Effects Of Harvesting Methods Research Articles

Response of terrestrial salamanders to the decade following timber harvest in hardwood forests

Timber harvesting can have strong effects on terrestrial salamanders, which are critical components of forest ecosystems and indicators of environmental change. Effects of harvest methods such as clearcutting have been studied in the short term, but few studies have examined salamander trends throughout the decade following timber harvest. The effects of other harvest methods, such as patch cuts and shelterwoods, also remain unclear. We examined the effects of clearcuts, patch cuts, and shelterwood harvests on salamander relative abundance one year before and up to eleven years after harvest in clearcuts, shelterwoods, and patch cuts at the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment (HEE). A total of 41,858 salamanders representing ten species were captured under artificial coverboards over this period with eastern red-back (Plethodon cinereus) and zigzag (Plethodon dorsalis) salamanders dominating. No significant declines occurred in the first three years following harvest, but salamander captures declined in the 4–6 and 7–11 year periods in clearcuts and patch cuts, and no signs of post-harvest recovery were found. Rapid vegetation recovery and high volumes of coarse woody debris (CWD) following harvest likely protected the microclimate used by salamanders; when CWD levels dropped 4–6 years after harvest, a corresponding decline in salamander captures occurred. These years also corresponded to a regional drought that likely increased temperature and decreased moisture in harvest openings, further impacting terrestrial salamanders. Neither the first nor second shelterwood harvests produced declines in salamanders, suggesting that canopy retention could prevent declines due to changing microclimate or drought. Our results highlight the need to consider compound effects of disturbances such as drought and canopy loss and the importance of long-term salamander monitoring following timber harvest to capture lagged effects and eventual recovery.

Sugarcane Green Harvest Effects on Arthropod Ground Predators and Lesser Cornstalk Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Damage

AbstractA field trial was conducted to determine the effects of harvest method (green cane harvest versus preharvest burning) and different crop residue removal treatments on the populations of ground-inhabiting arthropod predators and Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the first ratoon crop. Neither preharvest burning nor percentage crop residue removal after green cane harvest had any significant effect on the numbers of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (F = 1.00; df = 4; P = 0.412) or spiders (Araneae) (F = 0.08; df = 4; P = 0.921) captured in pitfall traps. In contrast, crop residue levels remaining after green cane harvest significantly impacted E. lignosellus damage to the ratoon crop, with increased damage associated with lower levels of residue. Removal of ≥66% of the crop residue caused a significant (F = 132.68; df = 3; P < 0.001) increase in E. lignosellus damage that would likely reduce sugarcane yield, while 33% of the residue could be removed without increasing damage. Overall, our data indicate that green cane harvesting will not affect arthropod ground predators but may reduce the risk of E. lignosellus damage.

Effect of harvesting methods on the energy requirement of Tetraselmis sp. biomass production and biocrude yield and quality

A halo-tolerant Tetraselmis sp. was grown in a 100,000 L raceway pond in the Qatari desert environment. As the biomass density reached 0.679 g/L, after 7 days, five different harvesting methods (i.e., cross-flow filtration, electrocoagulation, and coagulation-flocculation by FeCl3, NaOH, and alum) were applied to harvest the biomass. Hydrothermal liquefaction, for all the harvested biomass, was conducted at 350 °C for 30 mins in 10 mL Swagelok unions. The biocrude yield from cross-flow processed biomass (i.e., control) was 50.8%. Biocrude yield from electrocoagulation and alum processed biomass were 62.7% and 60.4% respectively where aluminum could have a catalytic effect. Biocrude yield from FeCl3 and NaOH processed biomass were 42.9% and 19.8% respectively. The total fraction of alkenes and alkanes was higher in the biocrude obtained from alum-harvested biomass, compared to other biocrude samples. However, the transition of metal species from biomass to biocrude was very low in all the biocrudes.

