Effect Of Holder Pasteurization Research Articles

Effect of Holder Pasteurization, Mode of Delivery, and Infant's Gender on Fatty Acid Composition of Donor Breast Milk.

Breast milk (BM) plays a crucial role in providing essential fatty acids (FA) and energy for the growing infant. When the mother's own BM is not available, nutritional recommendations suggest donor milk (DM) in clinical and home practices. BM was collected from a variety of donor mothers in different lactation stages. Holder pasteurization (HoP) eliminates potential contaminants to ensure safety. FA content of BM samples from the Breast Milk Collection Center of Pécs, Hungary, were analyzed before and after HoP. HoP decreases the level of C6:0, C8:0, C14:1n-5c, C18:1n-9c, C18:3n-6c, C18:3n-3c, and C20:4n-6c in BM, while C14:0, C16:0, C18:1n-9t, C22:0, C22:1n-9c, C24:0, C24:1n-9c, and C22:6n-3c were found in elevated concentration after HoP. We did not detect time-dependent concentration changes in FAs in the first year of lactation. BM produced for girl infants contains higher C20:2n-6c levels. In the BM of mothers who delivered via cesarean section, C12:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1n-9t, C22:1n-9c levels were higher, while C18:2n-6c, C22:0, C24:0, and C22:6n-3c concentrations were lower compared to mothers who gave birth spontaneously. FAs in BM are constant during the first year of lactation. Although HoP modifies the concentration of different FAs, pasteurized DM provides essential FAs to the developing infant. Current data providing information about the FA profile of BM gives origination to supplementation guidelines.

Characterization of D-amino acids in colostral, transitional, and mature preterm human milk.

D-Amino acids are regulatory molecules that affect biological processes. Therefore, being able to accurately detect and quantify these compounds is important for understanding their impact on nutrition and health. There is a paucity of information regarding D-amino acids in human milk. We developed a fast method for simultaneous analysis of amino acid enantiomers in human milk using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The method enables the separation of 41 amino acids without chemical derivatization. Our results revealed that human milk from mothers of preterm infants contains concentrations of D-amino acids that range from 0.5 to 45% that of their L-counterparts and that levels of most D-amino acids decrease as the milk production matures. Moreover, we found that Holder pasteurization of milk does not cause racemization of L-amino acids. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe percentages of D-amino acid levels in human milk; changes in D-amino acid concentration as the milk matures; and the effect of Holder pasteurization on D- and L-amino acid concentrations in human milk.

The effect of Holder pasteurization on the lipid and metabolite composition of human milk

Human milk (HM) is the gold standard for newborn nutrition. When own mother’s milk is not sufficiently available, pasteurized donor human milk becomes a valuable alternative. In this study we analyzed the impact of Holder pasteurization (HoP) on the metabolic and lipidomic composition of HM. Metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of twelve paired HM samples were analysed before and after HoP by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography-MS. Lipidomic analysis enabled the annotation of 786 features in HM out of which 289 were significantly altered upon pasteurization. Fatty acid analysis showed a significant decrease of 22 out of 29 detectable fatty acids. The observed changes were associated to five metabolic pathways. Lipid ontology enrichment analysis provided insight into the effect of pasteurization on physical and chemical properties, cellular components, and functions. Future research should focus on nutritional and/or developmental consequences of these changes.

Effect of Holder pasteurization on macronutrients and energy content of pooled donor human milk

