Effect Of Irrigation Water Quality Research Articles

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Soil Compost Treatment on Salinity Management to Improve Soil Health and Plant Yield

Increasing soil salinity and degraded irrigation water quality are major challenges for agriculture. This study investigated the effects of irrigation water quality and incorporating compost (3% dry mass in soil) on minimizing soil salinization and promoting sustainable cropping systems. A greenhouse study used brackish water (electrical conductivity of 2010 µS/cm) and agricultural water (792 µS/cm) to irrigate Dundale pea and clay loam soil. Compost treatment enhanced soil water retention with soil moisture content above 0.280 m3/m3, increased plant carbon assimilation by ~30%, improved plant growth by >50%, and reduced NO3− leaching from the soil by 16% and 23.5% for agricultural and brackish water irrigation, respectively. Compared to no compost treatment, the compost-incorporated soil irrigated with brackish water showed the highest plant growth by increasing plant fresh weight by 64%, dry weight by 50%, root length by 121%, and plant height by 16%. Compost treatment reduced soil sodicity during brackish water irrigation by promoting the leaching of Cl− and Na+ from the soil. Compost treatment provides an environmentally sustainable approach to managing soil salinity, remediating the impact of brackish water irrigation, improving soil organic matter, enhancing the availability of water and nutrients to plants, and increasing plant growth and carbon sequestration potential.

The Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Growing Medium on Growth Parameters of Chokeberry

This study aimed to determine the effect of irrigation water quality and growing medium differences on the growth parameters of the chokeberry plant. The effects of control (0.65 dS m-1), 2 dS m-1, 4 dS m-1, 8 dS m-1, and 10 dS m-1 electrical conductivity irrigation water and 2 different growing medium (peat and soil) were evaluated on plant growth. For this purpose, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR), root weight ratio (RWR), net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), and leaf thickness (LT) parameters were evaluated. Differences were observed in growth parameters depending on irrigation water salinity and growing medium. The SLA value varied between 26.47 (control) and 3.07 cm2 day-1 (10 dS m-1) in soil medium and between 25.07 (control) and 2.88 cm2 day-1 (10 dS m-1) in peat medium. The values of LAR ranged between 127.98-12.65 cm2 day-1 in soil and 134.14-61.33 cm2 day-1 in peat, and LWR between 0.25-0.03 g g-1 (soil) and 0.43-0.05 g g-1 (peat). The SWR value varied between 0.41-0.18 g g-1 in soil and 1.22-0.29 g g-1 in peat. The RWR value ranged between 0.63-0.37 g g-1 in the soil medium and 1.62-0.31 g g-1 in the peat medium. NAR and RGR are the most potent parameters used to evaluate plant growth and to express growth and development. NAR and RGR parameters reached the highest value in soil medium in 2 dS m-1 application, while in peat medium in control application.

The effect of irrigation water quality on the growth of maize plants, electric conductivity and pH of the soil

The research aims to determine the response of the Maize crop to irrigation with salt water during the growth stages, and to study the accumulation of salts in the soil, the degree of their interaction, and the efficiency of water use. Three types of irrigation water with salt concentrations (1.5, 4.5, 6.5) dSm-1 with three replicates for every kind water. The Randomized Complete Blocks Design was used in the experiment, and it was statistically analyzed using SPSS. Statistically significant differences were found at the 5% level according to Duncan's method. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences attributed to the salinity of irrigation water at the level of 4.5 dsm-1 (T2), which caused about 50% damage in plant height, root growth, leaf area per cob length, weight of 500 seeds, grain yield, and soil. Compared to salinity if irrigated with 1.5 dsm-1 (T1) salinity of river water. Using water with a salinity of 6.5 dsm-1 (T3) as wastewater resulted in a reduction of all apparent plant characteristics by 75%. An increase in soil salinity was also observed at the end of the experiment compared to its salinity at the beginning of the experiment, and this damage increases with an increase in the electrical conductivity of the water used in irrigation operations. It has been observed that soil PH decreases with increasing soil salinity.

