Fuel Mix Effect Research Articles

Key Factors Influencing the Achievement of Climate Neutrality Targets in the Manufacturing Industry: LMDI Decomposition Analysis

The manufacturing industry is often caught in the sustainability dilemma between economic growth targets and climate action plans. In this study, a Log-Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition analysis is applied to investigate how the amount of industrial energy-related CO2 emissions in Latvia has changed in the period from 1995 to 2019. The change in aggregate energy-related CO2 emissions in manufacturing industries is measured by five different factors: the industrial activity effect, structural change effect, energy intensity effect, fuel mix effect, and emission intensity effect. The decomposition analysis results showed that while there has been significant improvement in energy efficiency and decarbonization measures in industry, in recent years, the impact of the improvements has been largely offset by increased industrial activity in energy-intensive sectors such as wood processing and non-metallic mineral production. The results show that energy efficiency measures in industry contribute most to reducing carbon emissions. In the future, additional policies are needed to accelerate the deployment of clean energy and energy efficiency technologies.

Experimental Investigation of Air–Fuel Mixing Effects on Flame Characteristics in a Direct fired Burner

The length and pattern of air–fuel mixing plays a significant role in the uniformity, flame temperature, and emission characteristics, which can lead to a superior product quality in a non-oxidizing direct fired burner for a cold-rolled steel plate furnace. In this study, a diffusion-flame-type burner and partially-premixed-type burner were experimentally investigated to understand their effects on flame shape, flame temperature, and exhaust gas characteristics. With this aim, fuel nozzle size, nozzle hole number, fuel injection angle, and mixing distance of fuel and air were varied during the experiments. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were also performed to investigate the air–fuel mixing state for a nozzle-mixed burner and a partially-premixed burner. The results show that the flame temperature of the partially-premixed burner increases by up to 26 °C on average compared to that of the nozzle-mixed burner. It is also shown that the mixing distance plays an important role in the flame temperature of the partially-premixed burner. In addition, the residual oxygen concentration and volume ratio of CO/CO2 in the flue gas of the partially-premixed burner exhibit lower concentrations compared to those of the diffusion flame burner.

Unhiding the role of CHP in power & heat sector decomposition analyses

In many countries the role of combined heat & power (CHP) generation in the power & heat sector is significant. However, in decomposition analyses of the power & heat sector the contribution of CHP to observed changes in primary energy use or CO2 emissions is generally not made explicit. In this paper, the contribution of CHP is shown for eight countries (China, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and the USA) in the period 2005–2016. In addition, an alternative method is proposed for power & heat sector decomposition analysis with five driving factors: volume effect, subsector effect, heat effect, fuel mix effect and efficiency effect. This method combines indicators from existing decomposition methods and complements them with a CHP specific heat effect. The proposed method provides improved insight in the factors driving change in primary energy use or CO2 emissions in the power and heat sector, especially in case changes take place regarding either 1) the power-to-heat ratio, 2) the share of CHP electricity in total electricity production, 3) the CHP fuel mix, and/or 4) the efficiency of individual CHP fuels.

Determinants of Energy-Based CO2 Emissions in Ethiopia: A Decomposition Analysis from 1990 to 2017

Ethiopia, among the fastest growing economies worldwide, is witnessing rapid urbanization and industrialization that is fueled by greater energy consumption and high levels of CO2 emissions. Currently, Ethiopia is the third largest CO2 emitter in East Africa, yet no comprehensive study has characterized the major drivers of economy-wide CO2 emissions. This paper examines the energy-related CO2 emissions in Ethiopia, and their driving forces between 1990 and 2017 using Kaya identity combined with Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) decomposition approach. Main findings reveal that energy-based CO2 emissions have been strongly driven by the economic effect (52%), population effect (43%), and fossil fuel mix effect (40%) while the role of emission intensity effect (14%) was less pronounced during the study period. At the same time, energy intensity improvements have slowed down the growth of CO2 emissions by 49% indicating significant progress towards reduced energy per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) during 1990-2017. Nonetheless, for Ethiopia to achieve its 2030 targets of low-carbon economy, further improvements through reduced emission intensity (in the industrial sector) and fossil fuel share (in the national energy mix) are recommended. Energy intensity could be further improved by technological innovation and promotion of energy-frugal industries.