Harvest Method Influences Color Stability of Longissimus Lumborum Steaks from Bos indicus Cattle

Brazil is a major beef exporter to countries where religious slaughter without stunning is mandatory. Fresh beef color influences consumers’ purchase decisions, and harvest method influences beef quality attributes, such as color, water holding capacity, pH, and lipid oxidation. Beef color is a breed-specific trait, and the excitable temperament of Bos indicus cattle can affect fresh meat color. Nonetheless, the effects of harvest method on color and oxidative stabilities of beef from Bos indicus cattle have not been investigated yet. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the impact of harvest method on color and oxidative stabilities of longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks from Bos indicus beef cattle. The LL muscles (24 h post-mortem) were obtained from 12 Nellore bull carcasses, harvested by either captive bolt stunning (CBP; n = 6) or without stunning (NST; n = 6). The muscles were fabricated into 2.54-cm steaks, aerobically packaged, and stored for 9 d at 4°C in darkness. Myoglobin concentration was analyzed on d 0, whereas pH, instrumental color, lipid oxidation, and water holding capacity were evaluated on d 0, 3, 6, and 9. While CBP and NST steaks exhibited similar (P > 0.05) myoglobin concentration (4.84 mg/g in CBP; 4.84 mg/g in NST), CBP steaks exhibited greater (P < 0.05) surface redness and color stability than their NST counterparts throughout the storage. On the other hand, NST steaks exhibited greater (P < 0.05) pH, yellowness, and water holding capacity than CBP steaks. Overall, the lightness and lipid oxidation were greater (P < 0.05) in NST steaks than their CBP counterparts. These results indicated that harvest method influences surface discoloration and oxidative stability of fresh LL steaks from Bos indicus cattle.

Effects of Management Practices and Topography on Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Maritime Pine during Seedling Recruitment

Symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can be important for regeneration success. In a context of increasing regeneration failures in the coastal forest of maritime pine in Southwest France, we tried to identity whether differences in ECM communities could partly explain the variation of regeneration success and how they are influenced by forest practices and stand characteristics. In particular, we focused on the effects of harvesting methods (comparing mature forest with seed-tree regeneration and clear-cuts) and topography (bottom-, mid-, and top positions). Five field trials (two in regeneration failure areas and three in successful areas) were used to sample 450 one-year-old seedlings. Assessments of ECM of seedling nutrient concentrations and of seedling growth based on exploration types were made. ECM root colonisation was similar in all harvesting treatments, suggesting that enough inoculum remained alive after logging. Harvesting-induced effects modifying soil properties and light availability respectively impacted ECM composition and seedling growth. Topography-induced variations in water and nutrient availability led to changes in ECM composition, but had little impact on seedling growth. Contact, short-distance, and long-distance exploration types improved the nutritional status of seedlings (Ca, K, and N), showing that mycorrhization could play an important role in seedling vitality. However, neither ECM root colonisation nor exploration types could be related to regeneration failures.

HEAD RICE YIELD OF CROPS HARVESTED BY COMBINE AND HAND AT DIFFERENT RIPENING TIMES IN CAMBODIA

SUMMARYExperiments were conducted across 2 years to determine the effect of harvesting methods – combine harvester and hand harvesting – and harvest time during ripening on milling quality of long grain rice grown in the rainfed lowland ecosystem in Cambodia. Head rice yield (HRY) was highest when rice was harvested 25 days after flowering and decreased with delay in harvesting at 35 and 45 days after flowering. This was accompanied by a general decline in grain moisture content at harvest, although it was still high at 24–25% at 35 days after flowering. The decline in HRY was associated with increases in fissured grain percentage observed immediately after harvest. Hand harvesting produced 2–6% higher HRY than combine harvesting. Fissured grain in hand harvested crops was lower in year 1, but was similar to combine harvested crops in year 2. Both hand and combine harvested crops were sun-dried but rough rice harvested by combine was dried on plastic sheet and this may have contributed to reduction in HRY. Maximum HRY percentage was only about 44% and the factors contributing to this low HRY were discussed. Harvesting time and methods had no significant effect on grain yield, but the field grain loss during the harvesting operation was 2–5% higher in combine than hand harvesting.

