Effect Of Foliar Fertilization Research Articles

Efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers and biological preparations for winter rye on soddy-podzolic soil of different cultivation status

There was studied the influence of soddy-podzolic light loamy soil of different cultivation status on the agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizers application with varying doses of nitrogen and biological preparations applied against the mineral background, in Pskov region. On moderately cultivated soil the linear dependence of grain yield on nitrogen rates was established. An increase in nitrogen doses from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha resulted in obtaining an additional yield compared to the control variant, which is dependent on soil pH: yield growth by 6% to 42% was recorded on soil with pH of 5.6; from 8% to 73% – on soil with pH of 5.3; from 32% to 69% – on soil with pH of 5.2; from 66% to 175% – on soil with pH of 4.8. Payback from applied fertilizers rose with increasing doses of nitrogen. Soil properties also influenced the payback value. The maximum payback, 12 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK, was recorded when N80P40K70 with split nitrogen fertilizing was applied to the soil with pH = 4.8. The introduction of biological products to the variant with mineral fertilizers (N20P40K70 + N20) contributed to an increase in grain yield : the introduction of microbiological preparation Bisolbifitis provided additional 7.55%; spraying of foliar fertilizers – 3.67%–8.78%. On the soil with long-term cultivation status the dependence of yield on the doses of applied nitrogen in the range from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha looked like a polynomial. Maximum yield was obtained in different years when nitrogen was applied at rates from 40 and 60 kg a. i./ha. An increase in the dose of nitrogen from 20 to 40 kg was accompanied in 2019 by an increase in the yield of grain from 11.2% to 22.6%. An increase in nitrogen rates from 20 to 60 kg in 2020 and 2021 resulted in the growth of grain yield from 20% to 65%. Respectively. When the most effective doses of nitrogen were applied the payback from fertilizers was 5 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2019; 7 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2020; and 10 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2021. On the soil cultivated and improved for a long-term the effect of foliar fertilizers with biological preparations Kodamine B-Mo and K-Humate-Na was less significant (3–3.5%).

Effect of Foliar Fertilizer and Irrigation Levels on Carrot Productivity

Effect of Foliar Fertilizer and Irrigation Levels on Carrot Productivity

Effect of foliar fertilization on Urospermum picroides, an indigenous plant of the traditional cretan-mediterranean diet

Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F. W. Schmidt (Asteraceae) is rich in secondary compounds, with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, medicinal and health-promoting properties, however, like many other wild edible plants of the Mediterranean, it is still underutilised. This study focused on the pilot cultivation of U. picroides, under minimal irrigation and organic, integrated nutrient management (ΙΝΜ) fertilisation (by foliar application) in Crete, Greece, analysing its response in terms of yield characteristics and nutritional content. The foliar fertilisation treatments consisted of a control treatment (CO), a conventional water-soluble fertiliser (CV), a semi-organic nitrogen fertiliser (TR), a liquid semi-organic fertiliser (TF), and v) a mix of the conventional and semi-organic fertiliser (CF). Physiological characteristics (i.e., SPAD and Fv/Fm) were assessed during cultivation, while yield and leaf nutrient parameters were determined, at harvest. Treatments containing bioactive compounds (TF and CF) almost doubled the fresh and dry weight of U. picroides shoot compared to the control (CO) treatment (172% and 160%, respectively) which can be partially ascribed to the elevated physiological characteristics of the TF and CF fertilisation treatments. Even more, nitrogen rich treatments (CV and TR) improved yield characteristics compared to the control, but the effect was not as pronounced as that achieved by TF and CF semi-organic fertilization treatments. Our results indicate that the application of foliar semi-organic fertilization seems to be an effective alternative practice to increase photosynthetic capacity and concomitantly fresh and dry yield of U. picroides without compromising the nutritional profile of the edible product.

