Effect Of Iron Supply Research Articles

Effects of iron supply on the rheological properties and sensory characteristics of bread dough enriched with micronutrients

The most basic is the world wheat crops. In Iran Bread is a staple food staple Food and because, as a bearer of good food to enrich bread with iron has been considered. The effect of flour fortification star with iron, folic acid, the chemical properties (dry gluten, wet gluten, gluten-free number, protein and Ddzlny) Rheological (water absorption, resistance, expansion, loss after 10 and 20 minutes, tensile strength, capability to stretch, elasticity, Hdaksrartfa and energy of dough) bread was compared with the controls treatments were: control (no additives Flour stars), low dose (20 ppm 5.1 ppm of iron and folic acid) average amount (30 ppm and 2 ppm iron Fūrīk acid) full amount (40 ppm 5.2 ppm of iron and folic acid). The results showed that the chemical properties, gluten-dry, wet gluten and protein were significant differences between treatments enriched bread there. Rheological properties evaluated in the farinograph dough development, dough resistance, drop dough after 10 and 20 minutes have significant fluctuations. Water absorption in the samples containing significant increase in the level of 5% is witnessed. Resistance to stretch out the dough in Extensograph 90 and 135 minutes per sample trace and the average amount compared to control a significant decrease in the level of 5 per cent, in the treatment of full value than the control and low and medium levels drop significantly at 5% we have had. In Qabylyt to draw the opposite conclusion is true. Keywords: iron; folic acid; flour; enriched bread

Growth and photosynthesis of pea plants under different iron supply

Soil conditions, leading to iron deficiency or toxicity, are widespread in nature. Our objective was to study the effect of Fe supply, ranging from complete deficiency to excess, on growth and on some photosynthetic indices of pea plants. Both iron deficiency and toxicity decreased shoot and root growth. Complete deficiency resulted in a lower shoot/root ratio and a higher content of dry biomass per unit of fresh biomass in roots, while iron excess led to higher content of dry biomass per unit of fresh biomass in shoot. Complete deficiency was also characterized by low chlorophyll and carotenoid content, elevated ratios of chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b and carotenoids/chlorophylls, a drop of photosynthetic rate per leaf area, and an increase of photosynthetic rate per chlorophyll. The stomatal resistance substantially increased, while the transpiration rate decreased. Smaller changes in stomatal resistance and transpiration rate, but not in photosynthetic rate per leaf area, were found under partial iron deficiency and under excess of iron. In the first case, the chlorophyll content decreased, while in the second it increased. The maximum efficiency of photosystem II was unaffected by iron supply. Even when no genetic or experimental differences existed, changes in growth, pigment content and photosynthesis due to variation of Fe supply depended on the type and severity of the imposed stress, as well as on the studied parameter. A combination of indices described better the effect of iron supply, especially when small differences were characterized.

Effect of iron supply and nitrogen form on growth, nutritional status and ferric reducing activity of spinach in nutrient solution culture

Abstract This study was carried out in order to give some information that could improve spinach nutritional status and productivity. In this paper, the effect of two N forms (N was added either as 100% nitrate or as 80% nitrate and 20% ammonium) and three Fe levels (0 μM Fe; 20 μM FeEDDHA; 3 μM FeEDDHA + 10 mM NaHCO3) on the growth, chlorosis symptoms and shoot nutrient element accumulation was studied in spinach plants (var. Viroflay), grown in hydroponics; six treatments and three harvests (at about 20 days interval each, until plants reached their commercial size) were applied in total. The results indicated that under conditions of Fe sufficiency (20 μM Fe), mixed N nutrition induced higher production of dry matter as well as improved Fe, Mn and Zn plant nutritional status. In plants grown under Fe deprivation (0 μM Fe), shoot Fe concentration was not significantly affected by the N form until the end of the experiment despite mixed N nutrition induced higher dry matter production up to harvest 2; plants grown under Fe deprivation and with mixed N nutrition presented also higher shoot Mn and Zn concentration. Under conditions of high concentration of bicarbonates and low level of Fe (3 μM Fe + 10 mM NaHCO3), the N form had not a significant influence on total dry matter production whereas shoot Fe and Mn accumulation in 100% NO3-fed plants was found to be significantly reduced compared to mixed N nutrition; regardless of the N form, those plants presented the least dry matter production, highest intensity of leaf chlorosis as well as highest root ferric reducing activity compared to plants grown under Fe deprivation.

