Effects Of Industrial Air Pollution Research Articles

Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study

Air pollution in urban areas increases as a result of emitted air from different sources within the mixing layer of troposphere. Odor pollution is amongst the primary reasons behind environmental nuisance and occurrence of citizen complaints. Frequent exposure to odorous compounds and/or odor nuisance are increasingly associated with air pollution problems. Besides, there is no universally accepted environmental odor management method reported so far. Level of air pollutants emission, distance of emission sources to residential areas, to-pography, geographical and meteorological conditions have influence on imposed level of air pollution and odor pollution in cities.
 
 This study is built on the citizen odor complaint data (based on frequency, intensity, duration, odor tone and location (namely the FIDOL factors) collected in Çorlu/Tekirdağ through the GIS integrated public participated platform, namely the Çorlu KODER mobile application. The annual odor complaint data was briefly introduced and given an evaluation with the mo-bile app users demographic information. The obtained data between August 28-November 2 of 2021, was subjected to interpretative evaluation and statistical analysis with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylene benzene and xylen) concentrations, inorganic air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors. In light of the obtained results, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and toluene concentration were found to play a significant role on the number of citizen odor complaints. The EU reported limit value, lower rating threshold and upper rating threshold for BTEX pollutants have been exceeded several times.
 
 The average Toluene/benzene ratios obtained during the study show that; non-traffic sources contribute significantly to VOC emissions. Air pollutants transportation mechanism from neighbouring OIZ settlements become a prominent justification and support the hypothesis that residential areas of Corlu are under the effect of industrial air pollution and odor pollution con-stituents. There is low level of negative correlation between the benzene measured in Çorlu and WS (r=-0.63). Below 2.4 m/s, the average number of odor complaints (ANOC) tend to increase, while above this level odor complaints are diminished). The ANOC remained around 4 for[C] < 4 ug/m3 and reached to 18 for [C]BTEXtotal > 8 ug/m3. Above [C]Toluen=3 ug/m3 conditions, Daily ANOC increase from 7 to 19. Over [C]Toluen= 4 ug/m3 conditions, it reached up to 23. Increses in the number of daily ANOC by temperature is distinct over 21 C0 and reaches to 35. 
 
 The GIS integrated citizen complaint collection platforms are critical for real-time data collection of environmental complaints with high spatiotemporal accuracy. Citizen odor complaint surveys are useful monitoring tools and obtained data sets can be used to identify sensitive areas where and when specific actions should be taken and air pollutants measuement studies be performed.

Synergistic effect of industrial air pollution and carbon emission reduction in China and influencing mechanism

Synergistic effect of industrial air pollution and carbon emission reduction in China and influencing mechanism

Effects of industrial air pollution on lung functions of primary school children in Himachal Pradesh

Background: Industrial air pollution is one of the most evident environmental problems experienced by all. Air pollution leading to respiratory illnesses is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality with children more susceptible to its effects. Spirometry can be used to estimate their lung function and aid in the diagnosis of certain respiratory disorders in children.Methods: Cross sectional assessment of the lung functions of the primary school children using spirometer was done in the severely polluted industrial area. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEFR) for each child was measured after their anthropometric measurement.Results: Emission records for the year 2017-18 showed respirable suspended particulate matters (RSPM) level at as high as 286.3 ug/m3. We analyzed 464 spirometry results with equal number from industrial and non-industrial area. We observed that the Industrial areas had the significantly higher number of children with abnormal levels of all observed spirometry parameters except for FVC. Obstructive pattern of spirometry in the industrial area was significantly higher (odds ratio of 4.00, 95%, CI 1.78-8.95, p<0.05) than children in non-industrial area.Conclusions: It was concluded with the estimated overall distribution of 3.01% of probable obstructive illness, 2.58% of restrictive illness and 1.51% of mixed pattern of illness.