THE EFFECT OF FUEL MIX, MODERATED BY INDONESIA CRUDE PRICE AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE, AND POWER LOSSES ON PROFITABILITY OF PT PLN (PERSERO)

Like any other corporate, state owned enterprises (SOE) main objective is to achieve optimum profit to ensure its sustainability. In Indonesia, electricity business in run by PT PLN (Persero), a corporate owned 100% by Government of Indonesia. Thus, PLN should maximize its effort on cost reduction and sales volume optimization to ensure its profitability growth. Looking at the structure of operational cost and revenue, this study aims to explore the effect of fuel mix and power losses on profitability (operating profit/loss) of PLN, where the moderating role of Indonesia crude price (ICP) and exchange rate on fuel mix effect toward profitability also take into account. By using moderated regression analysis (MRA), this study found out that the effect of fuel mix on profitability, and power losses on PLN’s profitability exist negatively. ICP and exchange rate also strengthen the effect of fuel mix on PLN’s profitability. This study suggested PLN to continue exploring ways to optimize its fuel mix and power losses, as well as increasing sales volume. This could not be done without Government intervention that favors PLN i.e., tariff adjustment or incentives, especially when exchange rate and ICP value worsen. This is to ensure that PLN has a healthy financial sustainability. Keywords: PT PLN (Persero), Electricity Tariff, Fuel Mix, Indonesia Crude Price , Exchange Rate, Power Losses, Profitability JEL Classifications: E3, L11, M11, R32, G39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9575

Temperature dependence of the fuel mixing effect on soot precursor formation in ethylene-based diffusion flames

Soot formation is a complex process and can be affected by a variety of factors including base fuel type, fuel mixing, temperature and pressure. Under real-world conditions, these factors can interact with each other to influence soot formation jointly. The present work aims to provide an understanding on the temperature dependence of the fuel mixing effect on the formation of molecular soot precursors. In particular, the effects of propane and methane addition on aromatic formation in ethylene counterflow diffusion flames were studied experimentally by gas chromatography measurements and computationally utilizing a detailed chemical reaction mechanism. Two series of flames under high (with peak flame temperature ~2020 K) and low temperature conditions (~1660 K) were covered to investigate the fuel mixing effects and its interaction with flame temperature. The experimental results clearly demonstrated the temperature-dependence of propane’s mixing effects on benzene formation: Compared to the ethylene baseline flame a notable enhancement of benzene formation was observed with propane addition in the high temperature flames; while a reduction of benzene concentration was seen under low temperature conditions. For the methane mixing cases, the addition of methane decreased benzene formation in both the high and low temperature flames, with the effect being more pronounced under low temperature conditions. Numerical simulations of the tested flames were also conducted with a previously developed reaction mechanism (Wang et al, Combust. Flame, 160 (2013) 1667–1676). Through a detailed reaction pathway analysis based on the numerical data, it was found the addition of C3H8 and CH4 would inhibit the C4 + C2 but enhance the C3 + C3 benzene formation pathway. However, the relative importance of the two pathways to total benzene production rate was strongly dependent on flame temperature. This fact was identified to be the primary mechanism leading to the temperature dependence of the C3H8/CH4 mixing effect. The qualitatively different effect of C3H8 and CH4 addition on benzene formation in the high temperature flame was believed to originate from their different influences on CH3 and C3H3 radical concentrations. The present work highlighted the fact that the effects of fuel mixing on benzene formation can be highly dependent on flame thermal conditions. As a result, great care is needed when generalizing literature data of fuel doping effect on aromatic and sooting tendencies.

Structural Decomposition Analysis of CO2 Emission Reduction due to Energy Tax in Power Sector Planning.

This study analyses the CO2 emission implications of considering energy tax in power sector planning for the case of Indonesia. There are four energy tax rates considered in this study i.e. US$0.5/MBtu, US$1.0/MBtu, US$2.0/MBtu and US$5/MBtu. Furthermore, this study also analyses the decomposition of the economy-wide CO2 emission changes due to the carbon tax rates by using an input-output model. The implications of energy tax on utility planning would bring the sytem more efficient because more energy efficient technology power plants, such as CCGT, would be selected, while in the case of environmental implications, CO2 emissions would be reduced. The results show that there is a significant change in the annual CO2 emissions if energy tax rate of US$5/MBtu is introduced. There are three major components that affect the total economy-wide change in CO2 emissions, i.e., fuel mix-, structural-, and final demand- effects. The results show that the fuel mix effect is found to be most influential in reducing the CO2 emission during the planning horizon under all of the energy tax rates considered and is followed by the final demand- and structural-effects.

