µg/Kg, 0.065µg/Kg, and 0.065µg/Kg, respectively). The results proved that time were a key factor in development of fungi and their mycotoxins. After six months of storage under high RH% (75-80%), the total count of fungi was increased dramatically in some spices like as dill (9.1 x 104 CFU/ g) and sumac (23.16 x 102 CFU/g). However, in the other spices, storage under moderate (50-55%) or natural humidity (10-45%) encouraged the development of fungi more than under high humidity %. The study recommends consumers to use dry fresh spices and not store them for more than two months.

The Effect of Long Storage of Whole Blood Components on the Level of 2,3 Diphosphoglycerate and Lactic Acid in the Blood Bank, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in levels of 2,3 DPG and lactic acid on WB storagetime. This research is an observational analytical with time series design was conducted at the ClinicalPathology Installation and Blood Bank Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya in the period July- September 2020. Levels of 2,3 DPG and lactic acid were measured in 16 bags of Whole Bloodcomponents on the day 1, day 5, day 10, day 20 and day 30. Statistical analysis was performed usingthe Friedman test. The results were statistically significant if p <0.05. The Friedman statistical testshowed that there were significant differences in levels of 2.3 DPG (p <0.001) and levels of lacticacid (p <0.001) during storage. The results showed that the level of 2,3 DPG in WB which was storeddecreased according to the duration of storage. The yield of lactic acid on stored WB increased withthe duration of storage. Therefore, saving WB is recommended to be given within <6 days to reducethe risk of acidosis. Further research is needed for other parameters that can affect the storage process.

Effect of Long Storage on Room Temperature on Changes of Physicalchemical Characteristics of Frozen Edamame, Glycine max (L)

Edamame is an agricultural product famous as vegetable soybeans. One of the edamame processed product is frozen edamame. Frozen edamame is a unique product frozen of souvenirs from jember. This product is vulnerable to quality degradation due to the environment and consumer treatment. Consumers buy and carry product for souvenirs in a long journey and consumers are less precise in handling storage again when out of frozen storage. This study aims to improve the impact of space temperature storage with different time to physical quality and chemical seeds and the old influence of storage with different time to the original organoleptic characteristics of frozen edamame. The result of tests conducted on the original edamame product during storage at room temperature affect the physical and chemical products as follows: a green color 0.69 while the color leads to red 4.68, color b is 4.77, color C is 4.7, texture value is 0.47 mm/10secon, total dissolved solids by 2.08 0 Brix, pH values 1.33%, total acids by 0.005%, moisture content 4.5% and antioxidant actives by 0.69 µg / mL

Effects of long storage in La-Sr manganites with pared divalent and quadrivalent substituents for manganese

The results of investigation on the ageing of ceramic manganites La1-cSrcMn0.90Ni0.05Ge0.05O3+γ and La1-cSrcMn0.90Zn0.05Ti0.05O3+γ (c = 0.15, 0.17, 0.19) during long-term storage at normal conditions are presented. Unit cell volume of all manganites having rhombohedral structure decreased over time. The width of X-ray diffraction reflexes from (Ni,Ge)-compositions varied irregularly within the measurement error, and the width of reflexes from (Zn,Ti)-contained manganites decreased significantly. Magnetization of all samples increased in the end of storage period. Curie point of compositions with c > 0.17 exhibited some trend of increase. Ageing leaded to the lowering of “metal-semiconductor” transition temperature in (Ni,Ge)-substituted manganites. (Zn,Ti)-contained compositions showed only semiconductor behavior in investigated temperature range from 100 to 300 K, and the changes of their magnetic parameters were most considerable. The increase in magnetization and Curie point reached 7.5 % and 11 %, respectively. Possible mechanisms of ageing in considered materials are discussed in terms of oxidation processes, formation of microinhomogeneities and relaxation of internal stresses.

Effect of cold-pressed and normal centrifugal juicing on quality attributes of fresh juices: do cold-pressed juices harbor a superior nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity?

