Effect Of Fillers Research Articles

Synergistic Reinforcing Effect of Hazelnut Shells and Hydrotalcite on Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites

Recently, the development of composite materials from agricultural and forestry waste has become an attractive area of research. The use of bio-waste is beneficial for economic and environmental reasons, adapting it to cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability. In the presented study, the possibility of using hazelnut shell (HS) and hydrotalcite (HT) mineral filler was investigated. The effects of fillers in the amount of 10 wt.% on selected properties of polyurethane composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, processing times), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, hardness), insulating properties (thermal conductivity), and flame-retardant properties (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, peak heat release), were investigated. Polyurethane foams containing fillers have been shown to have better performance properties compared to unmodified polyurethane foams. For example, the addition of 10 wt% of hydrotalcite filler leads to PU composite foams with improved compression strength (improvement by ~20%), higher flexural strength (increase of ~38%), and comparable thermal conductivity (0.03055 W m–1 K–1 at 20 °C). Moreover, the incorporation of organic fillers has a positive effect on the fire resistance of PU materials. For example, the results from the cone calorimeter test showed that the incorporation of 10 wt% of hydrotalcite filler significantly reduced the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) by ca. 30% compared with that of unmodified PU foam, and increased the value of the limiting oxygen index from 19.8% to 21.7%.

Effect of Filler on the Microstructural Behavior of Dissimilar MIG Weldments for High Pressure Vessel Applications

Effect of Filler on the Microstructural Behavior of Dissimilar MIG Weldments for High Pressure Vessel Applications

Effect of Mixing Methods and Black Conductive Fillers on Properties of Natural Rubber Composites

Carbon black, graphite, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and metal fillers increase composite conductivity in natural rubber, which is electrically insulating. Depending on dispersion, conductive filler lowers insulating material resistivity. These materials are frequently used for electromagnetic/radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI) shielding, conductive flexible seals gaskets, and conductive mats used to prevent electrostatic damage to electronic devices. These elastomers could be used to make flexible solar cells or mechanical-to-electricity devices. Temperature, mixing time, shear rate, and cross-linking during vulcanization affect rubber electrical conductivity of composite. To study shear rate effects, vulcanizate of Natural Rubber-based composites filled with carbon black, millable carbon fiber powder, and synthetic graphite powder was prepared by open mixing (two roll mill) and close mixing (internal mixer). We compared how shear rate affects cure, stress-strain, and volume resistivity of conductive filler-based Natural Rubber composites. Increment in clearance of two roll mill during addition of rubber additives along with rubber of reduced the shearing force resulted in less dispersive and distributive mixing and stagnant points due to band formation on roll surface compared to intermix where compound movement had no stagnation point and long wings pushed material axially and two nogs pushed material in other chamber. Compared to two roll mill samples, the compound reached every point of the mixing chamber for best homogeneity, reducing cure time and improving stress-strain and volume resistivity.

Synergistic effect of ceramic filler in polymer salt complex for improved ion dissociation and migration mechanism

Abstract Use of Ceramic filler is one of the most common approaches to improve the conductivity and stability properties of a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) cum separator. Among them, active fillers like Garnet have been extensively used to enhance the stability and conductivity of SPE. However, SPE suffers from limited ion migration at room temperature acting as a bottleneck for their application in all solid-state batteries. An extensive study on these fillers' role in ion dissociation and migration can be a stepping stone for advanced SPE. In the present work, an FTIR analysis has primarily been used to identify and evaluate cation coordinate site-cation, and ion pair interactions in a Li6.5La3Zr1.75Te0.25O12 loaded polyethylene oxide-LiCF3SO3 matrix with varying ceramic concentrations. Further, the Trukhan model has been used to calculate diffusion coefficient, mobility, and charge carrier density to interpret relaxation parameters, conductivity, and FTIR results in the SPE samples. Finally, an ion migration model has been proposed based on the results obtained in experimental studies.

Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production in a Ce0.9Zr0.05Y0.05O2−δ/Ag and Molten Carbonates Membrane Reactor

This study proposes a new dense membrane for selectively separating CO2 and O2 at high temperatures and simultaneously producing syngas. The membrane consists of a cermet-type material infiltrated with a ternary carbonate phase. Initially, the co-doped ceria of composition Ce0.9Zr0.05Y0.05O2−δ (CZY) was synthesized by using the conventional solid-state reaction method. Then, the ceramic was mixed with commercial silver powders using a ball milling process and subsequently uniaxially pressed and sintered to form the disk-shaped cermet. The dense membrane was finally formed via the infiltration of molten salts into the porous cermet supports. At high temperatures (700–850 °C), the membranes exhibit CO2/N2 and O2/N2 permselectivity and a high permeation flux under different CO2 concentrations in the feed and sweeping gas flow rates. The observed permeation properties make its use viable for CO2 valorization via the oxy-CO2 reforming of methane, wherein both CO2 and O2 permeated gases were effectively utilized to produce hydrogen-rich syngas (H2 + CO) through a catalytic membrane reactor arrangement at different temperatures ranging from 700 to 850 °C. The effect of the ceramic filler in the cermet is discussed, and continuous permeation testing, up to 115 h, demonstrated the membrane’s superior chemical and thermal stability by confirming the absence of any chemical interaction between the material and the carbonates as well as the absence of significant sintering concerns with the pure silver.

Effects of waste wollastonite filler on hot mix asphalt performance

Asphalt pavement plays a critical role in global infrastructure, necessitating substantial annual investments for maintenance and repair. Enhancing asphalt mixture performance is essential for prolonging pavement life and reducing associated costs. This study explores the use of waste wollastonite, a neutral mineral composed of silica and lime, as a filler material in asphalt mixtures. Comprehensive micro-scale performance tests, including Marshall Stability, resistance modulus, indirect tensile strength, and moisture sensitivity, were conducted on samples incorporating waste wollastonite. The findings indicate that replacing lime filler with waste wollastonite significantly improves asphalt performance; specifically, complete substitution resulted in increases in Marshall Stability, Marshall Quotient, and resistance modulus by 30%, 28%, and 26%, respectively. Furthermore, a 70% replacement of lime with waste wollastonite led to a 9% increase in tensile strength ratio while demonstrating a notable reduction in indirect tensile strength compared to control samples. These results suggest that waste wollastonite is a viable and effective filler option for enhancing the durability of asphalt mixtures.

Understanding Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 effect on poly(ionic liquid)-based electrolytes for high voltage solid-state lithium batteries working at room temperature

Hybrid electrolytes composed of poly(ionic liquid), ionic liquids (ILs), and fillers are very promising candidates for solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs). However, a significant knowledge gap in the field of hybrid electrolytes lies in the understanding of filler effect on properties and performance. Herein, we have investigated hybrid electrolytes based on poly(diallyldimethylammonium) bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PDDA-FSI), N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (PYR13FSI), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and different loadings (from 0 to 19.2 vol%) of Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 (Al-LLZO) particles. All the electrolytes present a homogeneous morphology and excellent thermal stability. Moreover, our results demonstrate that Al-LLZO particles do not contribute to the ionic conductivity of the hybrid electrolytes. A 2.6 vol% of Al-LLZO led to the excellent performance in full cells at room temperature. Surprisingly, the battery performance was not correlated with the transport properties. Instead, this study found out a mechanical-performance relationship, which follows a master equation: t = A (−12.48 (1-e(1.53x10-4σy))) / P that enables to correlate the effect Al-LLZO particles on the cell performance, and predicts, for the first time, the lifetime of the battery through the mechanical properties.

