Effects Of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Research Articles

The effect of intra-aortic balloon pumping on hemodynamics and left ventricular load in Impella-supported condition: A simulation study

Abstract Introduction Intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) is a commonly used percutaneous mechanical circulatory support device. Although IABP combined with Impella, a percutaneous left ventricular assist device, has shown positive outcomes in a few case reports of acute heart failure, its hemodynamic and left ventricular (LV) unloading effects remain unclear. Purpose We conducted a simulation study to clarify the clinical benefits of adding IABP to Impella-supported conditions. Methods We used SimulinkⓇ for cardiovascular simulation. The systemic and pulmonary circulation were modelled by using a 5-element resistance-capacitance network with four ventricles represented by time-varying elastance and unidirectional valves (Figure 1A). We compared total systemic flow, coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), and pressure-volume relationships (PV loop) in severe LV dysfunction (LV end-systolic elastance: 0.2 mmHg/mL) under three scenarios: IABP with a 40 mL balloon volume added to baseline, IABP added to Impella CP support at P2 (partial support) and P8 (total support) (Figure 1B). Results As shown in Figure 2A, IABP increased total systemic flow and CPP, and shifted the PV loop to the left. In P2-Impella condition, the addition of IABP increased native cardiac output (0.3 to 0.7 L/min) and total systemic flow (2.7 to 2.9 L/min), while decreased Impella pump flow due to increased afterload of Impella during diastole. IABP further moved PV loop leftward and reduced LV pressure-volume area (PVA) by -3.8% from Impella only and -7.8% from baseline (Figure 2B). In P8-Impella condition, IABP did not change total systemic flow, CPP, or PV loop (Figure 2C). Conclusions The addition of IABP to Impella could increase CPP while increasing Impella pump afterload and decreasing Impella flow. Overall, IABP slightly increased total systemic flow and decreased LV workload in Impella partial support condition. In specific clinical situations, IABP has the potential to be used as adjuvant therapy alongside Impella partial support.Figure 1

Beneficial Effects of IABP in Anterior Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock.

Background and Objectives. Recent guidelines have downgraded the routine use of the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) due to ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Despite this, its use in clinical practice remains high. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the IABP in patients with STEMI complicated by CS undergoing primary PCI (pPCI), focusing on patients with anterior MI in whom a major benefit has been previously hypothesized. Materials and Methods. We enrolled 2958 consecutive patients undergoing pPCI for STEMI in our department from 2005 to 2018. Propensity score matching and mortality analysis were performed. Results. CS occurred in 246 patients (8.3%); among these patients, 145 (60%) had anterior AMI. In the propensity-matched analysis, the use of the IABP was associated with a lower 30-day mortality (39.3% vs. 60.9%, p = 0.032) in the subgroup of patients with anterior STEMI. Conversely, in the whole group of CS patients and in the subgroup of patients with non-anterior STEMI, IABP use did not have a significant impact on mortality. Conclusions. The use of the IABP in cases of STEMI complicated by CS was found to improve survival in patients with anterior infarction. Prospective studies are needed before abandoning or markedly limiting the use of the IABP in this clinical setting.

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump among Shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients: A Propensity-Weighted Analysis in a Multicenter, Nationwide Observational Study in Japan (The JAAM-OHCA Registry).

The effectiveness of IABP for shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has not been extensively investigated. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) for non-traumatic shockable OHCA patients was associated with favorable neurological outcomes. From the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest registry, a nationwide multicenter prospective registry, we enrolled adult patients with non-traumatic and shockable OHCA for whom resuscitation was attempted, and who were transported to participating hospitals between 2014 and 2019. The primary outcome was 1-month survival with favorable neurological outcomes after OHCA. After adopting the propensity score (PS) inverse probability of weighting (IPW), we evaluated the association between IABP and favorable neurological outcomes. Of 57,754 patients in the database, we included a total of 2738 adult non-traumatic shockable patients. In the original cohort, the primary outcome was lower in the IABP group (OR with 95% confidence intervals (CIs)), 0.57 (0.48-0.68), whereas, in the IPW cohort, it was not different between patients with and without IABP (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.91-1.53). In adult patients with non-traumatic shockable OHCA, IABP use was not associated with 1-month survival with favorable neurological outcomes.