Development of Leaf Area Model in Chokeberry Plant Grown in Different Irrigation Water Quality

Chokeberry is a berry fruit species that has grown in the world in a few decades, and it is used in many fields, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. There needs to be a study examining the relationship between leaf area and irrigation water quality in this species, whose cultivation has started to increase. In this study, which was carried out between 2021 and 2022, the effects of irrigation water quality on leaf area in 1-year-old chokeberry plants of the 'Viking' variety grown in peat and soil media were determined. Irrigation water with 0.65 dS m-1 (Control), 2dS m-1, 4dS m-1, 8dS m-1, and 10dS m-1 electrical conductivity were used in the study. A model was developed in this study to estimate leaf area (LA) using leaf width (W) and leaf length (L) values to determine leaf area. The proposed prediction model was determined as "LA=2.86+4.448×W+0.33×L2-1.496×L " (R2= 0.99). Three-dimensional graphs of the developed models were drawn, and the changes in leaf width, length, and leaf area values against irrigation water salinity were determined. As a result, it was determined that there was a negative relationship between the electrical conductivity of irrigation water and leaf width, length, and area values.

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Wetting and Drying Cycles on the Release of Sodium and Potassium in two Soils of different Orders

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Wetting and Drying Cycles on the Release of Sodium and Potassium in two Soils of different Orders

Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Wetting and Drying Cycles on the Release of Calcium and Magnesium in Two Soils of Different Textures

Abstract
 The study included two sites for two soils of different textures (Al-Mazara and Bashiqa) within Nineveh Governorate - Iraq. Soil samples were taken from the surface depth (30 cm) naturally by means of columns. The experiment was carried out by adding two types of water (river water and well water) to each column with a volume equivalent to The pore size, and alternating wetting and drying were done for ten cycles, and the period between one cycle and another was 10 days. Soil samples were analyzed after the first cycle, the fifth cycle, and the tenth cycle to find out the effect of the number of humidification cycles on the exchanged ions, the relative effectiveness, and the Gapon constant. The results indicated that the released amount of exchanged calcium ions in the soil of Bashiqa was higher than the amount released in the soil of the Al-Mazara, while the amount of magnesium ions released in the soil of Al-Mazara was higher than the amount released in the soil of Bashiqa and when using both types of water, while the relative effectiveness values for calcium, the values ​​were higher when wetting with well water, except for the first cycle in the soil of Al-Mazara and the tenth cycle in the soil of Al-Mazara and Bashiqa, while the relative effectiveness of magnesium in the two study soils, the values ​​were higher when wetting with well water and for all cycles except the fifth cycle in Bashiqa soil, while the Gapon constant for calcium in the two study soils had higher values ​​when wetting with river water in the fifth cycles, while in the first and tenth cycles the values ​​were higher when wetting with well water, except for the first cycle in Bashiqa soil, while the Gapon constant for magnesium in the two study soils, the values ​​were higher when wetting with well water and for all cycles except for the first and fifth cycle in Al-Mazara soil. Then the following kinetic equations were applied: zero order equation, first order equation, diffusion equation, Eluvich equation and power function equation, the power function equation was the best equation that describes the process of release calcium and magnesium ions in the study soil.

The Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Application of Silicon, Nano Silicon, and Super Absorbent Polymer on Some Physiological Responses of Leaves and Saffron Yield

The Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Application of Silicon, Nano Silicon, and Super Absorbent Polymer on Some Physiological Responses of Leaves and Saffron Yield

Irrigation water quality, gypsum, and city waste compost addition affect P dynamics in saline-sodic soils

