Effect Of Gender Role Attitudes Research Articles

The association between gender role attitudes, rape myth acceptance and dating sexual violence: Different mechanisms among Chinese college students of different sexual orientations

AbstractDating sexual violence (DSV) is a serious social problem among college students worldwide. This study examines the effects of gender role attitudes (GRA) in DSV and the mediating role of rape myth acceptance (RMA) among students of different sexual orientations in China. A total of 2134 Chinese college students (553 men and 1581 women, 1751 heterosexuals and 383 sexually diverse groups) participated in this study. We found that sexually diverse men have the highest DSV perpetration (47.13%) and victimization rates (40.23%) and that sexually diverse women have the most equal gender attitudes. RMA is identified as a mediator of the relationship between GRA and DSV perpetration and victimization among heterosexuals, but not among sexually diverse groups. The need for more sexually inclusive educational interventions to decrease DSV on college campuses is discussed.

Gender role attitudes and the gender wage gap: evidence from China

This study explores the influence of gender role attitudes on the emergence of the gender wage gap in China, using the 2014, 2016, and 2018 data from the China Family Panel Studies and decomposition methods. Empirical results reveal that gender role attitudes significantly affect the gender wage gap in China and that the negative effect of inegalitarian gender role attitudes on wages is greater for women than for men. Both gender differences in the proportion of workers with inegalitarian gender role attitudes (endowment effect) and gender disparity in return to the gender role attitudes (return effect) contribute to the gender wage gap. Notably, the return effect outweighs the endowment effect. Furthermore, the effect of gender role attitudes on the formation of gender wage gaps differs across heterogeneous groups: the return effect is larger for urban workers or middle-aged and older generations compared to their rural counterparts or younger generations.

Woman's work: The moderating effects of gender role orientations between the relationships of work-family conflict with voluntary turnover and being valued by one's spouse.

Gender role attitudes determine the importance of work-family domains to individuals and how they are influenced by work-family conflict (WFC). In this study, we draw on gender role and social role theories to hypothesize that working mothers' gender role perceptions moderate the relationships between WFC and two outcomes: voluntary turnover (work domain) and feeling valued by one's spouse (family domain). We tested our hypotheses with 14-month time-lagged survey data from 731 working mothers in Japan. The results of our regression analyses suggest that working mothers scoring high on WFC and egalitarian gender roles have a lower propensity to voluntary turnover and a higher propensity to feel valued by their spouses than working mothers low on WFC and egalitarian gender roles. Our study highlights the importance of considering within-gender differences in research on WFC and moderating effects of gender role attitudes between WFC and outcomes in work and family domains.

Gender role attitudes and work-family conflict: A multiple mediating model including moderated mediation analysis.

With the fierce labor market competition, the family population's size continues to expand, and the conflict between work and family requirements for individual roles becomes increasingly intense. Most studies focus on work-family conflict as an antecedent variable, and few studies use work-family conflict as an outcome variable. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of the relationship between gender role attitudes and work-family conflict. Two models were tested using conditional process analysis for testing direct and indirect effects on a sample of 324 employees: A serial multiple mediation model, and the multiple mediation model including the moderating role of education level and subjective socioeconomic status. The results suggested that (1) gender role attitudes significantly and positively predicted work-family conflict. (2) Parental sacrifice and subjective well-being played multiple mediating roles between gender role attitudes and work-family conflict. (3) Education level moderated the relationship between gender role attitudes and parental sacrifice, as evidenced by the fact that low education level amplified the positive predictive effect of gender role attitudes on parental sacrifice. (4) Subjective socioeconomic status moderated the relationship between gender role attitudes and subjective well-being, suggesting that high subjective socioeconomic status amplified the negative predictive effect of gender role attitudes on subjective well-being. This work contributes to the understanding of the process underlying the relationship between gender role attitudes and work-family conflict, and to the literature reporting the possible moderated role of education level and subjective socioeconomic status on the influence outcomes of gender role attitudes. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.

Attitudes and personality in the Australian gender wage gap

ABSTRACT This paper estimates the effects of gender role attitudes and personality traits on the gender wage gap in Australia. Applying standard decomposition techniques and controlling for a wide range of variables, the paper finds that at least 67.8% of the total gender wage gap of 17.4% in 2019 remains unexplained – a figure which is lower than previous years. The results establish gender role attitudes as a key predictor of this pay gap both in the explained and unexplained part of the wage decomposition. It also shows that the impact of personality traits depends on whether the big five traits or the sub-traits are used in the analysis. Even some of the sub-traits belonging to the same category can influence the gender pay gap in opposite directions. Overall, the estimates establish the importance of psychological variables as more important than traditional human capital and other work-related characteristics in explaining the remaining gender wage gap in Australia.