Effects of intra-aortic balloon pump on in-hospital outcomes and 1-year mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

BackgroundThe role of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) in cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still a subject of intense debate. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of IABP on the clinical outcomes of patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsFrom the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV 2.2, 6017 AMI patients were subtracted, and 250 patients with AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock undergoing PCI were analyzed. In-hospital outcomes (death, 24-hour urine volumes, length of ICU stays, and length of hospital stays) and 1-year mortality were compared between IABP and control during the hospital course and 12-month follow-up.ResultsAn IABP was implanted in 30.8% (77/250) of patients with infarct-related cardiogenic shock undergoing PCI. IABP patients had higher levels of Troponin T (3.94 [0.73–11.85] ng/ml vs. 1.99 [0.55–5.75] ng/ml, p-value = 0.02). IABP patients have a longer length of ICU and hospital stays (124 [63–212] hours vs. 83 [43–163] hours, p-value = 0.005; 250 [128–435] hours vs. 170 [86–294] hours, p-value = 0.009). IABP use was not associated with lower in-hospital mortality (33.8% vs. 33.0%, p-value = 0.90) and increased 24-hour urine volumes (2100 [1455–3208] ml vs. 1915 [1110–2815] ml, p-value = 0.25). In addition, 1-year mortality was not different between the IABP and the control group (48.1% vs. 48.0%; hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.70–1.54, p-value = 0.851).ConclusionIABP may be associated with longer ICU and hospital stays but not better short-and long-term clinical prognosis.

Effect of intra-aortic balloon pump with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock: A meta-analysis.

The effectiveness of a concomitant intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) intervention in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock (AMICS) patients is contested in the literature. This study sought to compare short-term mortality weaning rate from VA-ECMOin AMICS cases. We conducted a literature review and compared the primary and secondary endpoints in the following treatment groups of AMICS patients: (1) VA-ECMO plus IABP vs. IABP alone and (2) VA-ECMO plus IABP vs. VA-ECMO alone. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause mortality; while 30-days mortality, weaning from VA-ECMO, and vascular complications comprised secondary endpoints. VA-ECMO concomitant with IABP was administered to 3,580 (76.4%) patients, while IABP alone and VA-ECMO alone treatments accounted for 1.7% and 21.9% of the patients, respectively. We found that in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients treated with VA-ECMO plus IABP vs. VA-ECMO alone (odds ratio (OR) = 0.52; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.21-1.31; I-squared statistic (I2 = 30%) or IABP alone (OR = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.08-0.55; I2 = 0%). Additionally, 30-days mortality was significantly lower in patients treated with VA-ECMO plus IABP vs. VA-ECMO alone (OR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.25-0.40; I2 = 0%) or IABP alone (OR = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.11-0.50; I2 = 0%). A significant difference was observed in weaning from VA-ECMO in patients treated with VA-ECMO plus IABP vs. VA-ECMO alone (OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.09-3.33; I2 = 0%). In-hospital and 30-days mortality were significantly lower in AMICS patients treated with VA-ECMO plus IABP vs. VA-ECMO alone or IABP alone. VA-ECMO with concomitant IABP could increase the proportion of patients weaned from VA-ECMO, significantly reducing in-hospital mortality, without increasing complications.

(943) Hemodynamic Effects of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump as a Bridge to Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device

(943) Hemodynamic Effects of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump as a Bridge to Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device

Effects of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump delayed deflation timing on carotid blood flow and cardiac mechanics: An ultrasound and haemodynamic study

Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) efficacy is critically affected by the inflation/deflation timing. Balloon deflation may cause a sucking effect, and a steal phenomenon on carotid flow. Delaying IABP deflation reduces the degree of this flow reversal, but at the same time exposes patients to the risk of increased proto-systolic afterload with detrimental effects on the LV. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a delayed IABP deflation timing on cerebral blood flow and LV hemodynamics, by means of simultaneous carotid artery ultrasonography, trans-thoracic echocardiography and central aortic pressure analysis. Delaying IABP deflation trigger to the beginning of QRS effectively increased the cerebral blood flow by 20%, mostly by reducing the reverse component flow caused by the diastolic balloon deflation. Extending the deflation to the early systole was safe and favourably impacted on cardiac mechanics, increasing CO by 15% without prolonging LV isovolumetric contraction and ejection phases.