Background: Donor human milk (DHM) is the best option for preterm nutrition when mother’s milk is unavailable. For its proven benefits on the life and health of premature babies, DHM should be part of the essential newborn care. The fortification of human milk is necessary to ensure adequate growth and consequent good neurodevelopment. Holder pasteurization is routinely practiced in human milk banks (HMBs) to ensure safety of DHM but can impact the macronutrient content. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of Holder pasteurization on fat, protein, lactose and energy content of DHM and compare our data with the literature. Methods: Protein, lactose, fats and energy of 100 DHM pools from 87 women were analyzed before and after Holder pasteurization using Miris HMA™ (Human Milk Analyzer, Miris AB, Uppsala, Sweden), with the infrared spectroscopic method. The mean macronutrient contents before and after Holder pasteurization were compared using paired t-tests, and the variations in the concentration of the components were calculated as Delta%. The data obtained were compared to other studies with the same purpose. Results: We observed a reduction in fat (3.12 ± 1.64 vs 2.55 ± 0.85, with Delta% -14.9 ± 13.0 and p-value < 0.0001), T protein (1.05 ± 0.26 vs 0.89 ± 0.20, with Delta% -8.9 ± 63.0 and p-value < 0.0001), energy content (61.38 ± 18.66 vs 55.00 ± 8.27, with Delta% -8.1 ± 9.4 and p-value 0.0001), while no significant changes were observed for lactose content (6.35 ± 0.80 vs 6.43 ± 0.58, with Delta% 6.5 ± 56.7 and p-value 0.3735). Data in the literature on the effect of Holder pasteurization on DHM macronutrients are variable, and the only constant element is the non-variation of the carbohydrate content. Conclusion: Holder pasteurization decreased protein, fat and energy content of DHM. The lactose content has not been affected after the Holder pasteurization. After having assessed a remarkable variation in the macronutrient content in comparison with other studies, the adjustable fortification, especially if based on the composition data, might be more accurate. In addition, despite the fact that Holder pasteurization is actually the method recommended by the international HMB guidelines, as it provides a compromise between microbiological safety and nutritional/biological quality of DHM, studies on alternative methods capable of treating DHM preserving the milk’s components are desirable.

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Storage on Macronutrients in Donor Human Milk

Objective: Milk delivered to human milk banks should be pasteurized and stored at -20°C in order to inactivate any microbial agents that may be present. We aimed to quantify the changes in the macronutrient composition of donor human milk (DHM) that underwent Holder pasteurization (HoP) and subsequent storage. Methods: A total of 54 breast milk samples from 26 healthy lactating mothers were collected at different time points after delivery, at intervals ranging from 1-6 months. We measured the carbohydrate, protein, fat, and energy content before and after HoP. After HoP, DHM was stored at -20°C, and the nutrients were measured at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks after storage commenced. Results: The difference in time between expression of milk and pasteurization did not affect the concentration of macronutrients. However, the protein, fat, and energy contents decreased significantly during HoP. The mean values of the protein, fat, and energy contents in DHM pre-HoP were 1.2 g/dL, 3.7 g/dL, and 72.1 kcal/dL, compared with post-HoP values of 1.0 g/dL, 3.1 g/dL, and 65.2 kcal/dL, respectively. Although HoP reduced the protein, fat, and energy contents of donor milk by 16.7%, 16.2%, and 9.6%, respectively, the carbohydrate content was not reduced. Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the content of all the analyzed macronutrients following storage for up to 20 weeks. Conclusion: The post-HoP storage period affected nutrients, with several human milk components decreasing in content after HoP. As such, DHM after HoP may need fortification to ensure normal infant growth.

Impact of Holder pasteurization on essential elements from human donor milk: Total contents and protein-binding profiles

Holder pasteurization is a thermal treatment commonly applied to milk in human milk banks. However, the application of heating processes can affect the actual composition of milk. In this work, the effect of Holder pasteurization on essential elements in donor human breast milk was studied, including total contents and protein-binding profile of Cu, Fe, Se and Zn. The total contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and chemical speciation studies were conducted by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to an ICP-MS and to an UV–vis detector. Total concentrations (μg/L) of Cu (0.19 ± 0.01), Fe (0.35 ± 0.01), Se (0.010 ± 0.003) and Zn (0.57 ± 0.01) were obtained before pasteurization and concentrations of Cu (0.19 ± 0.01), Fe (0.36 ± 0.02), Se (0.008 ± 0.002) and Zn (0.57 ± 0.01) were obtained after pasteurization. Their protein-binding profiles did not change significantly for the majority of the species, indicating a low degree of interconversion due to the elevation of the temperature. However, protein profiles changed after pasteurization, indicating that the losses occurred mainly in the apo form (metal-free form) of proteins rather than in their holo forms (metallo-species).

Effect of Holder pasteurization on macronutrients and immunoglobulin profile of pooled donor human milk

Objective: The objective of this study was to study the effect of Holder pasteurization on macronutrients and immunoglobulin profile of pooled donor human milk.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a Human Milk Bank of a tertiary care teaching institute in south India. Thirty random paired pooled donor human milk samples (before and after pasteurization) were analyzed for macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) using infrared spectroscopy. Similarly, immunoglobulin profile (IgA and IgG) before and after pasteurization was quantified using ELISA.Results: The mean values of protein, fat, and carbohydrates in pooled donor milk pre-pasteurization were 1.6, 3.6, and 6.1 g/dl compared with post-pasteurization values 1.4, 2.7, and 5.9 g/dl, respectively. Pasteurization reduced protein, fat, and energy content of pooled donor milk by 12.5%, 25%, and 16%, respectively. However, carbohydrates were not significantly reduced. Pasteurization decreased IgA by 30% and IgG by 60%.Conclusion: Holder pasteurization of pooled donor human milk decreases protein, fat, and energy content and also reduces the levels of IgA and IgG.