Economy-wide CO2 Emission Reduction Due to Carbon Tax in the Power Sector: A Structural Decomposition Analysis

In this paper, a structural decomposition analysis based on an input-output framework has been developed to examine the factors, which affect the economy-wide CO2 emission changes due to the introduction of carbon tax in the Indonesian power sector during 2011-2030. There are three major components that affect the total economy-wide change in CO2 emissions, i.e., fuel mix-, structural-, and final demand- effects. The results show that, the CO2 mitigation under the carbon tax of US$200/tC would be 20.5 times higher than that with the carbon tax rate of US$5/tC. The fuel mix effect is found to be most influential in reducing the CO2 emission during the planning horizon under all of the carbon tax rates considered and is followed by the final demand- and structural-effects.

Decomposition analysis of carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan

Energy related CO2 emissions are important factors responsible for greenhouse effect. Unprecedented increase in anthropogenic gas emissions in the recent decades have led to climatic changes. This study was aimed to decompose the changes in CO2 emissions in Pakistan for the time periods of 1990–2017. The log mean Divisia index was employed to find out changes in CO2 emissions into five factors such as activity effect, structural effect, intensity effect, fuel-mix effect, and emissions factor effect. The analysis confirmed an upward trend of overall emissions of the country during the specified time period (1990–2017). Results of activity effect, structural effect and intensity effect were identified as the three major factors responsible for changes in overall CO2 emissions in the country. Among all effects, the activity effect was investigated as largest contributor to overall changes in CO2 emissions level. The structural effect is positively affecting CO2 emissions indicating a transition of economic activity towards more energy intensive sectors. However, intensity effect has negative relationship with emissions, which is a sign of energy efficiency gains. Energy mix of the country comprises of fossil fuel in excess of 80%. The findings suggest that policy makers should encourage the diversification of energy and output mix towards more energy efficient sub sectors of the economy.

Factoring in the forgotten role of renewables in CO2 emission trends using decomposition analysis

This paper introduces an approach for separately quantifying the contributions from renewables in decomposition analysis. So far, decomposition analyses of the drivers of national CO2 emissions have typically considered the combined energy mix as an explanatory factor without an explicit consideration or separation of renewables. As the cost of renewables continues to decrease, it becomes increasingly relevant to track their role in CO2 emission trends. Index decomposition analysis, in particular, provides a simple approach for doing so using publicly available data. We look to the U.S. as a case study, highlighting differences with the more detailed but also more complex structural decomposition analysis. Between 2007 and 2013, U.S. CO2 emissions decreased by around 10%—a decline not seen since the oil crisis of 1979. Prior analyses have identified the shale gas boom and the economic recession as the main explanatory factors. However, by decomposing the fuel mix effect, we conclude that renewables played an equally important role as natural gas in reducing CO2 emissions between 2007 and 2013: renewables decreased total emissions by 2.3–3.3%, roughly matching the 2.5–3.6% contribution from the shift to natural gas, compared with 0.6–1.5% for nuclear energy.

Technology priorities for transport in Asia: assessment of economy-wide CO2 emissions reduction for Lebanon

This paper analyses the technology choices of countries that prioritized transport as a sector in Asia under the Technology Needs Assessment project. The countries used a wide variety of criteria to prioritize technologies which were related to the benefits technologies would provide, costs of technologies and availability of technology charactersitics. Non-motorized transport, mass transit and technologies that improve vehicle energy efficiency emerged as the three most preferred technology choices for the countries. These technology choices can be appropriate candidates for nationally appropriate mitigations actions (NAMA) given their strong contribution for developmentand therefore a methodology based on input-output decomposition analysis isproposed for analysing economy wide CO2 emissions reductions. The methodologyhas been applied for the transport sector of Lebanon where alternative fuels,improvement to cars (private and taxis) and buses for public transport were prioritized by stakeholders. The economy-wide CO2 emission reduce by 2,269 thousand tons by 2020 if the prioritized technologies are implemented in Lebanon. Fuel mix effect and structural effect would reduce CO2 emission by 2,611 thousand tons, while the final demand effect would increase the CO2 emission by 342 thousand tons.