Effects of industrial air pollution on the technical efficiency of agricultural production: Evidence from China

With the increase in industrial plants in the rural areas of developing countries, the effects of industrial air pollution on the technical efficiency of agricultural production have attracted considerable attention. However, although some studies have investigated the effects of air pollution on crops' yields, only few of them have focused on how industrial air pollution affects the relationships among production factors and their technical efficiency. Using survey data collected from southwestern China, this paper analyses the effects of point-source air pollution on rice production by incorporating air pollution as an input in a translog production function. Our findings indicate that industrial air pollution lowers the marginal products of factors, alters the relationships of labour-capital and chemical-capital from complementarity to substitution, and changes the seed-chemical relationship from substitution to complementarity. Furthermore, the complementary elasticities of labour-chemical and labour-seed are reduced, whereas that of capital-seed is improved. Without considering the changes in the production function, the technical efficiency estimated using the traditional stochastic frontier analysis method appears to be overestimated compared with that estimated using a modified measure. The understanding of the effects of industrial air pollution on technical efficiency will help researchers in making a sound estimation of agricultural loss and provide helpful insights for policy-makers.

The Effect of Air Pollution on Developmental Stages and Pollen Germination, Pollen Tube Growth and Fruit Set of the Apple Cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Golab’

In this study, the effect of industrial air pollution on developmental stages and pollen germination, pollen tube growth and fruit set of the apple cultivars ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Golab’ was studied. For this purpose, the flowers of the apple cultivars used were collected in early spring among the trees of the same age from Astaneh region as the non-polluted region, the region around the refinery as the semi-polluted region, and the Gavar region as the polluted region. The results of the variance analysis showed that the highest rate of pollen germination and pollen tube growth was associated with ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivar in Astaneh region; while, the lowest rate was related to the ‘Golab’ cultivar in Gavar region. The least amount of fruit set was related to pollen grains belonging to Gavar and refinery regions, whereas pollen grains from Astaneh region led to the highest amount of fruit set. Evaluation of the developmental stages of the anthers and pollen grains by light microscopy and SEM images of pollen grains showed that pollen grains from trees in polluted regions lost their normal forms and developed wrinkles. The results indicated that the effect of pollution on production of pollen grains with abnormal shape in the ‘Golab’ cultivar was more than the ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivar. Therefore, it is recommended for areas with air pollution to cultivate ‘Golden Delicious’ instead of ‘Golab’.

Does industrial air pollution drive health care expenditures? Spatial evidence from China

The severe health damage and massive health costs associated with industrial air pollution have attracted global concern. A spatial lag model with decomposed direct and indirect spatial effects was used to estimate the impact of industrial air pollution on health care expenditures in Chinese provinces from 2002 to 2014. The control variables of health reform, GDP per capita, urbanization, aging, education level, and hospital supplies were considered. Moran's I index was applied to investigate the spatial agglomeration of health care expenditures. The spatial lag model with fixed effects provided the best fit to measure the effect of industrial air pollution on health care expenditures. The global Moran's I of provincial health care expenditures increased from 0.3988 in 2002 to 0.4554 in 2014. The estimated spatial lag coefficient of provincial health care expenditures was 0.188. The estimated direct and indirect effects of industrial air pollution on provincial health care expenditures were 0.032 and 0.0072, respectively. The direct effect of health reform on health care expenditures was −0.006. The results indicate that the strengthening spatial agglomeration of provincial health care expenditures is caused by the joint effect of industrial air pollution, health reform, and other socioeconomic factors. Industrial air pollution increases health care expenditures in the local and neighboring provinces. Most importantly, the effect of industrial air pollution outweighs the reduction effect of health reform on health care expenditures. The final remarks of this paper suggest three main measures to reduce industrial air pollution and its health costs.

Associations between urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress and air pollutants observed in a randomized crossover exposure to steel mill emissions.