Intra-aortic balloon pump use in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients who underwent extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation

AimTo investigate the effect of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) on short-term neurological outcomes and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). MethodsWe retrospectively analysed data collected between June 2014 and December 2019 from the Japanese OHCA registry. Adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who underwent ECPR were included. We divided the patients into those who received IABP and those who did not receive IABP. The primary outcome was the 30-day favourable neurological outcomes in survived patients. The secondary outcome was the 30-day survival. We performed propensity score matching (PSM) to adjust for confounding factors after multiple imputations of missing data. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression analysis after PSM to adjust for confounding factors after IABP initiation. ResultsAmong 2135 adult patients who underwent ECPR, 1173 received IABP. In 842 matched patients, IABP use was associated with survival (aOR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.39–2.83; p < 0.001). However, IABP use was not significantly associated with the 30-day neurologically favourable outcome in 190 survived patients (aOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.79–1.89; p = 0.36). ConclusionThe use of IABP in patients with OHCA who underwent ECPR was associated with 30-day survival. Among survived patients, there was no significant association between IABP use and 30-day neurological outcome. A further well-designed prospective study is needed.

Intra‐Aortic Balloon Pump for Left Ventricular Unloading in Veno‐Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: The Last Remaining Indication in Cardiogenic Shock

Intra‐Aortic Balloon Pump for Left Ventricular Unloading in Veno‐Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: The Last Remaining Indication in Cardiogenic Shock

Relationship of in-hospital mortality and using intra-aortic balloon pump with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with cardiac arrest: a secondary analysis based on literature data

To assess the effect of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on in-hospital mortality in patients with cardiac arrest undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). A retrospective study was performed on 696 patients with intra-hospital cardiac arrest undergoing ECPR from Samsung Medical Center in Korea between January 2004 and December 2013. According to whether IABP was used, the patients were divided into ECPR group and ECPR+IABP group. Cox regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to examine the correlation between IABP usage and in-hospital mortality, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used to check the degree of PSM. Survival analysis of in-hospital mortality was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method, and further analyzed by the Log-Rank test. Using the propensity score as weights, multiple regression model and inverse probability weighting (IPW) model were used for sensitivity analysis. In-hospital mortality, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) withdrawal success rate and neurological function prognosis were compared between the two groups. A total of 199 patients with cardiac arrest undergoing ECPR were included, including 120 males and 79 females, and the average age was (60.0±16.8) years. Thirty-one patients (15.6%) were treated with ECPR and IABP, and 168 patients (84.4%) only received ECPR. The total hospitalized mortality was 68.8% (137/199). The 1 : 1 nearest neighbor matching algorithm was performed with the 0.2 caliper value. The following variables were selected to generate propensity scores, including age, gender, race, marital status, insurance, admission type, service unit, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, pulse oxygen saturation, white blood cell count. After the propensity score matching, 24 pairs of patients were successfully matched, with the average age of (63.0±12.8) years, including 31 males and 17 females. The in-hospital mortality was 72.6% (122/168) and 48.4% (15/31) in the ECPR group and the ECPR+IABP group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.48, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 0.28-0.82, P = 0.007]. Multiple regression model, adjusted propensity score, PSM and IPW model showed that the in-hospital mortality in the ECPR+IABP group was significantly lower compared with the ECPR group (HR = 0.44, 0.50, 0.16 and 0.49, respectively, 95%CI were 0.24-0.79, 0.28-0.91, 0.06-0.39 and 0.31-0.77, all P < 0.05). The combined application of IABP could improve the ECMO withdrawal success rate [odds ratio (OR) = 8.95, 95%CI was 2.72-29.38, P < 0.001] and neurological prognosis (OR = 4.06, 95%CI was 1.33-12.40, P = 0.014) in adult cardiac arrest patients. In patients with cardiac arrest using ECPR, the combination of IABP was independently associated with lower in-hospital mortality, higher ECMO withdrawal success rate and better neurological prognosis.