Influence of Foliar Application of Microelements on Yield and Yield Components of Spring Malting Barley

Barley is an economically important plant cultivated primarily for animal feed and in the brewing industry for the production of barley malt. Climate changes and an increase in grain demand result in a constant need to improve the volume and stability of cereal species yields and better use the potential of cultivars. In cereal production, an important aspect is the use of microelements, especially by foliar spraying. Microelements, as components or enzyme activators, play a significant role in plant growth and metabolic processes occurring in the cell. As a consequence, their availability is a factor determining plant development. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of foliar fertilization with selected microelements on the yield of two-row malting barley cultivars. In 2019–2021, a two-factor field experiment with barley was conducted in south-eastern Poland. The experimental factors were three spring barley cultivars (Baryłka, KWS Irina, and RGT Planet) of the brewing type and four single-component micronutrient fertilizers containing copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn). The foliar application of microelements resulted in improvements in selected elements of the yield structure and an increase in grain yield, and the effect depended on the fertilization applied. The highest grain yield was obtained from plots where fertilizer with Mo or Zn was used. Barley plants sprayed with Mo fertilizer developed the longest spikes and were characterized by the highest number of productive tillers per plant. The foliar application of Zn resulted in the formation of the highest number of spikes per unit area and grain uniformity. The RGT Planet cultivar was characterized by higher values of the measured parameters compared to Baryłka and KWS Irina.

Efficiency of biological products and mineral fertilizers application on winter garlic crops in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The article presents the results of three years of research on the effectiveness of the influence of the biological product Phytohelp, mineral fertiliser Drip Fert N15P5K30+МЕ and bioadhesive Liposam on the structure of the winter garlic yield of the Lyubasha variety under drip irrigation. The relevance of the research is due to the search for new approaches to the development of technological methods for growing winter garlic, taking into account the specific conditions of unstable moisture in the Forest-Steppe. The purpose of the article is to establish the optimal doses and the ratio between them to achieve an increase in the quality and yield of winter garlic. The study was conducted on the experimental field of the Department of Vegetable Growing of the National Assessed Contribution of Ukraine of the Uman National University of Horticulture on podzolised heavy loamy black soil in 2017-2019. As a result, it was proved that in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on podzolic chernozem under drip irrigation, a higher yield was obtained in plots with the combined use of the biological product Phytohelp at a rate of 1-2 l/ha, mineral fertiliser Drip Fert N15P5K30+МЕ and bioadhesive Liposam at a rate of 1 l/ha. This resulted in an increase of 9.0-10.6 t/ha compared to the control variant, respectively. Using the biopreparation Phytohelp and bioadhesive Liposam at a rate of 2/1 and 1/1 l/ha, a yield of 16.6-17.1 t/ha was obtained, where the increase to the control was 7.7-8.2 t/ha. The effect of foliar fertilisation with Drip Fert N15P5K30+ME (4 g/2 l of water or 0.5 c/ha) on the yield of winter garlic was determined. The increase to the control was 1.6%. The results of this study may be useful for agricultural enterprises and farmers who grow garlic and other crops

The effects of foliar fertilization on maize inbred lines

The effects of foliar fertilization on maize inbred lines

Spraying Technology and Foliar Application Result in a Smooth Layer of the Spray: a Literature Review

Using of foliar fertilizer application is an important issue in many crops plantation in different countries. Various studies have been conducted on this method, especially with fruits and horticulture. Few studies were performed on essential crops such as maize compared to the orchards. Concerning crops, most of these studies were performed using foliar spraying with phosphorus, and potassium, and a few attempts were carried out with foliar fertilizer during the season at different concentrations starting from the first stage of the plant. The foliar application may be sprayed with a suitable concentrate depending on the type of crop planted, growth stage, leaves age, and physicochemical properties of the sprayed liquid. As reported in the current literature, there are previous studies on this application with insufficient knowledge of mechanisms and factors governing the nutrient uptake by leaves that still need to be improved. The insufficient information about the effect of foliar fertilizer at different application rates is one of the reasons that the study focused on it, which was probably the leading cause of sometimes controversial effects with foliar fertilizers being reported. Most previous studies revealed that is necessary to apply foliar fertilizer on the plant leaves at a proper concentration and application rate compatible with the age of the crop applied. The results also indicated that a suitable concentration of foliar fertilizer no doubt leads to improved fertilizer effectiveness and can even increase plant growth activity, especially when spraying with modern technology. For an optimum both of the crop vegetative growth and yield response to foliar fertilization, it is possible to diagnose the optimum growth stage of the plant and leaf age for the starting of foliar fertilizer application related to metrological conditions such as the air temperature, and relative humidity at the time of spraying. It is necessary to recommend the crop growth stage before foliar application at a known application rate and concentration to a crop to achieve maximum efficiency at low cost as possible.