Effect of Holder Pasteurization and Retort Processing on Bioactive Components and Nutritional Content of Human Milk

Historically, donor human milk (DHM) available in the hospital setting has been processed using Holder pasteurization (62.5°C for 30 minutes). Recent changes in the landscape of DHM have introduced new human milk products processed using retort processing (121°C for 5 minutes), also referred to as commercial sterilization. There is extensive research available outlining the effect of Holder pasteurization on nutritional and bioactive components of human milk. Conversely, research reviewing the effect of retort processing on human milk is scarce. In this study, we pooled milk samples from 60 mothers; 36 samples were taken from this pool and 12 samples were kept raw (RAW), 12 samples were Holder pasteurized (HP), and 12 samples were retort processed (RP). Samples were analyzed for total protein, percent fat and solids, total and available lysine, total aerobic bacteria, coliform, Bacillus cereus, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) activity, and lysozyme activity, using the RAW as the control. Percent fat and percent solids were unaffected by processing (p &gt; 0.05). Total protein was statistically greater in RP when compared to RAW (p &lt; 0.0001), but values between groups may not be clinically significant (1.51, 1.48, and 1.58 mg/mL, RAW, HP, and RP respectively). Total lysine analysis revealed increasing destruction of lysine with increasing treatment temperature (85.5, 76.8, and 68.3 mg/mL, for RAW, HP, and RP, respectively). Total lysine in RP was significantly less than RAW (p = 0.0006), and while HP was not statistically less than RAW, there was a trend towards significance (p = 0.09). Total lysine in HP was not statistically different from RP, though there is a trend towards significance (p = 0.08). Despite increasing destruction with increasing treatment temperature, total available lysine did not differ between groups (p = 0.31; average 24.7, 28.2, and 22.8 mg/mL for RAW, HP, and RP, respectively). HP eliminated all bacteria except Bacillus cereus, while RP eliminated all bacteria. Average sIgA activity was 1.04, 0.90, and 0.11 mg/mL for RAW, HP, and RP, respectively. Both HP and RP had significantly less sIgA activity than RAW (p &lt; 0.0001), and RP had significantly less activity than HP (p &lt; 0.0001). Average lysozyme activity was 7947, 5240, and 0 units/mL for RAW, HP, and RP, respectively. Lysozyme activity had similar statistical comparisons as sIgA activity, with HP and RP having significantly less lysozyme activity than RAW (p &lt; 0.0001), and RP having significantly less activity than HP (p &lt; 0.0001). Macronutrient levels appear to be unaffected by both HP and RP, and available lysine, usually a limiting amino acid in infants, was also similar between treatments. Bacterial screening is necessary in HP human milk to ensure absence of B. cereus. Clinicians should be aware of the differences in the activity of sIgA and lysozyme when making feeding decisions for medically fragile infants.Support or Funding InformationFunded by North Carolina State University

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization on Activin A Levels in Human Milk.

There is evidence that mother's own milk is the best nutrient in terms of multiorgan protection and infection prevention. However, when maternal milk is scarce, the solution can be represented by donor milk (DM), which requires specific storage procedures such as Holder Pasteurization (HoP). HoP is not free from side effects since it is widely known that it causes qualitative/quantitative changes in milk composition, particularly in the protein content. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of HoP on Activin A, a neurobiomarker known to play an important role in the development and protection of the central nervous system. In 24 mothers who delivered preterm (n = 12) and term (n = 12) healthy newborns, we conducted a pretest/test study where the milk donors acted as their own controls. Each sample was divided into two parts: the first was frozen at -80°C (Group 1); the second was Holder-pasteurized before freezing at -80°C (Group 2). Activin A was quantified using an ELISA test. Activin A was detected in all samples. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the two groups, also when the analysis was stratified for gestational age at delivery and milk maturation degree (p > 0.05, for both). The present findings on the absence of any side effects of HoP on the milk concentration of Activin A offer additional support to the efficacy of HoP in DM storage. Our data open up to further investigations on neurobiomarkers' assessment in human milk and their preanalytical stability according to storage procedures.