The amendments used for sodicity reclamation also profoundly influence P dynamics and leaching losses. This study characterized the effect of irrigation water quality on P dynamics and leaching from saline-sodic soil during reclamation utilizing gypsum alone or in combination with manure and city compost. Changes in properties of unleached and leached soils were fitted with labile P pools using redundancy analysis. The relation between leachate properties and P loss was explained by means of monitoring leachate properties up to ten pore volumes. During incubation, the water-extractable P (PH2O) concentration was greater than Olsen's P (PNaHCO3) in all treatments. The PNaHCO3 decreased in proportion to the amount of gypsum applied. Applying the organics with gypsum increased the PNaHCO3, PH2O, and organic P concentration compared to gypsum alone. The labile P pools in soil were positively correlated with HCO3− content (r = 0.39–0.77; P < 0.05) of leached and unleached soils. Adding gypsum and compost caused a 10–14% decrease in cumulative P leaching. The cumulative P leaching were greater with rainwater compared to saline water of SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) 5 and 15. The CO32−, HCO3−, pH, and SO42–content of the leachate explained about 71% variability in total P leaching (adj. R2 = 0.71; P < 0.001). This study concludes that low electrolyte water had a greater risk of P leaching and associated environmental pollution. Leaching of the saline–sodic soil amended with gypsum and city waste compost with low SAR saline water can reduce P leaching compared to good quality rainwater.

Effects of irrigation water quality on the presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products in topsoil and vegetables in greenhouses.

The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment has harmful effects on humans and the ecosystem. Reclaimed water irrigation may introduce PPCPs into the agricultural system. Here, a greenhouse experiment investigated the impact of reclaimed water irrigation on PPCP levels in the edible parts of vegetables and topsoil in the North China Plain in 2015 and 2016. Three treatment protocols were applied to each vegetable: irrigation with reclaimed water, irrigation with groundwater, and mixed irrigation with groundwater and reclaimed water (1:1, v/v). The total concentrations of 10 PPCPs in the topsoil (0-20 cm deep) and vegetables were 4.06-19.0 and 2.33-189 μg/kg, respectively. Among the target PPCPs, acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (AC-SMX) had the highest concentration in both soil and vegetables (0.23-10.8 and 1.56-116 μg/kg, respectively). The total concentration of the 10 PPCPs among cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, and cucumber were 13.1-28.1, 10.3-28.3, 2.33-4.04, and 110-189 μg/kg, respectively. The total hazard quotients for the mixture of target PPCPs across all vegetables were 0.0007 and 0.0003 for toddlers and adults, respectively. Compared with groundwater irrigation, reclaimed water irrigation did not evidently affect the vegetable yields, soil-vegetable PPCP concentrations, and BCFs. In this study, we found no potential hazard to human health when people consumed vegetables grown using reclaimed water irrigation.

Root Yield and Sugar Accumulation in Sugarbeet and Fodder Beet According to Irrigation Water Quality

Irrigation determines the success of water-intensive beet cultivation in Hungary. Taking into account the guidelines of the circular economy; the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of high sodium effluent from fish farms on the yield and sugar content of fodder and sugar beet in two-year-lysimeter experiment and to calculate the possibility of phytoremediation and the potential to use saline effluent water to mitigate drought effects of root biomass reduction According to our results, irrigation with effluent water did not cause yield depression in the root biomass compared to irrigation with fresh water. The effect of irrigation water quality was seen in the sodium (Na) concentration values of the roots in both years, because it was the lowest in the treatments irrigated with Körös River fresh water. The highest estimated extracted sodium amount was 83.1 kg Na/ha in case of fodder beet variety ‘Rózsaszínű Beta’ in treatment irrigated with effluent water from catfish farm (EW) in 2021, which means 7.2% of the Na applied through the effluent water. All cultivars produced higher root fresh weight when irrigated with river Körös, effluent, or diluted waters compared to control crops irrigated by scarce rain water.