THE INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY TO SOYBEAN

This experiment investigated the effect of foliar fertilization on yield components, yield and protein content to 75 soybean genotypes from four maturity groups. The experiment took place within the Soybean Breeding Laboratory at Research and Development Station for Agriculture Turda (RDSA Turda) over the course of two years (2020, 2021). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with three replications in which three variants of fertilization were analyzed, and the application of foliar fertilizers was carried out in different stages of soybean vegetation. In general, if we refer to the yield, it is observed that most of the genotypes that reacted favorably to the application of foliar fertilization are with the Ff1 variant, on the other hand, for the protein content, it seems that the Ff2 foliar fertilization variant causes an increase in protein in most of the genotypes that they had a favorable reaction to foliar fertilization. Regarding the component elements of yield, the application of foliar fertilization variants does not greatly contribute to increasing their number, being directly related to the genotype but also the interaction between environment x genotype.

Effect of Foliar Fertilization on the Physiological Parameters, Yield and Quality Indices of the Winter Wheat

The main purpose of the paper is to highlight the impact of foliar fertilization during the various growth stages of winter wheat and its role in achieving high-quality and superior production. Foliar fertilizers play a crucial role in calibrating and forming active growth intervals correlated with productivity factors. The research was conducted over a two-year period using the Andrada winter wheat variety. It involved the application of four different foliar fertilizers: basic mineral fertilization, FoliMAX Orange (two treatments and three treatments), FoliMAX CerealsMIX (two treatments and three treatments), and Microfert U (three treatments). Depending on the treatment, two or three applications of foliar with foliar fertilizers were carried out at various stages of winter wheat development, including pre-flowering and grain formation. The research method used to record physiological parameters was non-destructive (the leaves were not detached from the plant) and was based on the use of the CIRAS-3 foliar gas analyzer, which simultaneously determines several physiological and environmental indicators. As an indicator read by the device, photosynthesis was chosen for leaf temperature and leaf transpiration, correlated with production and quality indices. By applying the foliar fertilizer treatments to the wheat culture, we managed to increase production and improve the quality. After using different foliar fertilizers, the assimilation and physiological parameters had higher values of over 30 μmolm−2·s−1. Foliar fertilization applied to the winter wheat variety resulted in an average production increase between 450 and 765 kg·ha−1 and quality indices with a protein percentage between 11.5 and 12.6%, gluten content between 21.5 to 24.0% and the Zeleny index between 29.0 and 39.0%, and the mass of one thousand grains was between 48.0 and 50.5 g.

UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum M.) DENGAN APLIKASI PUPUK DAUN DAN PUPUK KCL

Fertilization is a critical element in agricultural practices because plants need adequate and balanced nutrition to grow and develop well. Common obstacles faced in growing tomato plants, such as lack of nutrition or low yields. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of foliar fertilizer and KCl fertilizer doses on increasing the growth and production of tomato plants. The research was conducted from February to April 2022 in Jugo Village, Sekaran District, Lamongan Regency. This research used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) procedure with two treatment factors. The first factor is the type of foliar fertilizer, consisting of 3 levels, including Growmore, Mamigro, and Gandasil D foliar fertilizer. The second factor, namely the dose of KCl fertilizer, consists of 3 levels, including no fertilizer (control), 100 kg/ha, and 150 kg/ha. Ha. The conclusion in this research is that there is an interaction between the type of foliar fertilizer treatment and the dose of KCl fertilizer on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves and number of branches at age. Treatments for various types of foliar fertilizer differ significantly in the parameters of number of fruit per plant, fruit diameter per plant, fruit weight per plant, and fruit weight per hectare. Mamigro leaf fertilizer treatment and a 150 kg dose of KCl fertilizer was the best treatment combination.