Cold-pressed juices are claimed to contain higher levels of antioxidants and bioactive compounds compared to normally centrifuged ones. Herein, we evaluated the antioxidant capacity and the bioactive compound contents of some freshly prepared fruit juices, extracted by a cold-pressed juicer and compared them to those prepared by a normal centrifugal juicer. We observed no significant differences between cold-pressed and normal centrifugal juices in terms of the contents of bioactive compounds (ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and total carotenoid) and antioxidant capacity (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity). Storage at room temperature (∼28 °C) adversely affected the ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total carotenoids, FRAP and DPPH values of the cold-pressed juices within 48 h. However, under simulated home-refrigerated storage conditions, the antioxidant capacity, contents of bioactive compounds and physicochemical properties of the cold-pressed juices remained unchanged till day 5 post-storage. However, at day 6, most of the parameters exhibited a decreasing trend and reached their lowest values at day 7. Principal component analysis confirmed significant changes in the quality of juices at day 7 of storage related to the first two principal components (ascorbic acid and FRAP). Our results strongly question the claim regarding the superior quality of cold-pressed juices. Moreover, our findings provided compelling evidence regarding the possible adverse effects of long storage under home-refrigerated conditions on the quality of cold-pressed juices.

PH Variations and Chemometric Assessment of Borehole Water in Orji, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria

Inhabitants of Orji are still pending on borehole water for drinking water without any treatment. The storage of this water in household containers for a long time as well as the handling might lead to a quality deteriorated and become unsuitable for human consumption. The study therefore evaluated the effect of long storage on pH values as well as determined the total concentrations of Ni, Cd, Cu, Pb and Fe in 10 borehole water samples from Orji. The pH was determined using Jenway 3510 pH meter while Perkins Elmer Analyst Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer was used for heavy metals determination after acid digestion. The results obtained were compared to National Agency for Food Drugs and Control (NAFDAC) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) standard and were chemometrically assessed. The mean concentrations of the studied metals were below standard. pH continually increased with storage but did not exceed the standard range of (6.3/6.5-8.5) set by SON/NAFDAC over 12 weeks. Chemometric assessment such as linear regression analysis revealed positive association between pH values and metal concentration. The association were in the order of significant pH/Fe (0.202)>pH/Cd (0.169)>pH/Ni (0.161)>pH/Pb (0.123) respectively. Spearman’s correlation revealed similar source(s) of contamination of the studied metals except for Fe. Coefficient of Variation (CV) showed low variability (<20). Contamination Factor (CF) showed low contamination (<1), except for Cadmium which showed moderate to considerable contamination. Pollution Load Index (PLI) showed no pollution (<1) while mean WQI revealed “poor quality water” with WQI of 100.5 based on the studied metals. Therefore, precaution should be taken when consuming stored borehole water from Orji.

PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN INFUSED WATER LEMON (Citrus limon) dan MENTIMUN (Cucumissativus L) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI

This study aims to determine the effect of long storage of infused water lemon (Citrus limon) and cucumber (Cucumissativus L) on bacterial growth. Infused water will be stored for 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours at room temperature. This research uses experimental method. The sample used in this research is infused water lemon and infused water cucumber. The research was conducted in Bacteriology laboratory of Surabaya Health Analyst Department in January 2017 - March 2017. Data analysis was done by observing bacterial colony using total plate number by comparing the two sample treatments. Then proceed with statistical test Independent sample t-test about colony calculation results on infused water lemon and infused water cucumber. The final results show that there is an increase in the number of bacteria in the infused water lemon and infused water cucumber every hour. This increase in the number of bacteria can occur due to improper infusion of water storage, and several factors affecting infused water damage.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords : Infused water lemon, infused water cucumber, storage duration, bacterial &#x0D; growth, Total Plate Number.

Degradation of enriched biodiesel under different storage conditions

ABSTRACTAlthough the commercial prospects for biodiesel have grown, some concern remains with respect to its resistance to oxidative degradation during storage. The presence of double bonds in the molecule induces a high level of reactivity with oxygen when it makes direct contact with air. Consequently, biodiesel storage over extended periods can lead to increased degradation of fuel properties, which can compromise fuel quality. This work used enriched biodiesel samples prepared by enriching palm oil methyl ester (PME) with methyl oleate (MO) at specified volumetric proportions (% v/v) PME80/MO20, PME70/MO30, PME60/MO40, and PME50/MO50 to determine the effects of long storage under two different conditions. The samples were stored either unexposed to air and daylight or exposed to air and daylight for 200 days. At regular intervals, the following physicochemical properties of the samples were measured: kinematic viscosity (KV), acid value (AV), higher heating value (HHV), and peroxide value (PV). Samples showed small differences under unexposed condition for KV, AV, HHV, and PV; however, samples showed significantly large differences under exposed condition. Biodiesel exposed to air and daylight tended to degrade at a faster rate than biodiesel under unexposed condition. The measured parameters of tested samples were not affected under unexposed condition but were affected under exposed condition.

