Effect Of Iron Sources Research Articles

Effect of iron sources on methane production and phosphorous transformation in an anaerobic digestion system of waste activated sludge

The iron materials are commonly employed to enhance resource recovery from waste activated sludge through anaerobic digestion (AD). The influence of different iron sources, such as Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and FeCl3 on methane production and phosphorus transformation in AD systems with thermal hydrolyzed sludge as the substrate was assessed in this study. The results indicated that iron oxides effectively promote methane yield and methane production rate in AD systems, resulting in a maximum increase in methane production by 1.6 times. Soluble FeCl3 facilitated the removal of 92.3% of phosphorus from the supernatant through the formation of recoverable precipitates in the sludge. The introduction of iron led to an increase in the abundance of bacteria responsible for hydrolysis and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. However, the enrichment of microbial communities varied depending on the specific irons used. This study provides support for AD systems that recover phosphorus and produce methane efficiently from waste sludge.

Comparative study of laterite and metakaolin/hematite-based geopolymers: Effect of iron source and alkalization

The objective of this study is to investigate and characterize geopolymers based on laterite or metakaolin-hematite mixture model. The model has been used to reproduce laterite in areas where laterite is not available. The geopolymers were synthetized using (i) calcined laterite and (ii) a mixture of metakaolin and hematite as solid precursors and two alkaline solutions of SiO2/Na2O and SiO2/K2O equal to 1.3. The obtained results reveal that both laterite and metakaolin/hematite-based geopolymers display efficient mechanical properties, regardless of the alkaline activating solution used. Thermal conductivity and compressive strength vary almost linearly, from 0.7 to 1 W/(m.K) and from 20 to 70 MPa, respectively: Na-activated laterite (NaLc) > Na-activated metakaolin + hematite (NaMF) > K-activated metakaolin + hematite (KMF) > K- activated laterite (KLc). This order can be explained by structural modifications after thermal treatment at 1175 °C. In the case of NaLc and NaMF, the samples display weak porosity due to higher crystallinity of the powder. In contrast, KMF and KLc are more heterogeneous with higher porosity.

Effect of iron source on nonhydrolytic sol-gel synthesis of Fe2TiO5

Fe2TiO5 was synthesized via nonhydrolytic sol-gel method at 600?C. The effects of iron sources on the synthesis of Fe2TiO5 were investigated. It was demonstrated that Fe-O-Ti bonds will not be formed in the xerogels prepared by taking FeCl3 as iron source because it is strong Lewis acid and induces homocondensation. Fe-O-Ti bonds were formed in the xerogels prepared by using Fe(OC2H5)3 and FeOH(CH3COO)2 as iron sources. However, the hydroxyl group in FeOH(CH3COO)2 easily leads to homocondensation and particles agglomeration. Thus, Fe(OC2H5)3 is optimal iron source with both excellent synthesis and particle dispersion effects.

Effect of Iron Source and Medium pH on Growth and Development of Sorbus commixta In Vitro.

Sorbus commixta is a valuable hardwood plant with a high economical value for its medicinal and ornamental qualities. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of the iron (Fe) source and medium pH on the growth and development of S. commixta in vitro. The Fe sources used, including non-chelated iron sulfate (FeSO4), iron ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA), and iron diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Fe-DTPA), were supplemented to the Multipurpose medium with a final Fe concentration of 2.78 mg·L−1. The medium without any supplementary Fe was used as the control. The pH of the agar-solidified medium was adjusted to either 4.70, 5.70, or 6.70. The experiment was conducted in a culture room for six weeks with 25 °C day and night temperatures, and a 16-h photoperiod with a light intensity of 50 mmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Both the Fe source and pH affected the growth and development of the micropropagated plants in vitro. The leaves were greener in the pH 4.70 and 5.70 treatments. The tissue Fe content decreased with the increase of the medium pH. The leaf chlorophyll content was similar between plants treated with FeSO4 and those with Fe-EDTA. The numbers of the shoots and roots of plantlets treated with FeSO4 were 2.5 and 2 times greater than those of the control, respectively. The fresh and dry weights of the shoot and the root were the greatest for plants treated with Fe-EDTA combined with pH 5.70. The calcium, magnesium, and manganese contents in the plantlets increased in the pH 5.70 treatments regardless of the Fe source. Supplementary Fe decreased the activity of ferric chelate reductase. Overall, although the plantlets absorbed more Fe at pH 4.70, Fe-EDTA combined with pH 5.70 was found to be the best for the growth and development of S. commixta in vitro.