Impact of Foliar Spray with Gibberellic Acid GA3 and Nauta Fertilizer on the Some Vital and Mineral Components of Three Cultivars of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.)

The University of Mosul’s Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design / College of Agriculture and Forestry vineyard hosted this study. During the growing season 2022, to study the effects of foliar fertilization with Nauta fertilizer containing amino acids and seaweed extracts in three concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg l-1) and foliar spraying with gibberellic acid in three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 mg l-1) on three table grape varieties, Halwany Lebanese, Kamali, and Black Khalili, and their interactions and effects on some It is possible to summarize the most important results obtained: According to this study, Halwany surpassed Kamali and Black Khalili in petiole iron concentration and grape variety superiority. Halwany and Kamali were over the Black Khalili variety in the average concentration of potassium in the petioles, just as the grape varieties were over the Halwany variety in the average protein and phosphorus concentrations. The Black Khalili variety also outperformed the Halwany and Kamali varieties in zinc content and carbohydrate percentage. In leaf petioles, nitrogen content increased significantly after foliar application of Nauta organic fertilizer at 250 mg l-1. In addition to the superiority of foliar spraying at 500 mg l-1 of the same fertilizer in main stem carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, and iron in leaf petioles. Foliar spraying with gibberellic acid, especially at a concentration of 100 mg l-1, led to a significant increase in the average of protein and the concentration of phosphorus, potassium, zinc and iron in the leaf petioles.

ZnO nanoparticles improve bioactive compounds, enzymatic activity and zinc concentration in grapevine

The low availability of micronutrients in the soil leads to a deficit of these micronutrients in crops, causing malnutrition in the population. Approximately 3,000 million people in the world have health problems caused by inadequate Zn intake. Agronomic biofortification is a way to produce crops rich in micronutrients and mitigate malnutrition problems. Nano biofortification with zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs-ZnO) is a good strategy to mitigate and increase the nutritional content of the edible part of the plant. The aim was to determine the effect of foliar spraying with NPs-ZnO on yield and biosynthesis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds and their bioaccumulation. In this study, the effect of foliar fertilization with NPs-ZnO: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L-1, on yield, the content of bioactive compounds and their bioaccumulation in grapevine berries was evaluated. The distribution of the treatments was under a completely randomized design, each treatment consisted of 10 plants, each representing one experimental unit. The treatments were applied by foliar sprays at fruit formation, in veraison and 15 days before harvest. Foliar spraying with NPs-ZnO positively modifies yield, the content of bioactive compounds, and their bioaccumulation. Doses of 50-75 mg L-1 of NPs-ZnO increased crop yield, and oenological parameters. In addition, all doses evaluated modified enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and improving Zn concentration in grapevine berries. Foliar spraying of NPs-ZnO is an alternative to improve grape quality and yield, in addition to enriching its nutritional and antioxidant content.

INFLUENCE OF WINTER WHEAT PLANTS’ FOLIAR ERTILIZATION ON CROP’S YIELD AND QUALITY

The article presents the results of experimental studies on the effect of foliar fertilization of winter wheat plants of sort Amandus with complex water-soluble fertilizers NAIS grain and Accelerator Micro on the background of N100Р58К100 on grain yield and quality. The research was conducted at Normagro LLC, Berdychiv district, Zhitomir region. The experiment included fertilizing winter wheat plants at the IV-V stages of crop organogenesis. The research was conducted on gray forest loamy soils. The use of these fertilizers proved to be quite effective. Compared with the background, the addition of conventional fertilizer with the studied fertilizers contributed to the increase in ear length and increase in the number of ears in the ear. The effect of using Акселератор Мікро was especially noticeable. The addition of background doses of fertilizers to the studied foliar fertilizers in our experiment affected the mass fraction of the crop, as evidenced by the data. At fertilizer N100P58K100 – received a crop – 6,08 t/ha, at N100P58K100 + «NAIS grain», 1,5 l/ha – productivity was 6,56 t/ha, at N100P58K100 + «Accelerator Micro» 1,5 kg/ha – 6,78 t/ha. In addition, the effect of combining the usual doses of fertilizers with foliar fertilization on the formation of the structure of the ear of wheat was studied. Among the studied parameters were the weight of one ear, the weight of 1000 grains, the nature of the grain. The weight of the ear with fertilizer N100R58K100 was –1,12 g, with N100R58K100 + «NAIS grain» (1,5 l/ha) – 1,17 g, and with N100P58K100 + «Accelerator Micro» (1,5 kg/ha) – 1,21 g, weight of 1000 grains – 42,3 g, 45,6 g, 48,9 g and nature of grain – 735 g/l, 745 g/l, 751 g/l respectively. The effect of the use of these fertilizers on the quality of the grain seed, in particular on the content of protein, gluten, ash and glassiness of the grain, was positive. A significant increase was obtained with the use of «Accelerator Micro», compared with «NAIS grain».