Evaluation of nitrogen mineralization under various irrigation water qualities and nitrogen application rates for mulched drip irrigation in an arid region

AbstractUnderstanding the interactive effects of irrigation water quality and fertilization on nitrogen mineralization (Nmin) and accurately predicting Nmin are of great importance for the secure and efficient utilization of brackish water in arid regions. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the Nmin under different drip irrigation water salinities and nitrogen application rates and to modify the nitrogen mineralization potential (N0) and mineralization rate constants (k) of the first‐order kinetic equation of Nmin. An in situ field experiment was conducted to validate the modified equation. The results showed that the amounts of Nmin for water salinities of 1.27, 3.03, and 4.90 g L−1 were 58.9, 76.1, and 45.4 kg ha−1, respectively. Nmin was stimulated when the soil salinities were lower than 6.6, 6.1 and 3.9 g kg−1 for nitrogen application rates of 255, 315 and 375 kg ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen application significantly reduced Nmin. When the nitrogen application rate increased to 375 kg ha−1, the net Nmin rate remained lower, and the effects of salinity on Nmin were attenuated. The Nmin model with modified N0 and k values was developed considering the impacts of soil organic nitrogen, nitrogen application rate, and soil salinity. Model testing indicated that the modified model provided an acceptable estimation of Nmin under field conditions. It will be helpful for developing rational fertilization strategies of drip irrigation with brackish water in arid regions.

The Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Leaching Ratio on Some Yield Parameters in Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.)

This study was carried out over the experimental fields of Ankara University, Faculty of Agriculture Gümüşdere Campus. Experiments were conducted with 3 different irrigation water salinity levels (S1=0.25 dS/m – control/tap water, S2=1.5 dS/m, S3=3.0 dS/m) and 4 different leaching ratios (LF1=10%, LF2 =20%, LF3 = 35%, LF4=50%) in randomized plots factorial experimental design with 3 replications. Totally, 36 (3×4×3) lysimeters were used in present experiments. Plant height, fresh and dry herbage yield and total ash content of alfalfa plants were analyzed. With increasing salinity levels, plant height, fresh and dry herbage yields decreased and total ash contents increased. Positive effects of leaching applications were observed, but this effect was not found to be significant. The main reason for this situation may be the necessity of a good drainage system for a good leaching application.

Effects of irrigation water quality and NPK-fertigation levels on plant growth, yield and tuber size of potatoes in a sandy loam alluvial soil of semi-arid region of Indian Punjab

Management of saline water through desalination or blending with low salinity canal water may be a viable strategy for potato irrigation in semi-arid regions having saline ground water and scarce canal water. A 4-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of four water qualities [canal water (CW), desalinated water (DSW), saline ground water (GW) and mixed water (MW) (CW + GW)], three N-P-K-fertigation levels [F100 = 100% NPK (190, 28.4 and 53.9 kg ha−1 of N, P and K, respectively), F80 = 80% NPK and F60 = 60% NPK] and their interaction on the performance of two potato varieties grown in a sandy loam alluvial soil of semi-arid region. The electrical conductivity (EC) of CW, DSW, GW and MW ranged from 0.3 to 0.4, 0.2–0.3, 3.2–4.2 and 1.8–2.2 dS m−1, respectively. Drip irrigation with GW resulted in 21–44% reduction in total tuber yield compared with CW, however, the maximum reduction (54%) was observed in grade-A tuber yield that was accompanied by a considerable increase in grade-C tuber yield. Irrigation with MW increased total tuber yield by 9–37% compared with GW. Irrigation with DSW manifested a 41% and 14% increase in total tuber yield as compared with GW and MW, respectively. The tuber yield obtained with MW was comparable with DSW up to soil EC1:2 of 0.65 dS m−1, and beyond that level, DSW was observed to be superior. The variety ‘Kufri Surya’ had slight yield advantage over ‘Kufri Pukhraj’ when CW, DSW and MW were used, however, yields of both varieties were statistically at par under GW irrigation. The variety ‘Kufri Jyoti’ exhibited a 13–22% yield advantage over ‘Kufri Surya’ for all irrigation water qualities. Plant growth and yield attributing parameters were the highest at F100 which declined progressively with a decrease in fertigation level for all water qualities. However, these differences were narrow between GW and MW and moderate between CW and DSW. Therefore, in drip fertigated potatoes using saline or mixed water in a sandy loam soil, it is advocated to use 80% of recommended NPK without any loss in tuber yield and to reduce cost of cultivation & environmental pollution.