Effect of Long Storage and Soil Type on the Actual Denitrification and Denitrification Capacity to N2O Formation

Abstract The actual denitrification to N2O and denitri-fication capacity to N2O after flooding of different soil samples stored for over 25 years in air-dry conditions and fresh, air dried samples were compared in our study. Zero N2O release was observed from the stored soils but the fresh soil samples had very low actual denitrification to N2O. NO3- addition significantly increased the amount of N2O (denitrification capacity to N2O) released after flooding, which depended on the length of storage and type of soils and was much higher in stored soils. Prolonged exposure of the soils to drought conditions caused a greater decrease in the Eh value compared with the fresh soil. The total cumulative release of N2O from the stored and fresh soils was correlated with the reduced NO3- and organic C content in soils enriched with NO3-. Some soils showed the capability of N2O consumption. CO2 release depended on the length of storage and type of soils under flooding after pro-longed drought. On average, CO2 release was higher from the stored rather than fresh soils. The organic C content in the stored soils was generally lower than in the fresh soils, probably due to the storage effect. The cumulative CO2 release from the stored soils was well correlated with the organic C while no correlation was observed for the fresh soil samples.

Turkey farming: Welfare and husbandry issues

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the major welfare issues associated with turkey farming. In the hatchery there are some negative effects of long term storage of turkey fertile eggs on post-hatch growth and quality of chicks. There is a view that free range turkeys housed on deep litter in naturally ventilated sheds with natural light and access to forage and shelter belts is beneficial to bird welfare. However, an increase in mortality in the last few weeks of growth can be caused by very hot or cold environmental temperatures. Turkey welfare can be compromised at high stocking density. The selection of fast growing strains of turkeys has resulted in leg and locomotory problems. Mortality rates in turkeys caused by gait problems range from 2 to 4%. However, intermittent lighting improves bird activity and a decrease in locomotory problems. Under commercial conditions, domestic turkeys are often aggressive towards other birds. Beak treatment is used to prevent injuries caused by cannibalism, bullying, and feather and vent pecking with infrared beak treatment the most common trimming method used. However birds that have been severely beak treated can develop chronic pain. The barren environment of turkey houses has been identified as a major cause of poor animal welfare and responsible for cannibalism. Use of straw bales in the shed and elevated platforms gives the bird the chance to explore the environment and reduce pecking. Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) is a common condition in turkeys and is largely caused by wet litter. Apart from bird flu, Blackhead is one of the most serious poultry diseases in turkeys. Mortality can reach 70% in some flocks. Good management is essential to maintain turkey health and welfare including taking action to minimise contact of turkeys with wild birds and other animals. Pick-up of turkeys from sheds for transport to processing plant can result in welfare concerns. Mortality has long been a concern in relation to turkey transport. During this procedure the heads or wings of the birds can be injured against the solid sides of the crates, birds are exposed to temperature extremes, sudden acceleration and braking of the vehicle, vibration, fasting, injuries, social disruption and noise. Key words: Turkey, welfare, cannibalism, beak treatment, stocking density, cannibalism, transport.

Biodiesel production from biobutanol. Improvement of cold flow properties

Experimental design methods have been successfully applied to develop and optimize the process of synthesis of butyl esters from rapeseed oil (RSO), the most common oil feedstock for biodiesel production in Europe and used frying oil (UFO), as a cheaper raw material, using biobutanol, and potassium methoxide (KOCH3) as catalyst. The optimum conditions were found to be a catalyst concentration of 1.1% and 0.9%, an operation temperature of 78°C and 80°C for rapeseed oil butyl esters (RSOBE) and used frying oil butyl esters (UFOBE), respectively, obtaining ester yields of 96.86% and 96.54% with 6:1 biobutanol/oil molar ratio. Results show that biodiesel produced using biobutanol as alcohol in the transesterification process improved cold flow properties in terms of cloud point (CP), pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) without significantly affecting the other fuel properties.In order to determine the effects of long storage on oxidation stability, the biodiesel samples were stored for a period of 12months, the analysis of fuel properties: peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), iodine value (IV) and viscosity (ν) have been applied in oxidation studies. According to the results obtained, the RSOBE and UFOBE samples showed a good oxidative stability during the storage period. The resulting butyl esters can be used as a diesel fuel substitute, since it matches the European Biodiesel Standard EN 14214.