Effect of foliar fertilization (FULARTAL) on the growth and yield of three wheat cultivars

: A field experiment was carried out in the Experimental Field of Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad during the winter of 2019-2020. To study the effect of foliar fertilization (FULARTAL) on the growth and yield of three wheat cultivars. A factorial experiment was applied by designing complete randomized plots with three replications. The first factor included cultivars (Abu-Ghraib, Fateh, Sham 6) symbolized by (F1, F2, F3); the second factor included three levels of fertilizer (0, 2, 4) l ha-1 , and the following symbols were taken (M0, M1, M2). The results showed there were significant differences between the levels of factors in the studied traits. There was a significant difference between cultivars, as Abu-Ghraib (F1) outperformed in some features, including plant height, tillers number, and spikes number by giving the highest averages at (107.77 cm, 434.00 spikes. m2 and 383.88 spikes. m2 ). Sham 6 cultivar (F3) showed the highest average in the flag leaf area, spike length, and the number of days from planting until 50% of flowering appeared (37.11 cm2 , 9.55 cm and 110.33 days). The concentration of 4 l ha-1 (M2) gave the highest average in the trait: plant height, tillers number, flag leaf area, spike length, and spikes number, reaching (109.89 cm, 430.89 tillers. m², 36.11 cm², 9.41 cm and 382.44 spikes m2 ). The concentration of 2 l ha-1 (M1) gave the least days from planting until 50% of flowering appeared (107.89 days). Keywords: FULARTAL fertilizer; wheat; growth and yield characteristics; foliar fertilizers.

Effect of Foliar Fertilization with Potassium Silicate on some Morphological Characters of Strawberry Leaves Reducing Sucking Insects

The results showed that foliar fertilization with potassium silicate had a clear effect on increasing the thickness of the upper and lower epidermal cuticle layer and increased the thickness of the leaf, as the thickness after the first spray of the upper epidermal cuticle reached 22 microns and the lower epidermal cuticle 11 microns, and the leaf thickness reached 194.8 microns. As for after the second spray, the thickness of the leaf and the upper and lower cuticle layer reached 198.66, 25.33, 16.66 microns, and the third spray was characterized by an increase in the thickness of the leaf compared to the first and second spray, as the thickness of the leaf reached 206.66 microns, and the upper and lower cuticle epidermis was 28.33 and 19 microns, respectively. Compared with the control, the thickness of the paper was 190 microns, and the upper and lower epidermal cuticle layers were 10 and 20 microns, respectively. The results of the study indicated that the treatment of foliar fertilization with silicates with three sprays was superior in reducing the population density of whitefly and aphids on strawberry plant Mergent variety. The effect of the three sprays on the average number of Bemisia tabaci nymphs was 1.16 nymphs / leaf, the first spray had 6.66 nymphs / leaf, and the second spray had 19.66 nymphs / leaf. The effect of the three sprays on nymphs and adults of Aphis gossypii was 0.36 nymphs/leaf and 0.27 adults/leaf. For the second spray, the effect was on nymphs at a rate of 2.33 nymphs/leaf, and on adults at a rate of 1.91 adults/leaf. The first spray had the least effect on reducing the population density, as it reached nymphs at a rate of 8.16 nymphs/leaf. And for adults, 6.33 adults / leaf, with clear significant differences. As for the effect of three sprays of potassium silicate on the numerical density of nymphs and adults of Aphis fabae, the rate of nymphs reached 0.33 nymphs / leaf after the third spray, and for adults, at a rate of 0.27 adults / leaf, which is the most effective compared to the first and second sprays. The average numerical density of nymphs was 9.08 nymphs/leaf and for adults 5.24 adults/leaf after the first spray, while after the second spray the average density was 4.30 nymphs/leaf and for adults 2.16 adults/leaf.