The Effect of Holder Pasteurization on Nutrients and Biologically-Active Components in Donor Human Milk: A Review.

When a mother’s milk is unavailable, the best alternative is donor milk (DM). Milk delivered to Human Milk Banks should be pasteurized in order to inactivate the microbial agents that may be present. Currently, pasteurization, performed at 62.5 °C for 30 min (Holder Pasteurization, HoP), is recommended for this purpose in international guidelines. Several studies have been performed to investigate the effects of HoP on the properties of DM. The present paper has the aim of reviewing the published papers on this topic, and to provide a comparison of the reported variations of biologically-active DM components before and after HoP. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. Studies that clearly identified the HoP parameters and compared the same DM samples, before and after pasteurization, were focused on. A total of 44 articles satisfied the above criteria, and were therefore selected. The findings from the literature report variable results. A possible explanation for this may be the heterogeneity of the test protocols that were applied. Moreover, the present review spans more than five decades, and modern pasteurizers may be able to modify the degradation kinetics for heat-sensitive substances, compared to older ones. Overall, the data indicate that HoP affects several milk components, although it is difficult to quantify the degradation degree. However, clinical practices demonstrate that many beneficial properties of DM still persist after HoP.

Effects of Holder pasteurization on the protein profile of human milk.

BackgroundThe most widespread method for the treatment of donor milk is the Holder pasteurization (HoP). The available literature data show that HoP may cause degradation of some bioactive components. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HoP on the protein profile of human milk (HM) using a GeLC-MS method, a proteomic approach and a promising technique able to offer a qualitative HM protein profile.MethodsHM samples were collected by standardized methods from 20 mothers carrying both preterm and term newborns. A aliquot of each sample was immediately frozen at -80 °C, whilst another one was Holder pasteurized and then frozen. All samples were then analyzed by GeLC-MS. The protein bands of interest were excised from the gel, digested with trypsin and identified by nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis.ResultsThe protein profile before and after HoP showed qualitative differences only in 6 samples out of 20, while in the remaining 14 no detectable differences were found. The differences interested only colostrums and transitional milk samples and regarded the decrease of the electrophoretic bands corresponding to alpha and beta-casein, tenascin, lactoferrin and immunoglobulin.ConclusionsIn the majority of samples, HoP did not cause any modification, thereby preserving the biological activity of HM proteins.

5ICCN_036: Effects of Holder pasteurization on the protein profile of human milk

5ICCN_036: Effects of Holder pasteurization on the protein profile of human milk

Quantification of hexanal as an index of lipid oxidation in human milk and association with antioxidant components

Hexanal, a secondary product of lipid oxidation, was identified as the major volatile aldehyde generated from lipid peroxidation in human milk. Hexanal was quantified in human milk using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/flame ionization detection that required correction for recovery based on the fat content of human milk. Alpha-tocopherol was the only tocopherol isomer in human milk found to be significantly correlated with hexanal (R = −0.374, p<0.05) and the total antioxidant capacity of human milk (ORACFl (R = 0.408, p<0.01)). Ascorbic acid content was negatively correlated (R = −0.403, p<0.05) with hexanal, but not to ORACFl in human milk. The effect of Holder pasteurization on oxidative status of human milk was determined using multiple parameters that included, hexanal level and malondialdehyde as markers of lipid oxidation, vitamins C and E content and antioxidant capacity (e.g. ORACFl). Pasteurization did not affect the oxidative status of milk as measured by hexanal level, ORACFl and malondialdehyde content. We conclude that hexanal is a sensitive and useful chemical indicator for assessing peroxidation reactions in human milk and that alpha tocopherol and ascorbic acid are two key antioxidant components in milk that contribute to protection against oxidation of milk lipids.

Donor milk: what's in it and what's not.

Breastfeeding and human milk are widely recognized as optimal for human infants. However, if donor milk is used when mother's own milk is not available, some questions arise concerning the effects of storage, handling, and heat processing on the unique components of human milk. Holder pasteurization (62.5 degrees C for 30 minutes) of banked human milk is the method of choice to eliminate potential viral contaminants such as human immunodeficiency virus, human T-lymphoma virus, and cytomegalovirus, as well as tuberculosis and other bacterial contaminants, while maintaining the greatest possible complement of its unique bioactive factors. This article reviews some of the critical components of human milk and what is currently known about the effects of Holder pasteurization on their biological activity.