The Influence of Internet Usage Frequency on Women's Fertility Intentions-The Mediating Effects of Gender Role Attitudes.

The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of internet usage frequency on women’s fertility intentions and to examine the mediating effects of gender role attitudes, under the influence of internet usage frequency that affects women’s fertility intentions, combined with the specific Chinese cultural context. A cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted using a sample of 3113 women of childbearing age in the Chinese General Social Survey in 2017 (CGSS2017). The results of the negative binomial regression model showed that, under the premise of controlling individual characteristic variables, the higher the frequency of internet usage, the lower the fertility intention (p < 0.01). The results of the mediating effect model show that the more frequently women use the internet, the lower their fertility intentions, and the less they agree with Chinese traditional gender roles, which are “men work outside to support the family while women stay at home to take care of the family”. These findings have implications in formulating public policies aimed at increasing the fertility rate; that is, it is not enough to increase women’s fertility intentions under China’s universal two-child policy. Moreover, public policy formulators need to consider gender role attitudes and the influence of the internet as a method for dissemination of information.

기혼 유배우 여성의 교육수준이 경제활동참여에 미치는 영향 : 성역할인식의 조절효과를 중심으로

기혼 유배우 여성의 교육수준이 경제활동참여에 미치는 영향 : 성역할인식의 조절효과를 중심으로

Gender role attitudes and male-female income differences in China

By investigating deep-rooted cultural norms, this paper explores whether and how traditional gender role attitudes impact income gaps between men and women and identifies causal effects via instrumental variable and other causal inference methods. Based on data from the Chinese General Social Survey in 2013, the results show that traditional gender role attitudes have a strong negative effect to the earnings of women but have no significant effect on men’s incomes. Through Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, this research finds that the different effects of gender role attitudes on the incomes of men and women appear to play a prominent role in causing the gender gap in earnings. In addition, gender role attitudes have an indirect and broad effect on gender income inequality through educational attainment, labor force participation, working hours, and occupational status. These results provide us with a new perspective for understanding the persistence and mechanisms of gender income stratification under educational equalization and have implications for gender equality policies.

Gender role attitude, communication quality, and marital satisfaction among Korean adults

ABSTRACT No previous research has examined the effect of gender role attitudes and communication on marital satisfaction among Korean couples. Using the 2015 Fact-Finding Survey in Families, I investigated the relationships among gender role attitude, communication quality, and marital satisfaction via latent mean analysis (LMA) and multigroup analysis using structural equation modelling (SEM). Significant differences were found in gender role attitude, communication quality, and marital satisfaction between males and females. Females had higher values for more egalitarian gender attitude; males had higher values for communication quality and marital satisfaction. Communication quality mediated the relationship between gender attitude and marital satisfaction, but differences between males and females existed in the paths of the variables. Gender role attitude had a direct and indirect effect on marital satisfaction for the female group, while communication quality played a full mediating role of the relationship between gender role attitude and marital satisfaction for the male group. In addition, communication quality had a stronger influence on marital satisfaction for the female group than the male group. These results would provide important implications for understanding the different mechanisms that egalitarian men were more satisfied in their communication and marriage, but egalitarian women were not in the Korean context.

The effect of gender role attitudes on the self-efficacy of the older adults: based on data from the third wave Survey of Chinese Women’s social status

ABSTRACT Based on data from the Third Wave Survey of Chinese Women’s Social Status, we analysed the relationship between gender role attitudes and the self-efficacy of older adults. We found that gender equality attitude had a positive correlation with self-efficacy among both male and female older adults, whereas the gender role division attitude correlated positively with self-efficacy only among women. Moreover, gender role attitudes acted as mediators and moderators for self-efficacy. Promoting the concept of gender equality can lead to the liberation of both older women and men and have a positive impact on increasing self-efficacy in both genders.

Effects of gender role attitudes and human-rights sense on cognition of followers toward women as leaders

Effects of gender role attitudes and human-rights sense on cognition of followers toward women as leaders

Women’s gender role attitudes and fertility intentions of having a second child: survey findings from Shaanxi Province of China

ABSTRACTChina is a country with a unique history of gender traditions and birth-control regulations. Traditional gender role attitudes, closely related to son preference, exert entrenched influence on the fertility intentions and behaviours of women in China. In recent years, despite the fact that employment characteristics and educational attainment of women have caught up with men, China has witnessed a resurgence of patriarchal Confucian tradition. Gender relations in the private sphere are increasingly regulated by traditional gender norms. Considering the declining fertility in China and recent fertility policy adjustments, this paper analyses the varying effects of gender role attitudes on fertility intentions of women under different birth control policies, utilising data from 1,422 questionnaires conducted in 2015 in the Shaanxi Province in northwestern China and using the Multinomial Logistic Model. Our findings imply that the relationship between women’s gender role attitudes and fertility intention differs between women affected by different birth control policies. We find that among married women with one child who are restricted to one child, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the more likely they intend to have a second child. Among married women who have had one child and are allowed to have two children, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the less likely they intend to have a second child. The results also indicate that traditional gender role attitudes and norms still play an important role in Chinese women’s fertility intentions.