The effects of industrial air pollution on human health have not been as thoroughly investigated as those of urban air pollution which originates mostly from automotive transport. To better assess the health impacts of point sources of industrial air pollution, a randomized crossover exposure study was conducted. Sixty one young and healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to spend five consecutive eight-hour days near a steel mill or at a location five kilometres away. After a nine or sixteen-day washout period, volunteers spent another five consecutive days at the second site. Meteorological conditions and air pollutants were monitored at both exposure sites. On each exposure day, the first morning urine was collected along with a second urine sample obtained immediately before leaving the exposure site at the end of the day. Urinary levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage), malondialdehyde (MDA, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation), 8-isoprostane (8-IsoP, a bioactive metabolite resulting from the peroxidation of arachidonic acid) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF, involved in response to oxidative stress) were measured. According to mixed-effects linear regression models, intra-individual variations in 8-OHdG urinary levels were significantly associated with exposure site, but surprisingly, lower levels were observed at the steel mill site. Delayed, temporally-defined associations with specific air pollutants were observed for 8-OHdG, 8-IsoP and VEGF. However, these associations were subtle, presented complex patterns and their biological consequences remain unclear.

Residential exposure to industrial pollution: is there an association with adverse pregnancy outcomes?

Introduction: An industrial plant located in the northeast of Rome, Italy, has been manufacturing and recycling chemical catalysts and refining platinum group metals since 1956. Over time, the industrial area has been embedded within the city increasing risk perception among the population. Several studies have pointed out the adverse effect of industrial air pollution on pregnancy outcomes. We studied the reproductive health in women residing close to the plant incinerator using two exposure indicators (residential proximity and air pollutants derived from a dispersion model). Methods: For all mothers residing within 7km from the incinerator data on births during the period 2001-2012 were retrieved from the Hospital Birth Registry. Residential proximity was defined using 1Km buffers with increasing distance from the incinerator. A Lagrangian dispersion model was carried out to estimate residential exposure to SOx and this was categorized into four levels (<50°pct; 50°-70°pct; 70°-90°pct; ≥90°pct). Outcomes studied were: prevalence of males, preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA), twin births and congenital anomalies diagnosed at birth. A Poisson regression model was performed adjusting for traffic, maternal education, place of birth and age. Results: The study area had a twofold increase in births compared to Rome (15%vs7%) and we analyzed 37939 newborns. 4% of them lived within 2km from the incinerator with maximum levels of SOx. We found a weak association with residential proximity and SGA (0-1Km vs 4-7Km: RR=1.42;95%CI:0.98-2.08) and twin births (0-3Km vs 4-7Km: RR=1.17;95%CI:0.97-1.40). An increase in the risk of cardiac congenital anomaly was observed for increases in SOx exposure ( ≥90°pct vs <50°pct: RR=1.47;95%CI:1.00–2.16). Conclusions: Exposure to industrial pollution during pregnancy might be a risk factor for child health. Further analysis to better-characterize parental risk factors may increase the strength of findings.

Environmental Impacts of Industrial Pollution on Pollen Morphology of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae)

Study was aimed to investigate the effect of industrial air pollution on pollen morphology of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. , belonging to family Myrtaceae. Data revealed that there are differences in pollen morphological characteristics of E. globulus that grows in polluted industrial area in comparing with the pollen of that plant grows in healthy conditions (control area). Eucalyptus pollen grains are flattened triangular- obtuse- convex shape in polar view (the only view that is usually present). Aperture ( trizonocolpate- syncolpate), colpi fusing in each apocolpium to cut off an island of exine shaped like a triangle. Sculpture, psilate. The LM and SEM studies revealed that pollen grains of the control area showed normal size, shape and sculpture. While in case of polluted industrial one there is a shrinkage in size, thinning of exine, protrusion elements on the pollen surface, some attached particulate materials on the pollen surface ; that may be affected due to air pollution.