Conversion of barren saline soil to cultivation changes soil enzymes activities: Effects of irrigation water quality

Conversion of barren saline soil to cultivation changes soil enzymes activities: Effects of irrigation water quality

Changes in GHG Emissions Based on Irrigation Water Quality in Short-Term Incubated Agricultural Soil of the North China Plain

A worsening water shortage is threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). How to make effective use of inferior water resources and alleviate the impact of insufficient water resources on agricultural environments is one of the urgent problems in agricultural production. Although agriculture plays an important role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the effects of irrigation water quality on such emissions in the NCP are not clear. In this study, we used a short-term incubation experiment to test the effects of the irrigation water quality (underground water (UW), saline water (SW), and reclaimed water (RW)) and frequency (high (H) and low (L)) on regulating the soil GHG emissions of the NCP. The results indicated that RW treatment increased the CO2 and N2O emissions by 15.00% and 20.81%, respectively, and reduced the CH4 uptake by 12.50% compared with the UW treatment. In addition, SW treatment decreased the CO2 and N2O emissions and CH4 uptake by 35.18%, 40.27%, and 20.09% against UW treatment, respectively. The high-frequency water added to the soil significantly increased the GHG emissions for all water qualities applied. Compared with UW, the global warming potential was significantly increased by RW_H and RW_L with 26.48% and 14.5% and decreased by SW_H and SW_L with 32.13% and 43.9%, respectively. Compared with the increase brought by reclaimed water, changing irrigation water sources from conventional groundwater to saline water (4 g L−1) will moderately reduce GHG emissions under the worsening water shortage conditions occurring in the NCP.

The effect of water quality, cultivar, and organic fertilizer on growth and yield of volatile oil carvone and limonene in Dill

ABSTRACT Scarcity of irrigation water, reduction in water quality, and increased amount of land affected by salinity are problems affecting production of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). A field experiment was conducted to study effects of irrigation water quality (1.2 and 8 dS∙m−1), cultivars Esfahan and Franchi, and organic fertilizers (rice waste compost, potassium humate, and granular humate) on growth and volatile oil quantity and quality in dill. The combination of granular humate (2 kg∙ha−1) and rice waste compost (20 ton∙ha−1) had the highest dry yield (823 kg∙ha−1) when irrigated with 1.2 dS∙m−1; treatment with granular humate (2 kg∙ha−1) had the highest dry yield (625 kg) when irrigated with water at 8 dS∙m−1. Treatment with rice waste compost at 20 ton∙h−1 had the highest percent of volatile oil (0.292%), yield of volatile oil (1.762 L∙ha−1), and percent of carvone (10.64%) when irrigated with water at 1.2 dS∙m−1. The combination of granular humate (2 kg∙ha−1) and rice waste compost (20 ton∙ha−1) had the highest percent of volatile oil (0.184%) and yield of volatile oil (0.333 L∙ha−1) when irrigated with water at 8 dS∙m−1. The cultivars differed in response to salinity of the irrigation water; fertilizer combinations reduced damage due to salinity in some dill growth parameters, and quality and quantity of dill volatile oils. Use of organic fertilizers led to improve quality and quantity of dill under saline conditions and reduce dependency on synthetic fertilizers.