Effect of sawdust fillers loaded on Cucumis sativus fiber‐reinforced polymer composite: a novel composite for lightweight static application

AbstractThis research investigates the impact of sawdust fillers on Cucumis sativus fiber‐reinforced polymer composites through a conventional hand layup process. The objective is to develop a novel material suitable for static applications that is both lightweight and environmentally sustainable. A range of analytical techniques including X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis were employed to thoroughly characterize the resulting composite material. By integrating Cucumis sativus fibers and sawdust fillers into a polymer matrix, the study demonstrates the potential to create materials with improved mechanical properties due to addition of sawdust filler, including tensile strength (27.61 MPa), flexural strength (32.84 MPa), impact resistance (14.7 J cm−2) and hardness (42). These enhancements, averaging at 16.2%, are attributed to the addition of sawdust filler, which opens new avenues for environmentally conscious engineering solutions. XRD analysis reveals the composite's crystalline structure, indicating a crystallinity index of 64.5% and the orientation of crystalline planes. FTIR spectroscopy identifies chemical bonding and CO and CO functional groups present in the material with major peaks at 2123 and 2438 cm−1. TGA assesses the composite's thermal stability and decomposition behavior up to 380 °C. Additionally, SEM imaging elucidates the microstructural features and distribution of Cucumis sativus fibers and sawdust fillers within the epoxy matrix, while EDX analysis provides quantitative data on elemental composition. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Synergistic effects of graphene nanoparticles on the thermomechanical properties of PEEK-HNTs nanocomposites

In our previous study, we selected a 3% concentration (PH3) from various prepared PEEK-HNTs nanocomposites. Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is characterized by non-perfluorinated aromatic compounds with 1,4-disubstituted phenyl groups linked by carbonyl (––CO––) and ether (––O––) groups, offering exceptional thermal stability, mechanical strength, tribological properties, and chemical resistance at high temperatures. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are known for their non-toxic, environmentally friendly, cost-effective properties, with tunable release and rapid adsorption rates. In this study, we prepared graphene nanoparticle (GNP) composites at three different concentrations while maintaining constant PH3 levels. The composites underwent comprehensive characterization using FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, and DMA techniques. Thermomechanical properties were evaluated using a universal testing machine. Results demonstrate significant enhancements in hardness, impact strength, elongation at break, tensile modulus, and flexural modulus, with the highest performance observed in the GNP-loaded 0.3% (PHG3) concentration. The synergistic effects of GNP fillers in PH3 are attributed to enhanced interfacial adhesion and favorable interactions with the polymer matrix.

Effect of natural hybrid fillers reinforced vinyl ester composites on mechanical and physical properties

Effect of natural hybrid fillers reinforced vinyl ester composites on mechanical and physical properties

Improvement of wear resistance of polyarylene ether nitrile composites through synergistic effect of PTFE and ZnO

Semi-crystalline polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) has good thermal and mechanical properties, but its wear resistance needs to be improved, which limits its application in extreme environments. In this work, PEN was used as a matrix resin, disc-shaped zinc oxide (ZnO) was used as a wear-resistant reinforcing filler and nucleating agent, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) solid lubricating phase was introduced to fabricate the PEN/ZnO/PTFE composites. The lowest coefficient of friction and wear rate of PEN-based composites were observed when filled with 7.5 wt% of PTFE. To further improve the hardness and elastic modulus, the PEN/ZnO/PTFE composites were subjected to heat treatment, and the wear rate was decreased by 26.1 %. In addition, the properties of the composites were investigated under different loading conditions and the results showed a significant improvement in the tribological properties. This study further confirms that the synergistic effect of the rigid filler (ZnO) and solid lubricant (PTFE) can substantially reduce friction and wear. Thus, it is a significant advancement in the development of high-performance wear resistant PEN- based composites.