17 beta-estradiol biodegradation by anaerobic granular sludge: Effect of iron sources

Steroid estrogens, as typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), have raised an increasing concern due to their endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic animals and potential hazards on human health. Batch experiments were conducted to study 17 beta-estradiol (E2) removal and Estradiol Equivalent Quantity (EEQ) elimination by anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS) combined with different valence iron sources. Results showed that E2 was effectively biodegraded and transformed into E1 by AnGS. The addition of different valence iron sources all promoted E2 degradation, reduced E2 Equivalent Quotient (EEQ) concentration, and increased methane production in the batch experiments. The enhancement effect of zero-valent iron (ZVI) on E2 removal and EEQ elimination was stronger than that of Fe2+ and Fe3+ in our experiments. The enhancement effect proportion of ZVI corrosion, Fe2+, and Fe3+ in the process of E2 degradation by AnGS combined with ZVI were 42.26%, 40.21% and 17.53%, respectively.

Effects of iron sources and doses on plant growth criteria in soybean seedlings

In this study, effects of different iron sources and doses on plant growth criteria in soybean ( Glycine max L.) seedlings were investigated. The experiment was conducted according to factorial experimental design with three replications under controlled conditions. Atakişi variety of soybean ( Glycine max L.) cultivar was used as a plant material. Three soybean seeds were sown each plastic pot having 1.3 kg soil:sand mixed in 1:1 ratio. Three different Fe sources (FeSO 4 .7H 2 O, Fe-EDDHA and nanoFe) were applied to the pots with three different doses (0-15-30 mg Fe kg -1 ). The experiment was ended after five weeks of seed sowing. Shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights, root length, root fresh and dry weights and number of compound leaf in soybean seedlings were determined at the end of the experiment. The highest shoot fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights, compound leaf number were determined in 15 mg kg -1 nano Fe applications as 3.56 g, 0.83 g, 2.30 g, 0.33 g and 5, respectively. Increasing the application dose of nano-Fe from 15 to 30 mg kg -1 caused to decrease in fresh and dry weights in soybean seedlings. Generally, shoot growth decreased and root length increased in soybean seedlings by increasing Fe application doses. Seedling growth in soybean generally increased depend on the Fe sources in the following order; FeSO 4 .7H 2 O < Fe-EDDHA < nano-Fe.

Iron modified /ZrO2 in application of removing trace olefins from aromatics

A solid super-acid catalyst /Fe2O3-ZrO2 (FeSZ) was prepared by coprecipitation method to remove olefins from aromatics. Effects of iron sources and Fe2O3 content were studied. FeSZ and /ZrO2 (SZ) were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and NH3-TPD. The characterization of the catalysts revealed that the addition of iron purified the tetragonal phase of ZrO2, increased the strength of the acid sites. Catalytic activity test showed that FeSZ with 5 wt% Fe2O3, using Fe2 (SO4)3 as iron source, exhibited the highest activity for removal of olefins. Compared with SZ, the catalytic activity of FeSZ increased 6.1%.