Investigation of the Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Harvesting Time on the Yield and Yield Components of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

Investigation of the Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Harvesting Time on the Yield and Yield Components of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

Soil aeration using air injection in a citrus orchard with shallow groundwater

Soil aeration is considered the third most important factor affecting soil fertility (after water and nutrient availability). The main reasons for poor soil aeration are slow drainage, excessive precipitation or irrigation, or a sealing soil cover. Shallow groundwater impedes drainage by reducing the downwardly hydraulic gradient, which consequently increases the water content of the soil in the root zone, thus limiting soil aeration. In this study, we examined the effects of different parameters (e.g., soil texture, depth of groundwater table) on the severity of oxygen deficiency in the root zone of a mature Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) grove planted above shallow groundwater. In addition, we examined the effect of the O2 stress level on tree growth, yield, and fruit quality. We also evaluated the effects of air injection and of irrigation intensity on tree growth, yield, fruit quality, and O2 concentration in the soil’s air, and looked into the (technical and economic) feasibility of air injection into the soil. We found that insufficient soil aeration significantly inhibited tree growth and reduced the yield. The soil texture (i.e., clay content) had a substantial effect on the yield, mainly because of its effect on the soil’s water retention. While soil O2 concentration slightly increased by air injection, the differences in tree growth, yield, and fruit quality parameters were not significant. The O2 concentration of the soil air alone was found to be a poor quantifier of soil aeration status. The Damkholer number (Da), evaluated from the measured soil O2 profiles and groundwater table depths is a superior quantifier for the prevailing aeration status. It can also be used for analyzing the effect of irrigation water quality on soil aeration status and respiration rates.

Effect of source of irrigation water on yield performance of Boro rice

Industrial wastewater is a major problem in Gazipur, Bangladesh which is very cheaply available in the surrounding area for crop production. An experiment was conducted at Farmer’s Field of Gazipur district to study the effect of irrigation water quality on yield of boro rice. The study comprised three varieties viz., BR14, BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 and three sources of irrigation water viz. fresh water irrigation, mixed water (fresh + industrial wastewater) irrigation, industrial wastewater irrigation. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications where irrigation water was assigned in the main plot and rice varieties in the subplot. BRRI dhan29 produced the tallest plant (85.25 cm), the highest number of total tillers hill-1 (19.77), effective tillers hill-1 (17.64), grains panicle-1 (111.0), sterile spikelets panicle-1 (44.29), 1000-grain weight (22.43 g), grain yield (4.56 t ha-1) and straw yield (7.99 t ha-1). On the other hand, plant height (74.50 cm), total tillers hill-1 (19.82), effective tillers hill-1 (17.53), grains panicle-1 (131.7), sterile spikelets panicle-1 (35.50), 1000-grain weight (25.83 g), grain yield (5.05 t ha-1) were found highest when applied fresh water irrigation. The highest numbers of grains panicle-1 (119.14), 1000-grain weight (25.10 g), grain (5.54 t ha-1) and straw (7.93 t ha-1) yield were obtained in BRRI dhan29 with fresh water irrigation. Therefore, BRRI dhan29 with fresh water irrigation would be safe to use. However, if fresh water irrigation is not possible, conjunctive use of fresh and wastewater can be used as irrigation for BRRI dhan29.

Systematic review: Effect of Irrigation Water Quality and Deficit Irrigation on Crop Yield and Water Use efficiency

The main purpose of this paper is to review on the effect of irrigation water quality and deficit irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency. Low quality water for irrigation can impose a major environmental constraint to crop productivity. If salts become excessive, losses in yield will result. To prevent yield loss, salts in the soil must be controlled at a concentration below that which might affect yield. Irrigation application below the full evapotranspiration requirement is termed as deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation consists of deliberately applying irrigation water in amounts below the plant‘s water requirements. Deficit irrigation can be applied at certain periods during the crop‘s growing season or throughout its growing season. Yield reductions also occur in a number of crops when subjected to water stress. Yield reductions depend on the crop‘s sensitivity to water stress at its various growth stages. In order for deficit irrigation to be an economically viable practice, the revenue lost due to yield reduction should be lower than savings in total cost of production. The goal of deficit irrigation is to increase crop water use efficiency by reducing the amount of water that is applied or by reducing the number of irrigation events. The interaction effects of water quality and DI illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and DI were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yield. The interaction effects of water quality and deficit irrigation illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and deficit irrigation were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yields.