Effects of intra-aortic balloon pump on myocardial efficiency in a patient with advanced heart failure: non-invasive assessment with pressure-strain analysis.

Effects of intra-aortic balloon pump on myocardial efficiency in a patient with advanced heart failure: non-invasive assessment with pressure-strain analysis.

The effect of prolonged Intraaortic ballon pump (IABP) support on right ventricular function in end-stage heart failure

Abstract Introduction Right Ventricular (RV) function has prognostic implications in end-stage heart failure (ESHF) patients. RV failure following Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) implantation increases morbidity and mortality. Achieving optimal RV function before LVAD implantation is of paramount importance. Purpose Purpose was to investigate the effect of Intra-aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) on RV function optimization in patients with bi-ventricular ESHF. Methods ESHF patients with poor RV function, presenting with acutely decompensated heart failure resistant to inotropes/vasopressors, thus requiring IABP for stabilization, were prospectively enrolled. Serum biochemistry, echocardiography and invasive hemodynamics were applied and eligibility for LVAD according to RV function was determined on the basis of pre-specified criteria (Right atrium Pressure (RAP) &amp;lt;12mmHg, Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility index (PAPi) &amp;gt;1.85, RAP/Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) &amp;lt;0.67, RV strain &amp;lt;−14%). LV and RV tissue was harvested during LVAD or bi-ventricular mechanical circulatory implantation or at the time of heart transplantation. Fibrosis of the myocardial tissue was quantified. Results Sixteen patients aged 38±14 years were enrolled. Duration of IABP support was 62±50 (3–180) days. Three patients deteriorated requiring additional mechanical circulatory support. Two patients were stabilized without RV function improvement. In the remaining 11 patients, RV improved and fulfilled LVAD eligibility criteria (IABP responders); RA and RA/PCWP decreased from 18±6 to 10±4mmHg (p=0.0001) and from 0.60±0.19 to 0.42±0.11 (p=0.011) respectively. PAPi and RV strain improved from 1.46±0.65 to 3.20±0.58 (p=0.0001) and from −12.9±3.4% to −18.7±1.7% (p=0.0001) respectively. Significantly lower baseline NTproBNP and total bilirubin values were observed in the responders group. Six patients finally received LVAD and none suffered RV failure post-operatively (the remaining 5 were successfully transplanted). RV fibrosis correlated with post-IABP NTproBNP (r=0.91, p=0.001), total bilirubin (r=0.79, p=0.011), RAP (r=0.78, p=0.014), PAPi (r=−0.69, p=0.040), RAP/PCWP (r=0.74, p=0.022) and LV fibrosis (r=0.77, p=0.016), but not with baseline (pre-IABP) parameters. Conclusions Prolonged IABP support contributes to partial RV function recovery in patients with ESHF and bi-ventricular failure, thus leading to eligibility for LVAD implantation. RV fibrosis may predict RV response to IABP and post-IABP eligibility for LVAD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Clinical efficacy of direct or indirect left ventricular unloading during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary cardiogenic shock

ObjectiveLeft ventricular (LV) distention is a feared complication in patients receiving venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). LV unloading can be achieved indirectly with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or directly with an Impella device (Abiomed, Danvers, Mass). We sought to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of IABP and Impella devices on patients supported with VA ECMO. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of VA ECMO patients at our institution from January 2015 to June 2020. Patients were categorized as either ECMO alone or ECMO with LV unloading. LV unloading was characterized as either ECMO with IABP or ECMO with Impella. We recorded baseline characteristics, survival, complications, and hemodynamic changes associated with device initiation. ResultsDuring the study, 143 patients received ECMO alone whereas 140 received ECMO with LV unloading (68 ECMO with IABP, 72 ECMO with Impella). ECMO with Impella patients had a higher incidence of bleeding events compared with ECMO alone or ECMO with IABP (52.8% vs 37.1% vs 17.7%; P < .0001). Compared with ECMO alone, ECMO with IABP patients had better survival at 180 days (log rank P = .005) whereas survival in ECMO with Impella patients was not different (log rank P = .66). In a multivariable Cox hazard analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.03; P = .015), male sex (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.80; P = .002), baseline lactate (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.11; P = .004), baseline creatinine (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.11; P = .032), need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.40-3.39; P = .001), and presence of pre-ECMO IABP (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25-0.83; P = .010) were associated with reduced mortality. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic changes in the ECMO with IABP versus ECMO with Impella cohorts. ConclusionsConcomitant support with IABP might help reduce morbidity and improve 180-day survival in patients receiving VA ECMO for cardiogenic shock.