The Effect of Gender Role Attitudes on Marital Quality through Work-family Conflict: Actor-partner Effect

The purpose of this study is to examine the actor-partner effect of gender role attitudes of pregnant couples on the marital quality through work-family conflict. The subjects of the study were 274 couples(548 total) who were currently employed in the pregnant couple. The data were analyzed by APIM analysis through structural equation modeling. The results of the study are as follows. First, in the effect of gender role attitude on the marital quality, only the actor-effect of both wife and husband was significant. Second, the effect of gender role attitude on work-family conflict was significant in both wife and husband''s actor-effect, and wife’s gender role attitude‘s partner effect. Third, in the effect of work-family conflict on the marital quality, only the actor-effect of both wife and husband was significant. Fourth, the effect of gender role attitude on the marital quality through the work-family conflict was significant in the actor-effect of both wife and husband. Based on the results of this study, Improvement of marital quality were suggested by reducing work-family conflict through gender role attitude.

What Makes a “Good Job”? Gender Role Attitudes and Job Preferences in Sweden

Previous studies have documented an increasing number of women entering into the paid work force, yet little research has examined the gendered meanings of work for men and women. Using a sample of 1986 Swedes from the 2009 Young Adult Panel Study, this paper investigates the effects of gender role attitudes on job attribute preferences in order to understand what makes a “good job” for Swedish men and women. Results show that men and women with more egalitarian attitudes have different perspectives than their more traditional counterparts. More egalitarian women place greater importance on the possibility of advancement and being proud of their work and less importance on family-friendly work policies. On the other hand, more egalitarian men place greater importance on family-friendly work policies and less importance on having a high salary and workplace security. The implications of these findings are discussed, and we suggest that egalitarian women’s emphasis on advancement and pride at work combined with egalitarian men’s de-emphasis on pay and emphasis on family-friendly job attributes point to potential changes in gender norms and roles.

Gender Role Attitudes and Male Adolescent Dating Violence Perpetration: Normative Beliefs as Moderators.

Commonly used dating violence prevention programs assume that promotion of more egalitarian gender role attitudes will prevent dating violence perpetration. Empirical research examining this assumption, however, is limited and inconsistent. The current study examined the longitudinal association between gender role attitudes and physical dating violence perpetration among adolescent boys (n=577; 14% Black, 5% other race/ethnicity) and examined whether injunctive (i.e., acceptance of dating violence) and descriptive (i.e., beliefs about dating violence prevalence) normative beliefs moderated the association. As expected, the findings suggest that traditional gender role attitudes at T1 were associated with increased risk for dating violence perpetration 18months later (T2) among boys who reported high, but not low, acceptance of dating violence (injunctive normative beliefs) at T1. Descriptive norms did not moderate the effect of gender role attitudes on dating violence perpetration. The results suggest that injunctive norms and gender role attitudes work synergistically to increase risk for dating violence perpetration among boys; as such, simultaneously targeting both of these constructs may be an effective prevention approach.

한부모의 성역할인식과 가족복지서비스 이용이 자아존중감에 미치는 영향

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gender role attitudes and family service utilization on self-esteem among single parents. This study used data from the seventh wave of Korean Welfare Panel Study and analyzed 90 single parents. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that health status, economic situation, gender role attitudes, and non-monetary family welfare service had significant effects on single parents’ self-esteem. Single parents who had higher traditional gender role attitudes show lower levels of self-esteem. Also use of a non-monetary family service increased the levels of self-esteem. However, use of a monetary family service was not significantly associated with the levels of self-esteem. The findings indicate that services and programs to promote single parents’ gender role flexibility should be developed. Also, it is necessary to establish a service system to reduce multiple role stress among single parents. Keywords: single parents, gender role attitudes, family services, self-esteem

Influence of gender role attitudes on smoking and drinking among girls from Jujuy, Argentina