Effects of iron sources on the growth and lipid/carbohydrate production of marine microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta

The effects of iron sources with different speciation and anionic moieties (ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, ferric EDTA, ferrous EDTA, ferric ammonium sulfate, and ferrous ammonium sulfate) on the cell growth and the production of energy storage (lipid and carbohydrate) from Dunaliella tertiolecta were investigated. The influence of iron dosage was also compared in the range from 0.65 mg/L (1X) to 6.5 mg/L (10X) as Fe concentration. Best cell growth rate was achieved when ferrous ammonium sulfate was used. Ferric EDTA resulted in higher lipid content than other iron sources, while ferrous ammonium sulfate favored the accumulation of carbohydrate among six iron sources. The accumulations of lipid and carbohydrate as energy storage competed each other and thus both contents did not increase together. In the presence of ferric EDTA, lipid content is increasing, while carbohydrate content is decreasing. On the contrary, lipid content is decreasing while carbohydrate is increasing in the presence of ferric ammonium sulfate. Because the overall carbohydrate content was larger than that of lipid, bioethanol production would be more advantageous than biodiesel production with the present D. tertiolecta strain if the carbohydrate in D. tertiolecta contains a high fraction of glucose with a good saccharification yield.

Rapid synthesis of Fe-doped CuO-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 catalysts for CO preferential oxidation in H2-rich streams: Effect of iron source and the ratio of Fe/Cu

Abstract A facile route (urea grind combustion method) is described for the rapid synthesis of Fe-doped Cu-Ce-Zr catalysts within 30 min through simple grinding and combustion. The effects of iron source and Fe/Cu mass ratio on the performances of the catalysts for CO preferential oxidation (CO-PROX) are evaluated. The influences of H 2 O, CO 2 , and their mixture on the activity as well as stability of the catalysts are also investigated. The samples are characterized by XRD, N 2 adsorption-desorption, H 2 -TPR, TEM, Raman and XPS. Fe(NO 3 ) 3 is found to be superior to FeCl 3 and Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 as the iron source for Fe-CuCZ catalyst. Among the different synthesized catalysts, 1/10Fe (N) -CuCZ is found to be the most active catalyst, indicating that the optimal Fe/Cu mass ratio is 1/10. The influences of H 2 O, CO 2 , and H 2 O + CO 2 on the catalytic performance of 1/10Fe (N) -CuCZ are in the order of CO 2 2 + H 2 O 2 O. 1/10Fe (N) -CuCZ exhibits excellent stability during a 228 h time-on-stream test. 1/10Fe (N) -CuCZ shows the highest catalytic activity and excellent stability even in the presence of H 2 O and CO 2. The excellent catalytic performance can be attributed to the synergy between the highly dispersed copper species and ceria, as well as the formation of more oxygen vacancies and reduced copper species.

Effect of iron source on iron absorption and gene expression of iron transporters in the ligated duodenal loops of broilers

Effect of iron source on iron absorption and gene expression of iron transporters in the ligated duodenal loops of broilers

Effect of iron source on iron absorption by in situ ligated intestinal loops of broilers

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of iron (Fe) source on Fe absorption by in situ ligated intestinal loops of broilers. In Experiment 1, in situ ligated intestinal loops from Fe-deficient chicks (29 days old) were perfused with solutions containing 0.45 mmol Fe/L from FeSO4 (FeSO4·7H2O), Fe-Gly chelate, Fe-Met chelate, one of three Fe-amino acid or protein complexes with weak, moderate or extremely strong complex strength (Fe-Met W, Fe-Pro M, or Fe-Pro ES), or the mixtures of FeSO4 with either Gly or Met (Fe + Gly or Fe + Met), respectively, up to 30 min. In Experiment 2, in situ ligated duodenal loops from Fe-deficient chicks (29 days old) were perfused with solutions containing 0–3.58 mmol Fe/L from FeSO4, Fe-Met W, Fe-Pro M, or Fe-Pro ES up to 30 min. The absorptions of Fe from both inorganic and organic Fe sources in the ligated duodenum were ~1.35–2.8 times higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that in the ligated jejunum or ileum. The absorption of Fe as Fe-Pro M or Fe-Pro ES was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of Fe as inorganic Fe or Fe-Met W at Fe concentration of 3.58 mmol/L. The absorption kinetics of Fe from organic and inorganic Fe sources in the ligated duodenal loops followed a saturable process as determined by regression analysis of concentration-dependent absorption rates. The maximum absorption rate and Michaelis–Menten constant values in the ligated duodenal loops were higher (P &lt; 0.05) for Fe-Pro M and Fe-Pro ES than for FeSO4 and Fe-Met W. The results from this study indicate that the duodenum was the main site of Fe absorption in the intestines of broilers; organic Fe sources with stronger complex strength values showed higher Fe absorptions at a higher concentration of added Fe; and the simple mixture of FeSO4 with amino acids did not increase Fe absorption.