Is endoscopic long saphenous vein harvesting equivalent to open harvesting technique in terms of graft patency?

A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was whether endoscopic vein harvesting (EVH) is equivalent to open vein harvesting in terms of graft patency for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. A total of 417 articles were found using the reported search, of which 4 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these articles are tabulated. Reported outcomes were vein graft failure or patency on coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography at early, mid and long-term follow-up. Of the non-randomized studies reviewed, those with greater patient numbers and longer follow-up periods showed reduced patency rates in the EVH group. Two small early randomized controlled trials demonstrated equivalent patency rates at up to 6 months follow-up. However, a more recent randomized controlled trial showed reduced patency with EVH in 63 patients at a median follow-up of 6.3 years. We conclude that high-quality evidence for the effects of harvesting method on vein graft patency is lacking, with no large randomized trials performed to date. The current evidence suggests that although rates of vein graft failure seem to be similar within the first 6 months following surgery, EVH is associated with reduced graft patency from 12 months onwards.

1424 Effect of harvest method and ammoniation on apparent digestibility and intake of baled corn residue in lambs

1424 Effect of harvest method and ammoniation on apparent digestibility and intake of baled corn residue in lambs

The effect of harvesting method on biomass retention and operational efficiency in low-value mountain forests

This study determined the biomass retention effects and the technical–financial performance of alternative harvesting practices, applied to mountain sites. The two alternatives were: whole-tree (WT) and tree-length (TL) harvesting. Five cable yarding sites were selected from a larger pool of available sales, and on each site two adjacent and parallel cable corridors were set up, using the same base equipment and crew. For each of the 10 corridors (i.e. 5 sites × 2 corridors), the following data were recorded: biomass retention, product output, time and fuel inputs. Opting for TL harvesting resulted in a large (66 %) and significant increase in biomass retention, which may prove attractive where intensified biomass removal may jeopardize soil fertility and biodiversity. TL harvesting also resulted in a moderate increase (13 %) of total harvesting cost. Furthermore, TL harvesting required 30 % more labour input than WT, which may represent a disadvantage when forest labour is scarce. The increased labour use in TL harvesting occurs mainly at the stump site, where accident risk is highest. For all these reasons, managers should take their decision very carefully and opt out of more efficient WT harvesting only when the risk derived from increased biomass removal is quite severe.

094 Effect of harvest method on corn residue quality and RUP supplementation on residue quality and performance of growing calves

094 Effect of harvest method on corn residue quality and RUP supplementation on residue quality and performance of growing calves

The effect of harvest method on cereal stubble use by seed-eating birds in a High Nature Value farming system

Biodiverse areas of traditional low-intensity agriculture in Europe, or ‘High Nature Value’ (HNV) farmland, are supported by European policy and government subsidies. However, HNV areas have declined in extent, contributing to biodiversity decline. If some traditional practices in HNV farmland could be modernised without reducing natural values, this could improve the economic viability of HNV farms, increasing their resilience to economic pressures. Here we compare one traditional and two modernised cereal harvesting methods on machair, an HNV farmed landscape typical of the Scottish islands, focussing on the value of post-harvest stubbles to wintering birds. Following traditional practice, all cereals were mixed species crops comprised of local varieties of small oats, barley and rye. Grain abundance and seed-eating bird use of stubbles was compared across 16 rounds of visits to 15 fields, five under each of three harvest methods: traditional reaper-binder (machinery from 1950–60s), combine-harvesters (1970–80s) and arable silage (1990–2000s). The two forms of harvest modernisation (combine harvester, arable silage) produced stubbles that differed markedly in bird use. Skylark and bunting occurrence, and grain abundance, were 1.7–19 times higher on stubbles following combine harvesting, than on those following arable silage. Unexpectedly, combine-harvester stubbles had similar levels of bird use to those following traditional reaper-binder harvest. Our results suggest that harvesting on machair could be modernised using (older model) combine-harvesters in place of traditional methods, with little impact on stubble value for birds, maintaining this aspect of high nature value. Conversely, modernisation involving more cereals harvested as arable silage, under current practice, is likely to reduce stubble quality for seed-eating birds. Future work could test whether delayed cutting of arable silage might create stubbles of greater value for birds.