ObjectiveEvaluate effect of gender role attitudes on tobacco and alcohol use among Argentinean girls. MethodCross-sectional survey of 10th grade students attending 27 randomly selected schools in Jujuy, Argentina. Questions about tobacco and alcohol use were adapted from global youth surveys. Five items with 5-point response options of agreement–disagreement assessed attitude towards egalitarian (higher score) gender roles. Results2133 girls, aged 13–18years, 71% Indigenous, 22% mixed Indigenous/European, and 7% European responded. Of these, 60% had ever smoked, 32% were current smokers, 58% ever drinkers, 27% drank in previous month, and 13% had ≥5 drinks on one occasion. Mean response to the gender role scale was 3.49 (95% Confidence Intervals=3.41–3.57) out of 5 tending toward egalitarian attitudes. Logistic regression models using the gender role scale score as the main predictor and adjusting for demographic and social confounders showed that egalitarian gender role was associated with ever smoking (Odds Ratio=1.25; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.09–1.44), ever drinking (Odds Ratio=1.24; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.10–1.40), drinking in prior month (Odds Ratio=1.21; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.07–1.37) and ≥5 drinks on one occasion (Odds Ratio=1.15; 95% Confidence Intervals 1.00–1.33), but was not significant for current smoking. ConclusionGirls in Jujuy who reported more egalitarian gender role attitudes had higher odds of smoking or drinking.

The Transition Tempo and Life Course Orientation of Young Adults in Taiwan

This article investigates the transition tempo and life course orientation of Taiwanese young adults in their early 20s. The results indicate that Taiwanese young adults experience a prolonged transition tempo and delay their entry into adult roles. The rate of transitioning to family roles is low for young adults at this stage. There are significant gender differences in life course orientation toward marriage, parenthood, and employment, with young women having a clearer picture in mind than do young men. Age 30 appears to have become the new threshold when young adults schedule their marriage plans, with parenthood significantly later in life. Multivariate analyses suggest that young adults who hold more traditional attitudes about gender roles are more likely to start parenthood before age 30. However, when the tempo of education completion and initiation of employment is controlled for, the effect of gender role attitudes becomes nonsignificant.

The Effect of Gender Role Attitudes and Self-Esteem on Marital Satisfaction of the Husbands: Mediation of Self-Disclosure

The Effect of Gender Role Attitudes and Self-Esteem on Marital Satisfaction of the Husbands: Mediation of Self-Disclosure

Gender Differences in Adolescent Premarital Sexual Permissiveness in Three Asian Cities: Effects of Gender-Role Attitudes

Gender is an important factor in understanding premarital sexual attitudes and behaviors. Many studies indicate that males are more likely to initiate sexual intercourse and have more permissive perceptions about sex than females. Yet few studies have explored possible reasons for these gender differences. With samples of unmarried adolescents in three Asian cities influenced by Confucian cultures, this article investigates the relationship between underlying gender norms and these differences in adolescents' premarital sexual permissiveness (PSP). In a collaborative survey conducted in 2006-2007 in urban and rural areas of Hanoi, Shanghai, and Taipei, 16,554 unmarried participants aged 15-24 years were recruited in the three-City Asian Study of Adolescents and Youth, with 6,204, 6,023, and 4,327 respondents from each city, respectively. All the adolescents were administered face-to-face interviews, coupled with computer-assisted self-interview for sensitive questions. Scales on gender-role attitudes and on PSP for both male and female respondents were developed and applied to our analysis of the data. Multilinear regression was used to analyze the relationship between gender-role attitudes and sexual permissiveness. Male respondents in each city held more permissive attitudes toward premarital sex than did females, with both boys and girls expressing greater permissiveness to male premarital sexual behaviors. Boys also expressed more traditional attitudes to gender roles (condoning greater inequality) than did girls in each city. Adolescents' gender-role attitudes and permissiveness to premarital sex varied considerably across the three cities, with the Vietnamese the most traditional, the Taiwanese the least traditional, and the adolescents in Shanghai in the middle. A negative association between traditional gender roles and PSP was only found among girls in Shanghai and Taipei. In Shanghai, female respondents who held more traditional gender-role attitudes were more likely to exercise a double standard with respect to male as opposed to female premarital sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.18). This relationship also applied to attitudes of both girls and boys in Taipei (OR = 1.20 and OR = 1.22, respectively). Although with variation across sites, gender differences in PSP and attitudes to gender roles among adolescents were very significant in each of the three Asian cities influenced by Confucian-based values. Traditional gender norms may still be deeply rooted in the three cities, especially among females; while it is important to advocate gender equity in adolescent reproductive health programs, the pathway of traditional gender norms in influencing adolescent reproductive health outcomes must be understood, as must differences and similarities across regions.