Effect of iron source on iron deficiency induced chlorosis in groundnut

In a field study, the effect of iron source through foliar as well as basal application was studied on lime induced iron-deficiency chlorosis (LIIC), chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, available Fe and micronutrients in groundnut. The visual chlorotic rating screen of various Fe-efficient and Fe-inefficient cultivars clearly identified Fe-efficient and Fe-inefficient. Tirupati-4 was showing symptoms of chlorosis and was Fe-inefficient. Fe absorption capacity varied among cultivars. Applications of iron increased active Fe content in LGN-2 by 5.6 % and 163.18% in CSMG-84-1 respectively. A significant increase in chlorophyll content (10%) and nitrate reductase (110%) was observed with foliar spray of FeSO4. A significant damage of lipid peroxidation was observed in absence of iron which was improved by 37% in Tirupati-4 and 16.67% in CSMG-84-1 by foliar and basal supplementation of Fe, respectively. A strong correlation among the Fe, Mn, Zn and K depicted ionomic interaction with different treatments. Based on the ion absorption capacity and the level of chlorosis, the groundnut genotypes were grouped as tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive to iron chlorosis.

Y&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;Fe&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;12&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; Prepared by Mechanosynthesis from Different Iron Sources

Yttrium iron garnet, Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) powders were synthesized by mechanochemical processing (MCP) from different iron sources (FeO, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) mixed with Y2O3, followed by a heat treatment. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that MCP followed by annealing at very low temperatures (as compared with the classic solid state reaction) can induce the formation of nanostructured YIG. The effect of iron source on final structure was also studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the synthesized powders. The precursors mixed in a stoichiometric ratio to obtain YIG were milled at room temperature in a shaker mixer mill with a ball:powder weight ratio of 10:1. A partial synthesis of YIG was achieved after 9 h of milling time by using the three sources of iron; however, a significant fraction of the product was the perovskite YFeO3. The largest yield of YIG was obtained by using FeO. In all cases a single garnet phase could only be completely obtained after an annealing process at 900?C, around 400?C lower than the typical temperatures to prepare the material by solid state reaction. An analysis of the microstrain and lattice parameters associated with peak displacements is discussed.

The effect of iron sources on caustic and alumina recovery from synthetic bayer DSP (sodalite)

The formation of desilication product (DSP) in the processing of high silica bauxite is both a significant cost to production and a potential threat to the environment due to the high level of caustic soda it contains. Hydrothermal reprocessing of DSP to recover caustic is a promising solution to the problem. The basis of this technology is the formation of iron-rich hydrogarnet and calcium silicate by redigesting DSP in caustic solution with lime and an “active” iron source. This paper highlights the influence of iron sources on phase formation during re-processing of synthetic DSP (sodalite) as well as the efficiency of soda and alumina extraction and lime consumption. Sodium ferrite, ferric nitrate, ferric chloride and hematite were chosen as iron sources for this study.Different iron sources significantly affected the mineralogical composition of the reprocessed residues and the efficiency of the process. Under conditions of relatively low temperatures (200-230°C), digestion time of 10 to 40min and lime charge of molar CaO/SiO2 ratio ~1-2, ferrite and sodalite readily reacted to an iron-rich hydrogarnet. Ferric nitrate and chloride also produced hydrogarnet which has less iron incorporation because of competing reactions to form hematite. This drawback was minimized by separate injections of lime and~neutral salt solutions into digestion. Hematite did not react with lime and iron hydrogarnets did not form. Instead tobermorite formed as the dominant calcium-containing phase which is more efficient in lime consumption (molar CaO/NaOH~<1) and soda extraction, and equally good in alumina extraction.