Environmentally Benign High‐Performance Composites‐Based Hybrid Microcrystalline Cellulose/Graphene Oxide

ABSTRACTA novel silane functionalization prepared by a solution mixing approach of epoxy composites filled with eco‐friendly reinforcement filler, that is, graphene oxide (GO) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The developed composites were subjected to comprehensive analysis using various characterization techniques, encompassing mechanical testing, water absorption analysis, thermal stability assessment, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile strength and Young's Modulus of the epoxy composite filled with 1.0 wt.% of GO (EGO1.0) demonstrated the highest value viz. 29.83 MPa and 1991.71 MPa, respectively, when compared to neat epoxy composite (E0). Meanwhile, the thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) studies, particularly char yield, highlight improvements in the thermal stability of the EGO2.5 composite, that is, 23.39% representing a 33.73% increment compared to the E0 composite. The synergistic effect of hybrid filler, achieved by a combination of micro and nanoparticle fillers within an epoxy matrix, was investigated as a virtuous alternative to the conventional epoxy nanocomposites. A uniform dispersion of GO on the MCC surface leads to significant improvements in the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the epoxy‐reinforced composite. The maximum tensile strength, Young's Modulus, and break strain of 39.77 MPa, 2591.27 MPa, and 2.90%, respectively, were observed for the modified EGO1.0MCC1.5 composite. The synergistic effect of hybrid eco‐friendly reinforcement fillers (GO/MCC) and a strong interfacial adhesion between the matrix and filler reduces the formation of defects, thereby resulting in good stress transfer from matrix to fillers.

Use of carbonated recycled cement paste powder as a new supplementary cementitious material: A critical review

This paper focused on reviewing and decoupling analysis the effects of carbonated recycled cement paste powder (RCPP) as a new supplementary cementitious material (SCM) on the mechanical properties, rheology, durability, and carbon sequestration capacity of cement-based materials according to the results in previous studies. The results suggest that that carbonated RCPP serves as an excellent SCM in enhancing the compressive strength of cement paste, mainly through increasing the filler effect and the chemical reaction of CaCO3 with C3A. Extensive cement replacement with carbonated RCPP does not significantly reduce strength. However, when considering rheology and durability, particularly concerning steel corrosion, a 20-30% cement replacement results in significant performance degradation due to the water absorption and the pozzolanic effect of silica gel, respectively. Furthermore, an increase in the carbonation products content (carbonation degree) can enhance the strength, but adversely affect rheological properties and corrosion resistance of reinforcement of cement-based material. Addressing this contradiction to synergistically enhance the various properties of cement-based material containing carbonated RCPP is the focus of future efforts.

Surface Modification of Composite Coating for Marine Application: A Short Review

Corrosion is one of the phenomena that affects the deterioration of materials in offshore applications. Marine corrosion is particularly aggressive, due to the high salt content and low electrical resistivity of seawater. Corrosion cannot be stopped completely, but the reaction can be slowed down. Applying coating is an effective and widely used method to protect metal surfaces from corrosion. Coatings act as a barrier between the metal and its environment, preventing or slowing down the corrosive processes. Pursuant to ISO 12944, the most commonly used generics for coating systems in marine service are alkyd, acrylic, ethyl silicate, epoxy, vinyl ester, polyurethane, polyaspartic, and polysiloxane. The latest innovations in marine coatings still use a layer-by-layer coating method (e.g. primer coats, intermediate coats, and top coats) depending on thickness. Marine structures exposed to the atmospheric zones are usually coated with one or two coats of epoxy. A slightly more costly system of one coat of zinc-rich primer, one coat of epoxy, and one coat of aliphatic polyurethane may provide better performance. Coating systems for the atmospheric zones are frequently used in the intertidal and splash zones. Immersion zones of marine structures are commonly coated with one or two coats of 100% solid epoxy or three coats of solvent-borne epoxy. A single polymer as a generic coating have limitations. Adding fillers is a common method to improve the properties of polymers to become a composite. In marine coatings, fillers are still limited to glass flakes and powder. Poor dispersion and agglomeration might reduce the effectiveness of fillers in the matrix, which decreases the adhesion properties. The fillers must be surface modification before the application. This review provides a comprehensive and critical review of the current research status of composite coatings that serve as candidates to be used in marine coating.