Effects of Harvest Method on Microclimate in Florida Sugarcane

The production systems for sugarcane include either green cane or burnt cane harvesting operations. Sugarcane in Florida is typically harvested with burnt cane mechanical harvesting, but there is a growing interest to better understand the effects of green cane harvest residue “trash blankets” on microclimate conditions for sugarcane growing on both organic and mineral soils of Florida, so the authors conducted a three-year study to determine the effects of each harvest method on microclimate within the surface soil profile and at a 10 cm height from the soil surface. Results are presented in this 3-page fact sheet written by Hardev Sandhu, Maninder Singh, Robert Gilbert, Kelly Morgan, Ronald Rice, Leslie Baucum, James Shine Jr., and Mike Irey, and published by the UF Department of Agronomy, April 2015. (UF/IFAS Photo: Josh Wickham.) SS-AGR-385/SC100: Effects of Harvest Method on Microclimate in Florida Sugarcane (ufl.edu)

Effect of harvesting methods on the reusability of water for cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris, its lipid productivity and biodiesel quality

The large water footprint is one of the major bottlenecks for the sustainable microalgae-based biorefinery. In order to reduce the amount of water that is needed for mass cultivation of microalgae, the reusability of culture medium for further algal growth was tested. Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in recycled medium that was obtained from harvesting microalgal cells by using either centrifugation or flocculation with FeCl3 or alum. The present study shows that centrifugation and flocculation with FeCl3 are equally effective (>90%) for harvesting C. vulgaris without any deleterious effects on algal growth when recycled media was used. However, even low concentration (<5ppm) of residual alum was shown to inhibit microalgal growth. More interestingly, the recycled media obtained after centrifugation or flocculation with FeCl3 had a positive effect on biomass and lipid productivity of C. vulgaris. Extracellular substances such as carbohydrate, proteins, or ferric ions in the recycled media appear to cause these positive effects. Furthermore, change of pH to 2–3 and washing with water were found to effectively remove the residual ferric ions that are present in either harvested biomass or biodiesel, respectively. These results suggest that the use of recycled medium for microalgal cultivation is possible, and the choice of harvest methods must be carefully made when the recycling of culture medium is considered for microalgal cultivation.

Canola Genotypes and Harvest Methods Affect Seedbank Addition

Seed loss in canola [Brassica napus L., B. rapa L., and B. juncea (L.) Czern. &amp; Coss.], which includes seed shatter and seeds in unopened dropped pods, leads to yield reductions and seed dispersal into the soil seedbank. The volunteer canola can then become a weed in the subsequent crops and cause yield losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate canola genotypes, harvest methods, and commercial pod sealant products to reduce canola seedbank addition. Field trials were conducted at Saskatoon, SK, Canada, in 2010 and 2011. The effect of harvest methods (untreated direct harvested [DH], Pod Ceal treated DH, Pod‐Stik‐treated DH, and windrowed) on seed loss in four B. napus genotypes (5440, 45H26, 5020, 4362), and a canola quality B. juncea (8571) were evaluated. Results showed that there were differences in seedbank addition among the canola genotypes in each year. The B. napus Genotypes 5440 and 45H26 were found to have lesser seedbank addition than other genotypes. Neither of the two pod sealant products reduced seed loss in canola. The windrowed canola had higher seedbank addition than the DH canola. This study indicated that direct harvesting can be a viable option for canola in western Canada and canola seedbank addition could be minimized by growing genotypes with improved shattering tolerance.