Effect of Iron Source and Temperature on Charge/Discharge Performance of LiFePO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;

LiFePO4 compound has been paid considerable attention as a promising positive electrode material. In this work, LiFePO4 compound was synthesized by the solid carbon thermal reduction reactions，where Fe2O3, Fe(OH)3 and FeSO4 is used as the iron resource respectively. All the synthesized products are pure phases except that using FeSO4 as the iron resource. The SEM images show porous morphologies, but different iron resource samples show different degree of pore ratio. According to the results of charge/discharge curves, capacity of the sample prepared by Fe(OH)3 as the iron resource shows superior to those of other samples. The result is attributed to more pores in the sample, which is benefit to electrolyte penetrating, short Li-ion diffusion distance.

Effect of iron sources on the glycosylation macroheterogeneity of human recombinant IFN-γ produced by CHO cells during batch processes

Background In the biopharmaceutical industry, the control of glycosylation to satisfy the quality consistency of recombinant proteins produced during a process has become an important issue. Indeed, the glycosylation pattern of recombinant proteins could be influenced by different factors including the cell line used, environmental factors such as oxygenation, temperature, shear stresses, extracellular pH... and the availability of nutrients. As previously reported [1,2], the BDM medium is able to support a better CHO cell growth and a higher IFN-g production compared to RPMI medium supplemented with serum. In addition, when BDM medium is used, CHO cells are capable to maintain a high percentage of doubly-glycosylated glycoforms of recombinant IFN-g produced during the whole process. Conversely, monoglycosylated and non-glycosylated IFN-g forms increased during batch cultures performed with RPMI serum medium. Iron is an important nutrient and is reported to support essential functions in cells. In this study, the impact of different iron sources on the CHO cell growth, as well as on the production and the glycosylation of a human recombinant IFN-g were investigated.

Effect of Iron Source on Color and Appearance of Micronutrient‐Fortified Corn Flour Tortillas

ABSTRACTIron deficiency anemia is a widespread occurrence. Consequently, iron is commonly added in cereal fortification programs. However, many iron sources cause undesirable sensory changes, especially color changes, in the food being fortified. This study evaluated the effect of different iron sources on CIE L*a*b* color values and sensory color perception in fortified corn tortillas. Corn masa flour was fortified with micronutrient premix containing vitamins, zinc, and one of eight iron compounds. Iron sources included ferrous fumarate (F), ferrous sulfate (S), ferric orthophosphate (OP), ferrous lactate (L), ferrous gluconate (G), ferric pyrophosphate (PP), sodium iron (III)‐EDTA, and A‐131 electrolytic iron (E), with addition levels adjusted based on bioavailability. Control (Ct) samples were prepared with all micronutrients except iron. All iron‐fortified tortillas had lower L* values and were significantly darker than control tortillas. Based on instrumental color values and Mexican regulatory recommendations, five treatments were selected for further testing. A difference‐from‐control sensory test was conducted comparing PP, E, OP, F, and S with Ct tortillas. Sensory rankings were C t &gt; E = PP &gt; OP &gt; F &gt; S. A‐131 electrolytic iron is recommended for fortification of corn tortillas due to minimal effect on color and significantly lower cost than other iron sources evaluated.