Thermomechanical and Structural Analysis of Manufactured Composite Based on Polyamide and Aluminum Recycled Material.

The paper presents an analysis of the filler's effect on the machining process and on changes in the thermomechanical properties of polymer composites based on aluminum chips. Composite research samples with a polymer matrix in the form of polyamide 6 were made by the pressing method. Comparative studies were carried out on the changes in thermomechanical properties and structure of the obtained molders with different filler contents and different fractions after the machining process. In order to determine the changes in thermal and mechanical properties, analysis was carried out using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method, thermal analysis of dynamic mechanical properties (DMTA) and a detailed stereometric analysis of the surface. After mechanical processing, roughness amplitude parameters and volumetric functional parameters were determined. In order to analyze the structure, tomographic examinations of the manufactured composite were conducted. In relation to the polymer matrix, a significant increase in the storage modulus of the composites was noted in the entire temperature range of the study. An increase in the enthalpy of melting of the matrix was noted in composites with a lower filler content and a shift in the melting range of the crystalline phase. Significant differences were noted in the study of the composite surfaces in the case of using fillers obtained after machining with different fractions. The dependencies of the functional and amplitude parameters of the surfaces after machining of composite samples prove the change in the functional properties of the surface. The use of aluminum chips in the composite significantly changed the surface geometry.

The Redefinition and Volumization of the Lip Area with Hyaluronic Acid: A Case Series

Background: The increasing popularity of non-surgical cosmetic enhancements for the lower face and perioral area, particularly through hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers, reflects the growing desire for improved lip volume and definition. This study showcases the effects of a specific HA filler on lip fullness, shape, and overall perioral rejuvenation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-site observational analysis of adult female patients treated with Genefill Soft Fill HA injections in the lips and perioral areas. Both patient and physician satisfaction were evaluated using the Likert scale and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), respectively. The outcomes for natural appearance, volume, and durability were assessed using a five-point scale. The patients were followed up with for up to six months to monitor any adverse events. Results: The cohort included thirteen female patients with an average age of 55.3 ± 8.3 years. Approximately 1.2 ± 0.4 mL of filler was used per patient. The results indicate high satisfaction, with scores above 4 for naturalness, volume, and durability. Over 92% of patients reported a significant improvement in appearance. No moderate or severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Genefill Soft Fill HA filler is both effective and safe for enhancing lip esthetics, with high satisfaction rates among recipients and no significant adverse events observed.

Multi-angle research on the performance of self-foaming filling materials and analysis of engineering applications

Utilizing self-foaming filling material to fill the hollow area is an effective way to settle the issues of low rate and poor effect of filling and roofing in the large stope. There are fewer studies related to the expansion rate, hydration exotherm and strength properties of self-foaming fillers in mines. Based on this, this paper investigates the expansion characteristics, hydration exothermic characteristics and compressive strength characteristics of the self-foaming filler under different cement-tailings ratios (1:4, 1:6, 1:8), reveals the hydration reaction mechanism of the material and its microscopic characteristics through XRD, TG and SEM tests, and evaluates the application effect and economy of the self-foaming filler in practical engineering with the background of Mashong Iron Ore Mine. The main findings are as follows: (1) The volumetric expansion of self-foaming filling material can be divided into the initial stage Ⅰ (0–1.5 h), the rapid reaction stage Ⅱ (1.5–8 h) and the stabilization stage, and as the cement-tailings ratio grows, the expansion rate of the filling body increases, and the expansion rate of the filling material with 1:4 ratio is as high as 20.4 %. (2) The hydration process of a self-foaming filled body does not contain induction and acceleration stages; under the same conditions, the self-foaming filled body has more exothermic heat of hydration than that of a self-foaming filled body by about 50 J/g, and the bigger the cement-tailings ratio, the bigger the hydration exothermic rate and exothermic quantity. (3) The compressive strength of self-foaming filler is inferior to the strength of conventional filler, the higher the cement-tailings ratio, the greater the degree of hydration, the more hydration products are produced, and the greater the compressive strength. (4) The bigger the ratio of gray sand, the greater the proportion of macropores and the actual engineering of self-foaming filling materials to catch the top rate of up to 98 %, directly saving the total cost of 11.6 %. The above research results can offer theoretical support and scientific guidance for the utilization of spontaneous foam materials to fill the goaf and control the roof rate, temperature, and strength of the stope.