Clinical and Hemodynamic Efficacy of Left Ventricular Unloading during Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

<h3>Purpose</h3> Left ventricular (LV) distention is a feared complication in patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for cardiogenic shock. LV unloading could be achieved with concomitant intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) or Impella. We sought to assess the clinical and hemodynamic effects of IABP and Impella on patients supported with VA-ECMO <h3>Methods</h3> We conducted a retrospective review of patients who received VA-ECMO at our institution between January 2015 and June 2020. Patients with post-cardiotomy shock were excluded. Patients were categorized as having received either ECMO alone or ECMO+LV unloading. LV unloading was further characterized as either ECMO+IABP, or ECMO+Impella. We recorded baseline characteristics, post-operative complications, and hemodynamic changes associated with device initiation. <h3>Results</h3> During the study period, 142 patients received ECMO alone, 76 received ECMO+IABP, and 76 received ECMO+Impella. The ECMO+LV unloading group had more male patients compared to ECMO alone (70.4% vs 57.5%, p=0.026). 39.4% of ECMO alone patients survived to discharge, compared to 44.4% of ECMO+LV unloading patients (p=0.12). The ECMO+LV unloading group showed a greater decrease in mean pulmonary diastolic pressures compared to ECMO alone after 24 hours of support (-6.0 ± 8.4 mmHg vs -0.1 ± 10.8 mmHg, p = 0.032). ECMO+Impella patients had a higher incidence of bleeding events compared to ECMO alone or ECMO+IABP (52.6% vs 37.3% vs 20.8%, p = 0.0003). Kaplan Meier analysis revealed that ECMO+IABP had better survival compared to ECMO alone and ECMO+Impella (Figure 1). In a multivariable Cox-hazard analysis, age (HR= 1.02), male sex (HR=0.57), baseline lactate (HR =1.05), baseline creatinine (HR=1.06), need for ECPR (HR=2.21) and presence of IABP (HR=0.48) were independent predictors for mortality. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Concomitant support with IABP may help to reduce morbidity in patients on VA-ECMO for cardiogenic shock.

An Experimental Study of the Effects of IABP on Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Flow Waveform.

Purpose: Graft evaluation after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is still not sufficient. This study analyzed the flow waveform of coronary arteries and grafts during intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) assist.Methods: Subjects were eight pigs that underwent off-pump CABG. Using transit-time flow measurement (TTFM) and occluder, blood flow waveforms were recorded while changing the degree of stenosis of Seg.6 and the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) and analyzed by percentage of reverse flow component to the total blood flow (R/T) and the ratio of diastolic blood flow of IABP operative and IABP inoperative (D1/D0).Result: Reverse flow of the LITA was reduced when stenosis of Seg.6 increased and R/T decreased. The average diastolic blood flow of Seg.8 and the LITA increased with IABP on showing a D1/D0 of 1 or more. R/T of the LITA increased when stenosis of Seg.6 was fixed and increasing the degree of LITA stenosis. D1/D0 increased up to a 75% LITA stenosis and is decreased in more severe stenosis.Conclusion: R/T is significantly higher in the antagonist or stenosis during IABP assist and was able to confirm the effectiveness of the graft as a functional assessment of graft. D1/D0 is useful as an indicator of the effectiveness of IABP on coronary blood flow.