Southern Ocean iron enrichment promotes inorganic carbon drawdown

Abstract The effect of iron supply on phytoplankton growth and the marine carbon cycle was tested in situ at 61°S 141°E in the Southern Ocean Iron Release Experiment (SOIREE). On 9 February 1999 iron and the tracer sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) were added to the mixed layer with additional iron infusions after 3, 5 and 7 days. A small decrease of the fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by iron-induced algal growth was observed 4–5 days after the first infusion. From then onwards fCO2 and DIC steadily decreased, and the iron-enriched waters became a sink for atmospheric CO2. The region with surface-water fCO2 drawdown closely matched the shape of the patch, as indicated by SF6. Surface-water fCO2 and DIC drawdown were relatively constant across the patch, whereas SF6 decreased from the patch centre outwards. This pointed to uniform algal carbon uptake, not limited by iron, in the patch. After 13 days surface-water fCO2 and DIC in the patch centre had decreased by 32–38 μatm and 15–18 μmol kg−1, respectively. Surface-water fCO2 outside the patch had increased by 8 μatm, partly as a result of surface-water warming. The iron-induced fCO2 change exceeded seasonal fCO2 variability in this region by a factor of two. From the surface-water fCO2 distribution we estimate a net DIC drawdown of 1353 t of carbon (±14%) (1 t=106 g) across the patch after 12 days, assuming uniform drawdown in the upper 50 m. Correction for vertical diffusion and air–sea exchange results in a gross DIC drawdown of 1408 t of carbon. The decrease of fCO2 and DIC, integrated over the mixed layer, was remarkably similar in size after 13 days of SOIREE as changes observed after 6–9 days during IronEx II, if we consider the 4–5 days lag in algal carbon uptake at the Southern Ocean site. SOIREE has demonstrated in situ the occurrence of algal iron limitation and of iron-induced carbon uptake in these Southern Ocean waters. The subsequent fate of the fixed inorganic carbon can only be speculated upon.

Effect of iron supply on Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and implications for glacial atmospheric CO2.

Photosynthesis by marine phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean, and the associated uptake of carbon, is thought to be currently limited by the availability of iron. One implication of this limitation is that a larger iron supply to the region in glacial times could have stimulated algal photosynthesis, leading to lower concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Similarly, it has been proposed that artificial iron fertilization of the oceans might increase future carbon sequestration. Here we report data from a whole-ecosystem test of the iron-limitation hypothesis in the Southern Ocean, which show that surface uptake of atmospheric CO2 and uptake ratios of silica to carbon by phytoplankton were strongly influenced by nanomolar increases of iron concentration. We use these results to inform a model of global carbon and ocean nutrients, forced with atmospheric iron fluxes to the region derived from the Vostok ice-core dust record. During glacial periods, predicted magnitudes and timings of atmospheric CO2 changes match ice-core records well. At glacial terminations, the model suggests that forcing of Southern Ocean biota by iron caused the initial approximately 40 p.p.m. of glacial-interglacial CO2 change, but other mechanisms must have accounted for the remaining 40 p.p.m. increase. The experiment also confirms that modest sequestration of atmospheric CO2 by artificial additions of iron to the Southern Ocean is in principle possible, although the period and geographical extent over which sequestration would be effective remain poorly known.