Effect of Foliar Fertilization with Humic Acid and Garlic Extract on Growth and Yield of Broccoli and its Content of some Secondary Metabolites

An experiment was conducted in one of the open fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture,Al-Qasim Green University for the autumn season 2021-2022. The experiment included a study of three levels of humic acid (0, 2, 4) ml / liter and three levels of garlic extract (0, 10, 20) ml / liter and the interaction between them in the growth and yield of broccoli plant and its content of total phenols and flavonoids. A factorial experiment (3×3) was conducted according to the split plot design and with three replicates, where each replicate contains 9 treatments. Test the least significant difference L.S.D at the level of 5%. The results showed the humic acid at a concentration of 4 ml / liter in excelled and gave the highest plant height of 57.60 cm, the number of leaves 17.46 leaves / plant, the percentage of dry matter 19.06%, the diameter of curd 23.24 cm, the weight of curd 0.736 kg, and the total amount of phenols in the leaves 1.93 mg / kg. Humic treatment at a concentration of 2 ml / L was significantly excelled in the total amount of phenols in the pink disc at a rate of 1.98 mg / kg. The garlic extract at a concentration of 20 ml/L recorded significantly excelled in recording the highest plant height of 58.42 cm, the percentage of dry matter 19.40%, the curd diameter 23.12 cm, and the curd weight 0.766 kg. In the leaves, it reached 38.15 mg / kg,As for the interaction treatments, most of the interaction treatments recorded significantly excelled in most of the studied traits, but the best interaction treatments were H3G3, which recorded the highest number of leaves 13.60 leaves and the percentage of dry matter 19.73% and the diameter of the pink disc 25 cm and the weight of curd 0.870 kg.While treatment H2G2 recorded the highest value of total phenols in leaves 2.07 mg / kg and treatment H3G2 recorded the highest value of flavonoids in leaves 38.37 mg / kg. Treatment H2G1 recorded the highest value of total phenols in curd amounted to 2.10 mg/kg, and treatment H3G1 recorded the highest value of flavonoids in curd amounting to 38.61 mg/kg.

Обоснование норм применения минеральных удобрений при выращивании пшеницы озимой в условиях Западного Предкавказья

The influence of rates of mineral fertilizers on the yield and grain quality of soft winter wheat on leached chernozem in the conditions of the Western Ciscaucasia is considered. The effect of foliar fertilization with a polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis of a type 18 : 18 : 18 + 3MgO + ME on winter wheat crops in the fourth rotation of grain-grass-rowed crop rotation was studied. An agrochemical analysis of leached chernozem was carried out according to the vegetation phases of soft winter wheat: spring tillering, budding and flowering. According to the research results, the average yield of winter wheat in the control variant was 5.08 t/ha, at the application of a single rate of a complete mineral fertilizer (N40P30K20), the yield was 6.0 t/ha. The increase to the control amounted to 0.92 t/ha (18.1%). The application of double (N80P60K40) and triple rates of the mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) increased the yield to 6.75 and 6.85 t/ha, respectively. The increase relative to the control is 1.67 t/ha (32.9%) and 1.77 t/ha (34.8%), respectively. The protein content in grains in the control variant was 10.9%, the protein yield was 553.72 kg/ha. The application of single (N40P30K20), double (N80P60K40), and triple rates (N120P90K60) of the complete mineral fertilizer increased the protein content in grains and amounted up to 11.6, 12.2, and 12.2%, protein yield – 696.0, 823.5, and 835.7 kg/ha, respectively. The gluten content in the control was 20.1%; the maximum gluten content was found in the variant when applied the water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of a triple rate of the complete mineral fertilizer (N120P90K60) – 23.8%, which is 3.7% more than in the control variant. Foliar fertilizing with water-soluble polycomponent fertilizer Aqualis at the application of single (N40P30K20), double N80P60K40), and triple (N120P90K60) rates of the complete mineral fertilizer provided a significant in-crease in winter wheat yield, which amounted to 1.60, 2.67, and 2.82 t/ha. This is higher than the control by 31.5, 52.6, and 55.5%. The protein content in grains and protein yield when applying Aqualis at the application of the complete mineral fertilizer ranged from 12.4–12.8% and 976.5–1011.2 kg/ha, respectively.