Abstract 16590: Does Use of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Improves Outcome in Patients Admitted With Acute Coronary Syndrome and Cardiogenic Shock: An Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis

Introduction: Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) has been shown to have a neutral effect on patients having cardiogenic shock (CS) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, subgroup analysis of certain studies has shown a beneficial effect of IABP on selected populations presenting with CS. Hypothesis: IABP is associated with improved survival and less in-hospital complications in patients with ACS and CS. Methods: Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2016 and 2017 had been retrospectively analyzed to identify all patients presenting with ACS and CS (n=79260) with appropriate ICD-10-CM codes. Patients with cardiac arrest, tamponade or pulmonary embolism, free wall rupture, ventricular septal defect, severe peripheral artery disease, aortic regurgitation, age greater than 90 or less than 18 have been excluded (n=14055) to include a final population of 65,180. Among them, IABP was used in 22,725 patients. Propensity score matching using the kernel method was used to generate an adjusted odds ratio (OR). Multiple imputations are used to generate missing variables. Results: 34% of patients presenting with CS required IABP in our analysis. Patients requiring IABP are younger and more likely to be male. Patients requiring IABP have higher prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and CAD. On propensity-matched analysis, the risk of all-cause in-hospital mortality is similar between two groups regardless of IABP use (p = 0.18). IABP appears to be protective for acute kidney injury (AKI) in non-propensity matched analysis (p = 0.007). There is a higher incidence of mechanical ventilation, bleeding, blood transfusion, coronary artery dissection, hemodialysis requirement, and respiratory failure in the IABP cohort. IABP appears to be protective for complete heart block (CHB) (p = 0.016). Conclusion: IABP use is associated with increased in-hospital complications without any mortality benefit. There appears to be some benefit towards the prevention of AKI and CHB.

Comparison of the Hemodynamic Response to Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in Patients With Cardiogenic Shock Resulting from Acute Myocardial Infarction Versus Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) neither benefits nor harms patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiogenic shock (CS) but may stabilize those with chronic heart failure who decompensate into CS. We sought to compare its hemodynamic effects in these 2 populations. We performed a retrospective analysis of the hemodynamic effects of IABP for AMI or acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patients with hemodynamic evidence of CS. The primary outcome was cardiac output (CO) change following insertion. In total, 205 patients were treated for CS resulting from AMI (73; 35.6%) or ADHF (132; 64.4%). At baseline, both cohorts had significant hemodynamic compromise with mean arterial pressure 75.6 ± 12.3 mm Hg, CO 3.02 ± 0.84 L/min, and cardiac power index 0.26 ± 0.06 W/m2; these parameters were nearly identical between groups though ADHF-CS patients had a higher pre-IABP mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure than AMI-CS patients. After IABP insertion, ADHF-CS patients had moderate CO augmentation whereas AMI-CS experienced almost no improvement (0.58 ± 0.79 L/min vs 0.12 ± 1.00 L/min; p = 0.0009). Intracardiac filling pressures were reduced by similar amounts in both cohorts. Systemic vascular resistance was reduced in patients with ADHF-CS but not in those with AMI-CS. In conclusion, following IABP insertion, ADHF-CS patients experience roughly a 5-fold greater CO augmentation compared with AMI-CS patients. Pre-IABP PA pressure differences and differential systemic vascular resistance reduction may explain these results and shed light on recent evidence supporting IABP use in ADHF-CS and curbing it in AMI-CS.

Left ventricular decompression on Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with intra-aortic balloon Counterpulsation

BackgroundVeno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) has been used increasingly to support patients with cardiogenic shock (CS). There has been growing recognition of the favorable and unfavorable hemodynamic effects of this therapy and recent interest in the use of other percutaneous circulatory support devices to offset some of the potentially harmful hemodynamic effects. Herein, we provide visual evidence of the effects of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) counterpulsation for a patient with peripheral VA-ECMO cannulation.Case presentationA 68 year old man who had undergone orthotopic heart transplantation presented with 2 days of fatigue, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. On examination, he was tachycardic, hypotensive and hypoxic with cool extremities, consistent with CS. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed new severe biventricular dysfunction with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 15%, right heart catheterization demonstrated elevated filling pressures and low output. An IABP was inserted via the left femoral artery with minimal improvement in hemodynamics. He was escalated to VA-ECMO. Repeat TTE demonstrated aortic valve (AV) opening with each cardiac cycle and mild MR. With placement of the IABP on standby Additional file 1: Video 1 (video 0:03), the AV no longer opened. Re-initiation of balloon counterpulsation resulted in resumed AV opening with each beat Additional file 1: Video 1 (video 0:17). He was treated for presumed acute allograft rejection with methylprednisolone, thymoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis with improvement in allograft function. However, he developed an Enterobacter aerogenes pneumonia and rapidly fatal septic shock.ConclusionsThis case visually demonstrates effective LV decompression by IABP counterpulsation in VA-ECMO support. While the overall effects of LV decompression in patients on VA-ECMO with IABP are still unclear, this report demonstrates one potential mechanism of benefit in the prevention of stagnation of blood flow that may lead to intra-cardiac or aortic root thrombus formation.