Lupinus species differ in their requirements for iron

The effect of iron supply on the growth and nodulation of Lupinus angustifolius L. (Gungurru), Lupinus luteus L. (R-1171) and Lupinus pilosus Murr. (P20957) was studied in acid solutions. Plants of the three species were grown together in the same solution and inoculated with Bradyrhizobium (Lupinus) WU 425. Plants were then grown with or without applied NH4NO3. The lupin species differed greatly in their sensitivity to low iron concentrations in solution with L. pilosus being most tolerant and L. luteus most sensitive. L. pilosus had the highest iron concentration in tissues and had a higher ratio of iron concentration in the youngest fully expanded leaf blades (YEB) to that in roots than the other two species. L. luteus had higher iron concentrations in roots but lower iron concentration in YEB and shoots than did L. angustifolius. The requirements of internal iron for the maximal chlorophyll synthesis in YEB were 65 μg g-1 for L. angustifolius and L. luteus, and 52 μg g-1 for L. pilosus. In contrast to effects on growth, the three species had similar external iron requirements for nodule formation in roots and for maximal nitrogen concentrations in shoots. The results indicate that iron tolerant lupin species require lower internal and external iron supply and have a greater ability than sensitive species to translocate iron from roots to shoots.

Effect of iron supply on the activities of the nitrate-reducing system from Chlorella.

In Chlorella, as in most photosynthetic organisms, the reduction of nitrate to ammonia proceeds sequentially in two independent and well characterized steps, catalyzed by the enzymes of the nitrate-reducing system: 1. the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by the flavomolybdoprotein NADH-nitrate reductase, and 2. the reduction of nitrite to ammonia by the ironprotein ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. In this communication, it is shown that, in Chlorella, the cellular level of nitrite reductase activity specifically increases in response to the iron content of the culture medium. By contrast, the activity of nitrate reductase is apparently not affected by the concentration of iron in the nutrient solution under the same conditions.

Wirkungen des Eisens auf einige physiologische Eigenschaften von Tomatenpflanzen

Effects of iron supply on some physiological properties of tomato plants.

The effect of iron supply on the activity of nitrate and nitrite reduction in green algae

An improved supply of iron, produced by an addition of EDTA to the culture medium, specifically increases the reduction of nitrite by green algae, whereas it has no influence on the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. Correspondingly, growth of the algae under iron-deficient conditions results in an inhibition of only nitrite reduction.

The Effect of Iron Supply on Strawberry, Var. Royal Sovereign

Royal Sovereign strawberries, grown in sand culture with pure inorganic nutrients and controlled levels of iron supply, have shown that restriction of the iron supply can cause marked reduction in growth and crop yield before the onset of characteristic symptoms of iron deficiency. At the levels where visual symptoms first occur, fruit yield was reduced some 40% below that of plants adequately supplied with iron.Visible deficiency symptoms were associated with an iron content of 50 p.p.m. Fe in the dry leaf at harvest. Leaves with a higher iron content did not show symptoms. Increasing the supply caused an increase in growth and crop yield, and the iron content in the leaf dry matter rose to 70 p.p.m. Fe. A still higher level of supply raised the leaf content of iron to 80 p.p.m. but did not increase growth or crop yield above that obtained with a leaf content of 70 p.p.m.Eight other nutrient elements were determined by leaf analysis. Five of these (zinc, manganese, copper, magnesium, potassium) showed a ...

Effect of Iron Supply on Growth, Chlorophyll, Tissue Iron and Activity of Certain Enzymes in Maize and Radish

Effect of Iron Supply on Growth, Chlorophyll, Tissue Iron and Activity of Certain Enzymes in Maize and Radish

The effect of iron supply on the yield and composition of leaves of tomato plants

This paper describes a factorial experiment which was designed to elucidate the effect of total iron supply and rate of iron supply on the yield of tomato plants. Information was also obtained on the effect of iron supply and leaf age on the concentration of a number of nutrient elements in the leaf tissue.