Determinants of the increased CO2 emission and adaption strategy in Chinese energy-intensive industry

Climate change has not only brought about many natural hazards but also threaten the sustainable development of industry. This study is to investigate the adaptive implications for energy-intensive industries of China in response to climate change impacts. For this purpose, a deep and comprehensive analysis on the change of CO2 emission for 6 energy-intensive sectors is explored over the period of 2000–2007. A Log-Mean Divisia Index based on time series is also introduced in our study to identify the key factors toward the change of CO2 emission. It is shown that there were 146.1 million metric tons carbon increased in energy-intensive industries from 2000 to 2007. And the excessive growth of industrial output and increasingly fossil-intensive energy consumption structure were the main driving forces for the increased CO2 emission. Nevertheless, energy intensity change and declining emission coefficient of electricity played negative role in the growing trend of CO2 emission. On the basis of these four determinants (namely industrial output, energy intensity, fuel mix effect, and emission coefficient), it is suggested that both economic motives and technologically feasible approaches should be implemented to control the scale of excessive productions and improve energy efficiency toward the energy-intensive industries. And more importantly, strengthening energy-intensive sectors’ awareness of climate change adaptation should be given stronger emphasis as long-term work with the help of some propaganda campaigns for instance.

Experimental Study on Characteristics of Synergistic Effect of Fuel Mixing on Number Density and Size of Soot in Ethylene-base Counterflow Diffusion Flames by Laser Techniques

The effect of fuel mixing on soot structure with methane, ethane, and propane to ethylene-base counterflow diffusion flames has been investigated by measuring the volume fraction, number density, and particle size of soot by adopting the light extinction/scattering techniques. The experimental result showed that the mixing of ethane and propane in ethylene diffusion flame increased soot volume fraction while the mixing of methane decreased. As compare to the ethylene-base flame, the diameters of soot particles for mixture flames are slightly smaller. While the soot number densities for the mixture flames are much higher. Thus, the increase in the soot volume fraction can be attributed to the appreciably increased soot number density by the fuel mixing.

Economy wide emission impacts of carbon and energy tax in electricity supply industry: A case study on Sri Lanka

Abstract This paper presents the results and analysis of a study conducted with the objective of investigating the impact on economy wide emissions due to carbon and energy taxes levied within the electricity generation sector of Sri Lanka. This exercise is mainly based on the input–output table developed by the national planning department. An input–output decomposition technique is used to analyze four types of effects that contribute to the overall reduction in equivalent carbon, NO x and SO 2 emissions. These four effects are: fuel mix effect (i.e. the change in emissions due to variation I fuel mix), structural effect (i.e. change in emissions due to changes in technological coefficients with taxes compared to that without taxes), final demand effect (i.e. the change in emissions associated with changes in final demand) and joint effect (i.e. the interactive effect between or among the fuel mix, structural and final demand effects). The polluting fuel sources and low energy efficiency generation technologies are less preferred under these tax regimes. Of the four effects, a change in fuel mix in thermal electricity generation and a change final demand for electricity were found to be the main contributors in achieving economy wide emission reductions. It was found in the analysis that a minimum of US$ 50/tC tax or US$ 1.0/MBtu of energy tax is required to have a significant impact on economy wide emissions in the Sri Lankan context. This translates into an overall increase in electricity generation cost of approximately USCts 0.9 kW −1 h −1 and USCts 0.6 kW −1 h −1 under the carbon and energy tax regimes, respectively. The reduction in emissions is also strongly coupled with the value of the price elasticity of electricity.

Integrated resource planning in the power sector and economy-wide changes in environmental emissions