Numerical analysis of aortic hemodynamics under the support of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and intra-aortic balloon pump

Background and objectiveA gap still exists in the hemodynamic effect of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), and VA-ECMO plus IABP on the blood perfusion of the coronary artery, brain, and lower limb; the relation between heart flow and ECMO flow; and the wall stress of vessels. MethodsA finite-element model of the aorta, ECMO, and IABP was proposed to calculate the mechanical response via fluid–structure interaction. Heart failure (HF), IABP, ECMO, and ECMO plus IABP were utilized to study the effect of support models. ResultsFor the pressure curve, VA-ECMO weakened the dicrotic notch of pressure compared with HF and the pulsatile index (0.494 vs. 0.706 vs. 0.471 vs. 0.613). IABP, ECMO, and ECMO plus IABP increased the perfusion of the coronary, brain, and renal artery compared with HF. However, ECMO and ECMO plus IABP clearly reduced the blood flow of the left arteria femoralis compared to that of the right arteria femoralis (ECMO: 194.04 vs. 730.80 mL/min; ECMO plus IABP: 342.15 vs. 947.22 mL/min). In addition, the flow of ECMO accessed the renal artery more than the left ventricular flow. Greater ventricular flow perfused to the renal artery at a diastolic period for ECMO plus IABP, especially at the time points of 2.192 s and 2.304 s. Compared to the velocity distribution with ECMO, the flow of the right arteria femoralis was increased in the process of IABP-on. According to these four cases, the stress of the vascular wall was increased for ECMO support at the systolic period. The peak wall stress of ECMO is increased by 20% at 1.68 s. ConclusionsECMO plus IABP is more conducive to the blood supply than other cases from the result of numerical simulation. The location of blood intersection was generated in the region of the renal artery, which is estimated carefully.

Outcomes with intra-aortic balloon pump in high risk cardiac surgery patients

ABSTRACT Introduction: In high-risk cardiac surgical patients the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) is the most frequent used tool for temporary mechanical circulatory support during the perioperative phase. The effects of IABP are an increase in diastolic blood pressure, an improvement in coronary perfusion and a reduction of ventricular afterload, so it increases the stroke volume and cardiac output. Objective: To study the effect of preoperative use of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) on the outcome of high-risk patients that were subjected to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods: From June 2009 to June 2011. Group of 100 patients considered as high-risk patients were subjected to elective bypass cardiac surgery at our center. Forty patients subjected to preoperative IABP as a prophylactic measure and 60 patients were not subjected to IABP. This is retrospective study of prospectively collected data .The definition of High risk was the presence of two or more known risk factors. The patient’s outcome is compared regarding the predicted mortality of the Euro SCORE. The preoperative effect of IABP on the outcome, mortality and 30 days follow-up was statistically analyzed. Results: Forty patients subjected to preoperative IABP as prophylactic measure due to higher Euro SCORE-predicted mortality than other 60 patients did not subject to IABP(60% vs 40 %, P = ˂0.05). Seventy patients (70%) were male while (30%) were female with a mean age of 58.62 ± 9.65 years. Patients subjected to preoperative IABP had increased a percentage of hospital mortality (P = ˂0.05) but this percentage is relatively lower than predicted by Euro SCORE. Patients subjected to preoperative IABP had lower rate of postoperative complication (acute kidney insult (P = 0.045), cardiac surgical intensive care unit (CSICU) stay (P = 0.032) and decrease the need for postoperative inotrope (P = 0.046)) compared to patients without preoperative IABP use. Other complications postoperative were low and similar in both groups. Conclusions: We conclude that patients have high-risk CABG, the preoperative IABP in this group with higher predicted mortality was associated with a relative reduction than predicted by Euro score. The preoperative IABP in this group has a reliable and acceptable outcome on postoperative complications. Keywords: intra-aortic balloon pump, High Risk, Cardiac Surgery