Improved micromechanics model for piezoresistive polymethyl methacrylate modified with carbon nanotubes: considering the effect of mineral fillers

ABSTRACT Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) shows promise as a piezoresistive material for road pavements. The micromechanics model holds significance in designing and optimising the piezoresistive performance of CNTs-modified PMMA. In this paper, the excluded volume is introduced to characterise the effect of mineral fillers, as the main components in PMMA mastic, within the micromechanics model. The investigation integrates Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Monte Carlo numerical simulation, and electrical conductivity tests. Subsequently, a parameter analysis is conducted to optimise the piezoresistive sensitivity. SEM results reveal two representative interphase morphologies and identify the excluded volume of mineral fillers. It is estimated as 19.4% of the solid volume of mineral fillers through the numerical simulation. Moreover, the modelled electrical conductivity of PMMA mastic using the improved model precisely aligns with experimental results. These could validate and quantify the excluded volume of mineral fillers and then improve the micromechanics model for piezoresistivity. The parameter analysis demonstrates that mineral fillers markedly enhance the piezoresistive sensitivity of PMMA mastic. It is suggested to prepare PMMA mastic with a lower Poisson’s ratio and volume fraction of CNTs. This improved micromechanics model could guide the design and optimisation of piezoresistive polymers in intelligent road systems.

Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of the sandwich structure with orthogonal corrugated core reinforced by polyurethane foam

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to explore the effect of polyurethane foam filler on the out‐of‐plane compressive property and low‐velocity impact resistance of the orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel by experimental method. The results show that foam filling increases the energy absorption and specific energy absorption of the orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel by 64.75% and 38.22% under compressive load, respectively. Furthermore, during compression, the filled foam causes the core strut undergo pure buckling failure and gradually folds rather than brittle fracture. Under low‐velocity impact, the strengthening effect of foam filling on the first peak load of the load–displacement of the orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel decreases with the increase of impact energy, while the inhibition effect on the impactor drop increases with the increase of impact energy. The results can provide a reference for the design and optimization of foam‐filled hybrid sandwich structures.Highlights The compressive property and low‐velocity impact resistance of the foam‐filled orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel are tested. The effect of foam filling on the mechanical properties of the orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel is obtained by comparing the out‐of‐plane compressive response and low‐velocity impact response of the empty and foam‐filled orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel and foam sandwich panel. Foam filling can improve the load‐bearing property and energy‐absorbing capacity of the orthogonal corrugated sandwich panel and make it more stable progressive damage.

Limestone particle sizes and sulfate impact on the early hydration of limestone calcined clay cement

This study explores the underlying mechanisms behind the varying grain size distribution of limestone and sulfate requirement in Limestone Calcined Clay Cements (LC3) on the effects of early hydration and rheological properties. In this paper, the experimental study involving a 45 % replacement of cement demonstrates that the filler effect increases with the fineness of limestone. This is evidenced by the observed acceleration and enhancement of silicate reaction, as monitored through isothermal calorimetry (ICC). The precipitation rate of calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) increases, and the sulfate adsorption by C-S-H is also augmented correspondingly, leading to accelerated depletion of gypsum during the hydration process. The effect of limestone on the particle size of rheology was also shown that the finer the limestone, the greater the yield stress, while the sulfate has the opposite effect. The results of the Krstulovic-Dabic kinetic model indicated that the exponent and rate constant values decreased with the finer limestone and increased with the addition of gypsum. These results aid in understanding the role of limestone and sulfate requirements on LC3 systems.