This paper analyzes the roles of key factors (i.e., changes in structure, fuel mix and final demand) on total economy-wide changes in CO 2, SO 2 and NO x emissions when power sector development follows the integrated resource planning (IRP) approach instead of traditional supply-based electricity planning (TEP). It also considers the rebound effect (RE) of energy efficiency improvements in the demand side and analyzes the sensitivity of the results to variations in the values of the RE. A framework is developed to decompose the total economy-wide change in the emission of a pollutant into four major components, i.e., structural change-, fuel mix- , final demand- and joint-effects. The final demand effect is further decomposed into three categories, i.e., construction of power plants, electricity final demand and final demand related to electricity using equipments. The factor decomposition framework is then applied in the case of the power sector in Indonesia. A key finding in the case of Indonesia is that in the absence of the RE, there would be total economy-wide reductions in CO 2, SO 2 and NO x emissions of 431, 1.6 and 1.3 million tons respectively during the planning horizon of 2006–2025 under IRP as compared to that under TEP. The decomposition analysis shows that the final demand effect would account for 38% of the total CO 2 emission reduction followed by the structural change effect (35.1%) and fuel mix effect (27.6%) while the joint effect is negligible. The study also shows that economy-wide CO 2 emission reduction due to IRP considering the RE of 45% would be 241 million tons as compared to 333 million tons when the RE is 25%.

Energy use and CO 2 emissions for Mexico's cement industry

Energy use and CO 2 emissions in the Mexican cement industry are analyzed for the period 1982–94. Using the Laspeyres index method, we estimate the relative importance of fuel intensity, clinker activity, the cement/clinker ratio, and the use of waste tires as an alternative fuel in the changes of clinker fuel use. Changes in CO 2 emissions are divided into energy intensity, cement activity, the cement/clinker ratio, and primary and final fuel-mix effects. The study shows that changes in all factors except for clinker activity drive fuel use down. Overall CO 2 emissions are reduced by changes in real energy intensity and the clinker/cement ratio, while the primary fuel-mix effect (which accounts for changes in the share of final energy used to produce both cement and electricity) and cement activity drive emissions up.

Recent trends in Mexican industrial energy use and their impact on carbon dioxide emissions

In this paper, we analyse recent trends in energy use and their impact on carbon dioxide emissions in the Mexican industrial sector (the second most important sector in terms of final energy consumption) in order to estimate the relative contributions of structural, fuel switching and real intensity changes between 1987 and 1993. During this period, carbon dioxide emissions from industrial primary energy use increased by 2%, while industrial real value added rose by 22%. The results suggest that the factors which increased carbon dioxide emissions were industrial output, structural change and the primary fuel mix effect (accounting for changes in the share of final energy as well as the fuels used to produce electricity). The largest role in energy consumption was played by intensity changes in a few industrial subsectors: iron and steel, petrochemical, sugar, basic chemicals, cement, pulp and paper and glass.

Fuel Mixing Effects on Flame Temperature and Soot Formation in Coflow Diffusion Flames.

We investigated the effects of fuel mixing on flame height and flame temperature of coflow diffusion flames which were closely related to soot formation inside the flame. Four fuels with different sooting tendencies and transport properties (CH4, C3H8, C2H4, C2H2) were diluted with nitrogen and used as component fuel gases for mixing. The main results obtained are as follows : (1) Flame tip temperature is a good qualitative measure of the intensity of soot formation inside the flame. (2) Addition of nitrogen to the fuel causes both dilution and soot suppression, which lead to the decrease and the increase, respectively, in the flame tip temperature, and at a certain addition rate the flame tip temperature attains a maximum due to their competitive action. (3) There exists a strong correlation between the degree of soot formation and adiabatic flame temperature, and when soot formation is vigorous, factors which increase this temperature promote soot formation. (4) Effects of Lewis number and preferential diffusion should be taken into account to achieve effective suppression of soot formation by mixing fuels with different transport properties.

Fuel Mixing Effects on Flame Temperature and Soot Formation of Coflow Diffusion Flames.

Fuel Mixing Effects on Flame Temperature and Soot Formation of Coflow Diffusion Flames.

Fuel Mixing Effects on Propagation of Premixed Flames. I. Hydrogen + Carbon Monoxide Flames

Abstract The combustion mechanisms in premixed flames having a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide as the fuel and the stoichiometric amount of air as the oxidizer were investigated by numerical simulation to elucidate the fuel-mixing effects on the burning velocity. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide have similar physical properties and their stoichiometric flames with air are known to propagate through the same type of mechanism, governed by active species diffusion. The flames of the mixed fuel hydrogen+carbon monoxide were found here to have their heat-release rate distributions changing with conformity in shape when the fuel composition is changed. The burning velocity was found to vary almost linearly with the hydrogen content in the fuel. Furthermore, the flux of chemical energy which is carried into low-temperature regions by hydrogen atoms diffusing from the flame front was also found to be roughly proportional to the burning velocity.