Investigations on iron bioavailability of different sources and supply levels in piglets

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the iron bioavailability of different sources and supply levels in piglets. In experiment 1, the influence of feeding an iron deficient basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with 28 ppm Fe either in form of Fe-chelate, crystalline Fe-glycinate, or Fe-sulphate on apparent iron digestibility and on blood parameters was determined. In experiment 2, a dose-response approach was used to determine the effects of supplementing an iron-deficient basal diet with 30, 60, or 90 ppm of Fe either in form of crystalline Fe-glycinate or Fe-sulphate on digestibility of Fe, growth and blood parameters. In experiment 1, comparison of iron sources revealed a tendency (0.05 < p < 0.1) for a higher Fe digestibility from Fe-glycinate (40.9%) compared with Fe-chelate (30.8%) or Fe-sulphate (30.7%). Fe-balance was higher (p < 0.05) for Fe-glycinate compared with Fe-sulphate but iron balance was similar for iron sulphate and iron chelate. Those results, however, were not reflected in data of blood parameters. In experiment 2, iron digestibility, blood parameters and performance were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by iron supply. Effects of iron source on digestibility of iron were lower than observed in the first experiment.

Using Low-Cost Iron Byproducts from Automotive Manufacturing to Remediate DDT

Water, soil and sediment contaminated with DDT poses a threat to the environment and human health. Previous studies have shown that zerovalent iron (ZVI) can effectively remediate water contaminated with pesticides like DDT, metolachlor, alachlor. Because the type of iron can significantly influence the efficiency and expense of ZVI technology, finding a cheaper and easily available iron source is one way of making this technology more affordable for field application. This study determined the effects of iron source, solution pH, and presence of Fe or Al salts on the destruction of DDT. Batch experiments demonstrated successful removal of DDT (>95% in 30 d) in aqueous solutions by three different iron sources with the following order of removal rates: untreated iron byproduct (1.524 d−1) > commercial ZVI (0.277 d−1) > surface-cleaned iron byproduct (0.157 d−1). DDT removal rate was greatest with the untreated iron byproduct because of its high carbon content resulted in high DDT adsorption. DDT destruction rate by surface-cleaned iron byproduct increased as the pH decreased from 9 to 3. Lowering solution pH removes Fe (III) passivating layers from the ZVI and makes it free for reductive transformations. By treating DDT aqueous solutions with surface-cleaned iron byproduct, the destruction kinetics of DDT were enhanced when Fe(II), Fe(III) or Al(III) salts were added, with the following order of destruction kinetics: Al(III) sulfate > Fe(III) sulfate > Fe(II) sulfate. Cost analysis showed that the cost for one kg of surface-cleaned iron byproduct was $12.33, which is less expensive than the commercial ZVI. Therefore, using surface-cleaned iron byproduct may be a viable alternative for remediating DDT-contaminated environments.

Effects of Iron Source on Iron Chlorosis and Exserohilum Leaf Spot Severity in Wodyetia bifurcata

Foxtail palms (Wodyetia bifurcata Irvine) were grown in 6.2-L containers using a 3 calcitic limestone gravel: 2 coir dust (by volume) substrate to induce Fe chlorosis. Plants were treated initially and 2 and 4 months later with soil applications of FeDTPA, FeEDDHA, FeEDTA+FeHEDTA on vermiculite, FeEDTA+FeDTPA on clay, ferric citrate, ferrous ammonium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous sulfate+sulfur, or iron glucoheptonate at a rate of 0.2 g Fe/container. Similar plants were treated initially and 2 and 4 months later with foliar sprays of FeDTPA, FeEDDHA, ferric citrate, ferrous sulfate, or iron glucoheptonate at a rate of 0.8 g Fe/L. After 6 months, palms receiving soil applications of FeEDDHA, FeEDTA+FeHEDTA on vermiculite, FeDTPA, or FeEDTA+FeDTPA on clay had significantly less chlorosis than plants receiving other soil-applied Fe fertilizers or untreated control plants. Palms treated with foliar Fe fertilizers had chlorosis ratings similar to untreated control plants. Palms with the most severe Fe chlorosis also had the highest levels of leaf spot disease caused by Exserohilum rostratum (Drechs.) K.J. Leonard &amp; E.G. Suggs. Neither chlorosis severity nor leaf spot severity was correlated with total leaf Fe concentration.