Industrial Air Pollution and Its Effects on Human’s Respiratory System (A Sociological Study of Bhoun shugar Mill District Jhang, Pakistan)

This research explores the phenomenon of the awareness of people about industrial air pollution and its effects on human’s respiratory system. It is a comparative study in Bhoun Shugar mill Jhang. There were two universes for the present research one who were living in industry and the other who were living near villages industry. The researchers selected 90 respondents by using purposive sampling technique. The tool of data collection for Survey was a semi structured interview schedule, constructed in English. Interview schedule was comprised of 24 questions. There were 6 themes in focus group discussion guide. The data was collected, tabulated and analyzed. Chi- square test is used and percentages calculated for the analysis of data, which were indicating that those people who lived near industrial area were affected more due to industrial air pollution than those who lived far away from industries. Results illustrated that majority of the respondents (91.1 percent) were aware about reasons of air pollution in their area. However, 88.9 percent respondents were aware about the effects of industrial air pollution. Greater part of respondents (90.0 percent) faced respiratory health problems due to industrial smoke. Majority of respondents (83.3 percent) felt hurdles in their routine work and social life due to industrial smoke. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n3p535

Effect of industrial air pollution on wild plant seed germination and seedling growth

Germination of the following wild plant seeds was studied: bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), cowberry (V. vitis-idaea L.), bog bilberry (V. uliginosum L.), black crowberry (Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.), bunchberry (Chamaepericlymenum suecicum (L.) Aschers. et Graebn.), cottongrass (Eriophorum polystachion L.), goldenrod (Solidago lapponica With.), fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.), marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre L.), cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The seeds were collected at different distances from the source of industrial air pollution (Severonickel smelter complex, Murmansk region). The task was the assessment of potential possibility of restoring corrupted north forest plant communities via seed propagation. By the response of reproductive structures to stressor, investigated species were divided into 3 groups: tolerant (members of the genus Vaccinium and Ch. angustifolium); moderately tolerant (C. palustre, E. polystachion, A. uva-ursi, and R. chamaemorus); and sensitive (P. sylvestris, E. hermaphroditum, and S. lapponica). Laboratory seed germinability of Vaccinium species was high (> 90%) regardless of the levels of Ni and Cu accumulation in the seeds and the index of technogenic load, whereas this index in E. hermaphroditum and P. sylvestris seeds was significantly reduced with the increase in the heavy metal contents in the seeds. The greenhouse experiments with the seeds of three Vaccinium species collected in the background area and in the zone of the highest pollution and germinated on the forest litter from the same sites and observation for seedling development allow us to conclude that a potential possibility of these species to seed propagation are not limited by their seed viability even under conditions of the highest technogenic load. In sites of environment pollution, the high metal content in the upper soil layer is the main factor limiting plant seed propagation.

Antioxidant Response of Three Tillandsia Species Transplanted to Urban, Agricultural, and Industrial Areas

To evaluate the physiological response of Tillandsia capillaris Ruiz & Pav. f. capillaris, T. recurvata L., and T. tricholepis Baker to different air pollution sources, epiphyte samples were collected from a noncontaminated area in the province of Córdoba (Argentina) and transplanted to a control site as well as three areas categorized according to the presence of agricultural, urban, and industrial (metallurgical and metal-mechanical) emission sources. A foliar damage index (FDI) was calculated with the physiological parameters chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydroperoxyconjugated dienes, sulfur (S) content, and dry weight-to-fresh weight ratio. In addition, electrical conductivity (E-cond), relative water content (RWC), dehydration kinetics (Kin-H(2)O), total phenols (T-phen), soluble proteins (S-prot), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase were determined. The parameters E-cond, FDI, SOD, RWC, and Kin-H(2)O can serve as suitable indicators of agricultural air pollution for T. tricholepis and T. capillaris, and CAT, Kin-H(2)O, and SOD can do the same for T. recurvata. In addition, MDA, T-phen, and S-prot proved to be appropriate indicators of urban pollution for T. recurvata. Moreover, FDI, E-cond, and SOD for T. recurvata and MDA for T. tricholepis, respectively, could be used to detect deleterious effects of industrial air pollution.