SOYBEAN RESPONSE TO FOLIAR AND SOIL FERTILIZATION

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar fertilization as compared to mineral fertilization on yield and yield components of soybean. The experiments were carried out during 2020 and 2021 growing seasons at Research and Development Station for Agriculture Turda (RDSA Turda), Romania, using randomised complete block design with three replications. The two variants of foliar fertilization contain macro and micro elements, being applied in different phases of soybean growth and development. Among the foliar fertilization options, T1stood out as the foliar fertilization option that contributed to some extent to the growth of plant height, the number of pods/plant, the number of grains/plant, the weight of grains/plant and yield. The second variant of foliar fertilization (T2) in most of the analysed cases determined a decrease in the yield elements as well as the yield compared to the control variant.

Research on the effect of different types of fertilization on the maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is the cereal crop with the greatest productive potential and production in the world. A field research experiment was conducted in the field settings of the Department of "Plant Production" at the Technical University of Varna, to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilizers on the productivity and quality of Dekalb maize hybrids. Four fertilizer variants were examined and the following biometric parameters were assessed: grain yield, weight per 1000 grains, length of cob, number of rows in cob, number of grains in cob, number of grains per row, weight of grain in cob and weight of the cob. A biochemical analysis of the maize grain was performed and the content of protein, starch and fat was determined. It was established that the combined pairing of soil and foliar fertilization leads to increased productivity and enhanced biometric parameters under study, with the highest values ​​being obtained in the variant ammonium nitrate (rate of 12 kg/dа) + 250 ml/dа NPK 2.5 SO3 with composition 3.0 N: 1.5 P: 10 K: 2.5 SO3 + 250 ml/da SO3 10% Zn, 3% N (sulfides with zinc and nitrogen). It was also ascertained, through the use of the same combination, that the maize hybrids under examination contain the highest amount of protein. Provided, from the findings of the experiment, is a conclusive evidence, that the combination of sowing soil fertilization with ammonium nitrate (rate of 12 kg/da) and two foliar fertilizers (rate of 250 ml/da) – NPK 2.5 SO3 + SO3, 10% Zn, 3% N improved the productivity and quality of the investigated Dekalb maize hybrids.

Calcium foliar fertilization and its effect on quality and shelf life in andean blackberry fruits (Rubus glaucus Benth.)

Calcium is the third most crucial nutrient for andean blackberry; however, its absorption is limited in acid soils, and its low mobility in the plant decreases its effects on fruits. Therefore, the effect of foliar fertilizers with calcium on andean blackberry fruits was estimated. In three locations, experiments were established with five calcium sources (Ca chelate, CaB nitrate, Ca oxide, CaB and CaBZn gluconate) and a control without calcium, applied in three phenological stages and recording: weight, diameters, firmness, color, juice, pulp, pH, soluble solids, acidity, dehydration, and damage. Soil and tissue analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the plant’s nutritional conditions and its fertilization response. For the statistical analysis were used mixed models, tests of means, and principal components. Foliar fertilization with chelate, nitrate, and calcium oxide in andean blackberry crops with thorns, in production, with pruning management, and in the phenological stages of flower bud, fruit set, and red fruit, is a viable alternative to improve firmness, weight, and diameter of the fruits. In contrast, the chemical and color parameters in andean blackberry fruits depend on the edaphoclimatic conditions of each zone. This fertilization should be considered as a complement in soils without acidity problems and with balanced cationic saturations.