Optimization and oxidative stability of biodiesel production from rice bran oil

Biorefinery approach is introduced for the biodiesel production by utilizing low cost raw material, such as rice bran oil (RBO). The valorization of RBO was carried out by homogeneous transesterification process using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a two-variable central composition design (CCD). The process variables, temperature and catalyst concentration were found to have significant influence on biodiesel yield. The optimum combination derived via RSM for high ester yield (99.4%) was found to be 0.75% wt catalyst concentration at a reaction temperature of 45 °C. As biodiesel chemically is a long-chain alkyl methyl esters, its long-term fuel properties have become of great concern to the fuel industry. In order to determine the effects of long storage on oxidation stability, RBO biodiesel sample was stored for 24 months and the different physical–chemical properties were checked with respect to time. The results show that the acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and viscosity (ν) increased while the iodine value (IV) decreased. Based on results, correlations were obtained in terms of AV, IV, PV and ν as a function of time. Those correlations can be used to predict how long time biodiesel can safely be stored. AV, IV and PV of the biodiesel sample which was stored were within the limits in European biodiesel specifications (EN 14214).

Long storage stability of biodiesel from vegetable and used frying oils

Biodiesel is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils. Production of biodiesel has grown tremendously in European Union in the last years. Though the commercial prospects for biodiesel have also grown, there remains some concern with respect to its resistance to oxidative degradation during storage. Due to the chemical structure of biodiesel the presence of the double bond in the molecule produce a high level of reactivity with the oxygen, especially when it placed in contact with air. Consequently, storage of biodiesel over extended periods may lead to degradation of fuel properties that can compromise fuel quality. This study used samples of biodiesel prepared by the process of transesterification from different vegetable oils: high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), high and low erucic Brassica carinata oil (HEBO and LEBO) respectively and used frying oil (UFO). These biodiesels, produced from different sources, were used to determine the effects of long storage under different conditions on oxidation stability. Samples were stored in white (exposed) and amber (not exposed) glass containers at room temperature. The study was conducted for a period of 30-months. At regular intervals, samples were taken to measure the following physicochemical quality parameters: acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), viscosity (ν), iodine value (IV) and insoluble impurities (II). Results showed that AV, PV, ν and II increased, while IV decreased with increasing storage time of biodiesel samples. However, slight differences were found between biodiesel samples exposed and not exposed to daylight before a storage time of 12 months. But after this period the differences were significant.

Effects of storage time on incubating egg gas pressure, thyroid hormones, and corticosterone levels in embryos and on their hatching parameters

Incubating eggs (1,800 total) produced by a commercial flock of Cobb broiler breeders were used to determine the effects of storage duration (3 and 18 d) on gas partial pressure, thyroid hormones, and hatching parameters. Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2) were measured on d 18 and at internal pipping (IP) during incubation. Blood samples were collected for determination of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and corticosterone concentrations in the embryos at IP and in newly hatched chicks. From 464 to 510 h of incubation, eggs were checked individually every 2 h to determine the timing and duration of IP, external pipping (EP), and total hatching time. At 18 d of incubation and at IP, pCO2 was greater in air cell of eggs stored for 3 d compared to those stored for 18 d (P < 0.05), but pO2 was greater in eggs stored for 18 d. At IP, T3 and corticosterone levels were higher in plasma of the embryos of eggs stored for 3 d compared to those stored for 18 d, but it was the reverse in newly hatched chicks (P < 0.05). Embryos from eggs stored for 18 d required more time to complete IP compared to embryos of eggs stored for only 3 d (P < 0.05), whereas the duration of EP was not affected by storage. The overall longer incubation was, however, not only due to prolonged IP but also to later occurrence of IP. It was concluded that prolonged IP as a result of long storage may be related to the late increase in corticosterone level, which may be a necessary stimulus for higher T3/T4 ratio, late increase in pCO2 level, and decrease in pO2. The effect of long storage was a delay in hatching and a continuous increase in T3 due to higher corticosterone levels between IP and hatching, which may be an indication of the more stressful event of hatching of embryos from eggs stored longer. Differences in pCO2, pO2, T3, T4, and corticosterone levels in the incubating eggs may be manifestations of these changes culminating in altered hatching parameters and consequently differences in chick quality and growth potentials.