The effect of industrial air pollution on membrane lipid composition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

This work was undertaken to determine lipids changes in needles of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris </em>L.) populations growning on polluted stands near a phosphate fertilizer factory in Luboń, and copper smelter in Głogów and in a control area in Kórnik. Needles from polluted areas had a lower content of total phospholipids than samples from the unpolluted site. Greater changes were detected in membranes of needles collected in October and January. In comparison with the control total phospholipid in needles of populations from polluted areas were 14 to 33% lower. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglicerol (PG) were the dominant phospholipids. The analysis of fatty acids in phospholipid fraction showed a decrease of linoleic acid (18:2) and linolenic acid (18:3) contents. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in needles of three populations from polluted areas was up to 40% lower as compared with the control. Moreover, phospholipids and their fatty acids showed seasonal fluctuations. The contents of PC, PG and PE increased in autumn and in winter, during the process of cold acclimation. In July, current-year needles did not show significant differences in membrane lipid composition between the polluted areas of Scots pine populations. The results suggest that the lipid changes of needles could be associated with disturbances in phohospholipid metabolism, caused by environmental pollution.

Effects of industrial air pollution on the respiratory health of children

There is growing concern regarding to the possible effects of air pollution on respiratory health of children in Eleme industrial area of Port-Harcourt Nigeria. A total of 250 children were sampled from six primary schools with pre-nursery facilities for a period of 18 months. Subjects were divided into two zones (A and B), monitored and examined on weekly basis. The effects of four criteria pollutants (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and carbon monoxide) on the respiratory health of the children were examined with reference to symptoms and diseases such as cough, cold, bronchitis, sinusitis and phlegm. Data were obtained from surveys of socioeconomic status of parents of subjects, three air monitoring stations and on-the-spot measurements of these pollutants and their association with symptoms and diseases analyzed. Results showed that there was a strong association between air pollution and symptoms and diseases among children. The effect was strongest among children below 2 years of age (adjusted OR = 3.5, 95%, CI 1.7-8.3) in the highly polluted zone than in the less polluted area. The higher the age of children, the lesser the susceptibility to these pollutants. These general results constitute a starting point for further research on long-term exposure to industrial air pollution and call for an urgent enforcement of regulatory standards to protect the most vulnerable groups in most of the growing metropolises of the country.

The State of the Mammal Community of Boreal Forest Ecosystems in the Vicinity of a Nickel-Smelting Plant

The effect of industrial air pollution on natural small mammal populations has been studied in the northern taiga subzone of the boreal forest zone. The results of long-term monitoring have been used to demonstrate the possibility of predicting changes in the main population and community characteristics of the animal species studied as dependent on the degree of anthropogenic impact.

Respiratory health effects of industrial air pollution on children in North Lebanon

This study assesses the association between the proximity of residence to cement and fertilizer plants in industrialized districts and respiratory health complaints among children (5-15 years old) in Northern Lebanon. A multi-stage random sample of households was selected from two exposed districts and a third non-industrialized. One child was randomly selected from each household for a total of 486 children. Living within 0-3 km of industries, as compared to living farther away (4-7 km), was associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk for cough with colds (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.40), phlegm with colds (OR = 2.14), yearly episodes of cough and phlegm (OR = 4.63), yearly chest colds (OR = 4.12), and wheezing (OR = 2.23). When compared to living in the non-industrialized district, children living within 0-3 km of industries showed a significantly higher risk for yearly chest colds (OR = 2.30). However, living in the 4-7 km region of industries was associated with a lower risk of respiratory complaints, as compared to living in the comparison area. This was attributed to higher altitudes and different meteorological characteristics. A higher risk of respiratory problems was reported among children living close to cement than fertilizer industries. Policy intervention measures are recommended.