Effects of harvesting methods on physicochemical and microbial qualities of honey

Honey harvesting is accomplished using two main methods: traditional and modern methods; the former involves the use of naked flames to rid off or even destroy honey bees, while the latter involves use of smoke to suppress bees' aggressiveness. This research work investigated the effect of the method of harvesting on the quality of honey. The quality attributes investigated include: colour, total solids, viscosity, pH, diastase activity, acidity, sugars, ash, nitrogen, total antioxidants, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content and microbial properties. The results revealed that the honey samples harvested using modern harvesting method had better quality in terms of ash content, total antioxidants, diastase activity, colour, sugars and microbiological attributes. The lower quality of honey harvested using traditional method could be attributed to the adverse effect of the burning during traditional harvesting on the quality of the honey. It is therefore concluded that modern method of harvesting honey produces better quality of honey and should be encouraged.

Effects of harvesting methods on sustainability of a bay scallop fishery: Dredging uproots seagrass and displaces recruits

Effects of harvesting methods on sustainability of a bay scallop fishery: Dredging uproots seagrass and displaces recruits

Effect of harvesting method on quality and shelf‐life of mango fruits

AbstractInstead of letting the fruits fall to the ground, mangoes were harvested by an improved technique. Fruits were snapped off the tree with a pole equipped with a long cloth sleeve held open by a ring. When the pedicel was severed, the fruit dropped into the bag and slid smoothly down to be received by the picker. The improved method greatly improved fruit quality, reduced post‐harvest losses and extended the shelf‐life. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd

Effect of harvesting method on quality and storability of dry dates in Sudan

AbstractHarvesting Barakawi and Gondeila dates by climbing the palm and lowering the bunch by rope, rather than throwing it to the ground, reduced the proportion of shattered fruits to 2.1 from 97.3% and fruits that lost perianths to 6.4 from 72.1%. The improved method kept the Barakawi dates completely free from insect infestation for 4 months and Gondeila for 2 months of storage at ambient conditions. Insect infestation after 12 months of storage was 93.0% in Gondeila, significantly higher than 56.2% in Barakawi. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd

Effects of harvesting method and growth stage on the flocculation of the green alga Botryococcus braunii

Flocculating activity was determined to evaluate the effective harvesting method and an optimal growth stage for the recovery of the green alga Botryococcus braunii growing in batch cultures. Flocculating activity was highest at 2 weeks of incubation, regardless of harvesting methods. The degree of flocculation was different with harvesting methods and growth stages. A high pH value (pH 11) was more effective for flocculation than treatment with aluminium sulphate or a microbial flocculant, Pestan, until the third week of incubation. The lipid content of the algae on a dry weight basis was unaffected by harvesting methods. These results indicate that the most effective harvesting method is to adjust pH to 11 after 2 weeks of incubation.

Effect of harvesting method on seed bank dynamics in a boreal mixedwood forest in northwestern Ontario

The effects of harvesting on seed bank dynamics in a boreal mixedwood forest were studied on replicated 10-ha treatment blocks harvested by different clear-cutting or partial-cutting systems in the fall of 1993. From 1994 to 1995 we monitored seed rain, soil seed banks, and seasonal changes in species composition in understory vegetation and seed banks in all harvest blocks plus three uncut controls. No persistent conifers were found in the soil seed banks of any treatment. The number of seeds of other species generally decreased with soil depth in all treatments, with the lower layer of organic soil yielding the highest numbers of seedlings. Many seeds of sedges and some herbs were found in the upper mineral soil horizon, indicating significant longevity. While disturbance by harvesting operations altered the distribution of seeds in the soil profile, harvesting method had little effect on the total number of species present in post-harvest seed banks or understory vegetation. There were no differences in seasonal compositional changes between treatments. Seed rain monitoring indicated that few conifer seeds were added to the seed bank. Betula papyrifera Marsh. was the dominant tree species in seed rain in the partial cutting treatments. However, in the second post-harvest year on clear cut sites sedges and grasses increased from less than 1 to 14% of seed rain. The results suggest that predominantly hardwood stands with prolific understory vegetation will initially develop on the treated sites, with a variable, but depleted conifer content.Key words: boreal mixedwood forest, natural regeneration, seed rain, seed bank, succession, vegetative propagation.