The microbiological quality of groundwater-derived drinking water after long storage in household containers in a rural community of South Africa

To investigate the effect of long storage and household containers on the microbiological quality of water in a rural community, borehole water from the reservoir and seven standpipes was used. Borehole water was stored for a period of 72 h in household containers (polyethylene-PE and galvanised steel-GS), which are commonly used by the rural community of Mgquba village. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and faecal coliform bacteria were used as the main parameters. Standard spread plate procedure and membrane filtration method were used to enumerate HPC and faecal coliform bacteria respectively. The results of this study revealed three factors that affected the microbiological quality of drinking groundwater used by the rural community of Mgquba village: the intake water, the duration of storage and the household container. The initial levels of faecal coliform (range of faecal coliforms: 0.1–2 cfu · 100 ml −1 in the reservoir water, 0–57 cfu · 100 ml −1 in the standpipe water) and HPC bacteria (average counts: 5 log cfu · ml −1 in the reservoir water, 7 log cfu · ml −1 in the standpipe water) in both reservoir and standpipe waters far exceeded the limit allowed by the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Domestic Use (no risk target water quality range: 0 count · 100 ml −1 for faecal coliforms, 0–100 counts · ml −1 for HPC bacteria). The persistence of faecal coliforms in polyethylene-stored water was observed after 72 h of storage while their complete elimination in the galvanized steel-stored water occurred after 48 h of storage. Escherichia coli was the most dominant faecal coliform found in the initial and stored waters. Although the yield of HPC bacteria increased in water samples during storage in both polyethylene and galvanised steel containers, the microbiological quality of drinking groundwater deteriorated consistently with the length of the storage. Water stored for 72 h displayed a higher yield of HPC (average counts: 7 log–8 log cfu · ml −1 in PE-stored water, 6 log–8 log cfu · ml −1 in GS-stored water) than the water stored for 48 h or 24 h (average counts: 5 log–8 log cfu · ml −1 in PE-stored water, 5 log–7 log cfu · ml −1 in GS-stored water). Statistical analysis indicated a significantly higher number of HPC bacteria in the water stored in polyethylene than in the water stored in galvanised steel ( P =0.02). Significant differences in HPC bacteria were also noted within household container-stored water from standpipes ( P =0.0001 for PE, P =0.0002 for GS).

Studies of chemiluminescence observed in photo-irradiated and weathered polypropylene in the early stages

Chemiluminescence was observed in very slightly photo-irradiated or weathered isotactic polypropylene (IPP) whose structural changes could not be detected by infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies. In order to identify the luminescence species, the IPP samples were slightly photo-irradiated with unfiltered and pyrex filtered light under various conditions, and their chemiluminescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra were measured. The effect of long storage ( c. 25 years) on these spectra was examined comparatively. Two chemiluminescence peaks at c. 65 and c. 165°C were observed under N 2 flow in the IPP samples irradiated with unfiltered light. The lower temperature peak was weak and disappeared easily on standing. Photo-irradiation with filtered light gave only one chemiluminescence peak in the higher temperature region. On the basis of these results and ESR spectral analysis, it was concluded that chemiluminescence species responsible for the peaks with lower and higher temperature regions are peroxy radicals and hydroperoxides, respectively.

Postharvest Degradation of Guayule Rubber

Abstract Most guayule genotypes lose considerable amounts of rubber after harvest. The time that the harvested shrub stays in storage is an important factor controlling the amount of degradation. This study identifies genotypes which are more stable with respect to postharvest degradation of rubber quality and quantity. Genotypes carrying such an economically valuable trait provide for the development of high-rubber-yielding cultivars that prevent substantial losses between harvest and processing. Further studies are expected to throw light on the mechanisms of postharvest rubber degradation, in general, and on the genetic nature of this variation in particular. More genotypes must be exposed to more storage conditions in order to identify genotypes that may withstand the adverse effects of long storage. The observation that some genotypes continue to synthesize rubber after harvest, at least for a short period of time, is also encouraging. Such genotypes make it possible to handle the shrub between field and processing, within 1 to 2 weeks, with no rubber loss.

Fluorine levels in in vitro remineralized enamel after treatment with 1000 ppm F as NaF, MFP or mixed solutions.

By means of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) an investigation has been made of the F uptake and the transport of fluorine-carrying ions in artificially carious human enamel after in vitro remineralization. The fluoridation was effected from solutions of pure Na2FPO3 (MFP), pure NaF, or mixtures of MFP and NaF, always with a total F content of 1000 atom-ppm. The recorded in depth profiles of F concentration show that, after 14 days of remineralization, 1) neither the acquired F levels nor the F distributions are greatly dependent on whether fluoridation is from NaF, MFP or mixtures, 2) the F distribution shape is not strongly influenced by a 3-month storage followed by remineralization, 3) the penetration of F beyond the lesion is generally deeper from NaF than from MFP, and 4) the effect of long storage on penetration depth is mainly noticeable for MFP-treated specimens.

Effect of Long Storage on Cotton

Effect of Long Storage on Cotton