Effects of Industrial Air Pollution on Pulmonary Response to Methacholine in Schoolchildren

The present study was performed to compare bronchial reactivity, measured by methacholine inhalation test, in a group of school children living in an industrialized area (Priolo, Siracusa, Italy) with another group of children living in a nonpolluted, nonindustrialized area (Scicli, Ragusa, Italy). All the children came from the fifth primary class of their school and represented all the children of that age group in each school. Eighty-nine children in Priolo and 93 in Scicli were enrolled in the study. The information on asthma, bronchitis, and passive smoking exposure was collected by a standardized and validated questionnaire. No statistical differences were recorded between the study and the control group for age, gender, cigarette smoking by parents or the children themselves, and parents' educational level. A statistically different significance was recorded for paternal job, which were workers in Priolo industries and farmers in Scicli (p < 0.01). No differences between the two groups were reported for asthma diagnosis and atopic status, but in the study group there was a statistical significant increase of bronchitis (tracheobronchial inflammation with mucus hyperproduction), 13 at Priolo and 3 at Scicli (p < 0.01). The methacholine was administered with the nebulizer connected to a dosimeter using a compressed air source (Mefar dosimeter). Bronchial reactivity of children living in the Priolo area was statistically higher (p < 0.001) than that of the control group living in Scicli. In the study group, 23 children (26%) demonstrated a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume at the first second (FEV1), while only 4 (4.3%) from the control group presented a similar reduction. The mean PD20 of the Priolo group was significantly lower (ie, 832 ± 591 mg), than the mean of the Scicli group (ie, 1215 ± 675 mg). The results of the present study suggest that industrial pollution can be responsible for an increase in bronchial reactivity, and could, therefore, potentially contribute to an increase in the incidence and severity of respiratory disease in children.

Respiratory health effects of industrial air pollution: a study in east Lancashire, UK.

To determine whether there was a higher incidence of respiratory ill health in children living near to a cement works than in those from a different area, and if so whether the higher incidence was due to the use of a hazardous waste-derived fuel at the works. A sample of the population of children living near the cement works (the study area) was compared with a sample of children living between 9 and 19 km away from the site (the control area). The cement works is located on the north eastern edge of a small rural town in east Lancashire. Data were collected via the use of a health questionnaire. This was distributed through selected primary schools to families who had one or more children of primary school age (5-11 years). The study and control populations were comparable in terms of response rates, gender, and socioeconomic indicators. There was no significant difference in the incidence of asthma (as diagnosed by a general practitioner) between the two areas when adjustment for hayfever was made. The incidence of sore throat was significantly higher in the case area, a difference not explained by other factors. For two other non-specific indicators of respiratory health (blocked nose and sore eyes) there was a significantly higher incidence in the study area, although hayfever and mould were also significant influences. The results indicated that certain non-specific health indicators were more common in the children living near a cement works. This excess may be due to exposure to emissions from the site. However, it is not possible to draw firm conclusions because there are no epidemiological data predating the use of the hazardous waste derived fuel.

Damage to plants due to industrial pollution and their use as bioindicators in Egypt

Effects of industrial air pollution on growth parameters of clover and Egyptian mallow were examined at three locations in the industrial area of Shoubra Elkheima, north of Cairo. Symptoms of plant damage appeared in the form of chlorosis and necrotic patterns. The decrease in chlorophyll reached more than 60% in plants cultivated in the industrial region. Plant growth and dry weights were reduced by more than 50%. The reduction in chlorophyll and growth parameters was correlated with the concentrations of air pollutants measured in the atmosphere of the locations examined. Moreover, clover and Egyptian mallow plants cultivated in the region of Shoubra Elkheima accumulated lead and cadmium, which can pass into the human food chain. It is concluded that these plants can be used as biomonitors for industrial air pollution.

Effects of industrial air pollution on wildlife

Air pollution is a recognized health hazard for man and domestic animals. Although industrial air pollutants have been known to cause sickness and death of the latter for over 100 years, little attention has been paid to their importance in the decline of wildlife. This paper reviews the existing information on the effects of industrial air pollutants on vertebrate wildlife. Air pollutants have had a worldwide effect on both wild birds and wild mammals, often causing marked decreases in local animal populations. The major effects of industrial air pollution on wildlife include direct mortality, debilitating industrial-related injury and disease, physiological stress, anaemia, and bioaccumulation. Some air pollutants have caused a change in the distribution of certain wildlife species.