Effect Of Feeding Method Research Articles

Effect of Feeding Methods on Respiratory Efforts in Neonate with Congenital Heart Defect

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses heart or blood vessel abnormalities arising during fetal development, affecting around 9 per 1,000 live births annually, totaling approximately 1.35 million infants. CHD is clinically classified as either cyanotic or acyanotic and often coincides with malnutrition and failure to thrive. Infants with CHD are at an increased risk of developing oropharyngeal dysphagia, characterized by difficulties in swallowing. Pediatric nurses play a crucial role in monitoring CHD, including respiratory rates and overall health, with particular attention to assessing nasal flaring for signs of respiratory distress as chest retractions and cyanosis. Objectives: Study aims to Assess variations in respiratory rate across different feeding methods and their impact on neonates with CHD at various time intervals. Methodology: A prospective observational study was carried out at the neonatal unit of Karbala Teaching Hospital for Children in Iraq. Fifty neonates, aged less than 28 days and diagnosed with CHD, were purposively recruited for the study. Inclusion criteria targeted neonates who were undergoing enteral feeding. Results: Analysis of records from 50 neonates revealed significant variations in respiratory rate across distinct feeding periods (p=0.027). and unveils noteworthy variations in nasal flaring throughout distinct feeding periods (p=0.001). And no significant differences in chest retraction across distinct feeding periods (p=1.000), no significant differences between breastfeeding, bottle-feeding and tube-feeding across time intervals of neonates feeding. Conclusions: Respiratory rate demonstrates significant variations across feeding periods. There are no significant differences in respiratory rates before-after feeding among breastfeeding, bottle-feeding, and tube-feeding.

Effects of feeding methods on growth and slaughter performance, blood biochemical indices, and intestinal morphology in Minxinan black rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Feed restriction after weaning is a common strategy used in commercial rabbit farms to improve feed efficiency, promote health, and reduce mortality. However, few studies have investigated the feed restrictions of Minxinan black rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Thus, the effects of feed restriction on growth and slaughter performance, intestinal morphology, and blood biochemical indices of Minxinan black rabbits were evaluated in this study. Rabbits in group A (control group) had ad libitum intake, while those in feed restriction groups (groups B, C, and D) were restricted to 80% of the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of group A the day before. The rabbits in group B were fed once per day at 8:00 am. Rabbits in groups C and D were fed twice per day at 8:00 am (50%) and 4:00 pm (50%) and 8:00 am (30%) and 4:00 pm (70%), respectively. The experimental period lasted for 8 weeks. Compared to that in group A, the diarrhea rate of group C was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the ADFI, feed conversion ratio, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat rate, total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), low-density lipoprotein, and intestinal crypt depth of all feed restriction groups were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Feed conversion ratio in group D was significantly better than that in groups B and C (P < 0.05). The efficiency index (EI) of groups C and D was higher than that of groups A and B (P < 0.01). Triglyceride levels in groups C and D were significantly lower than those in group A. The villus length to crypt depth of the duodenum and jejunum in group D was significantly higher than that in group A (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the following parameters can be improved by feed restriction: feed conversion ratio, diarrhea rate, abdominal fat rate, serum ALT, lipid indices and intestinal health of Minxinan black rabbits, and the EI of the farm. Feeding twice per day, 30% at 8:00 am and 70% at 4:00 pm, had the best comprehensive effects.

Effects of feeding methods on ecological soil wastewater infiltration systems for sewage treatment

Intermittent feeding method and continuous feeding method were adopted in two experimental form ecological soil wastewater infiltration systems (ESWISs), respectively. The results showed that COD, NH4 + and TN removal efficiencies were enhanced from 81.8%, 70.5% and 45.8% in continuous feeding ESWIS to 90.0%, 88.5% and 72.7% in intermittent feeding ESWIS. The same TP removal efficiency was achieved in two feeding mehtods. Matrix oxidation reduction potential (ORP) was enhanced through the intermittent feeding ESWIS, especially above 60 cm depth of the matrix, which encouraged nitrification. The metabolic activity and reproduction of microbes were improved by intermittent feeding method, such as actinomyces, bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, fungus. Meanwhile, denitrifying bacteria and nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NIR) activities were also increased. PCR-DGGE analysis confirmed that intermittent feeding method improved bacterial diversity. These results suggest that intermittent feeding method is viable to heighten the performance of ESWISs in sewage treatment.

Synthesis and Characterization if Large Particle Size Self-Matting Core-shell Acrylic Resin

Acrylic resin plays an important role in leather-making, such as finishing agent, filler and tanning agent. Acrylic resin can be easily fabricated via conventional emulsion polymerization, but how to prepare large particle size with self-matting effect has always been a challenge. In this paper, a continuous three-stage polymerization method: seed-polymerization coupled core-polymerization and shell polymerization was employed to prepare large particle size self-matting acrylic resin emulsion. Simultaneously, the effect of feeding methods on particles size and the effects of latex particle size, shell structure and cross-linking degree on the morphology and gloss of coating were investigated. The Z-average size of PBA seed latex particles was 213.4 nm for semi-continuous feeding method but 82.3nm for batch feeding method. After three-time continuous growth, the seed emulsion turned into core emulsion, and the particle size of core latex reached about 700nm. In third stages ofshell polymerization, the core emulsion was changed into core-shell emulsion, and the latex particle size increased further to 804nm. The latex particle size, core-shell structure and cross-linking degree of shell layer were found to influence the gloss of the coating. Large latex particle size imparted the film spherical micro-rough surface, soft-core combined with hard-shell structure led to deformation resistant during film formation and cross-linking of shell layer increased the densification of shell layer, all contributed to the coating rough surface, as a result, increasing the matting effect of the coating. Finally, the leather gloss was reduced from 5.8° to 1.2°.

Effect of Feeding Methods on Rumen Bacterial Flora in Chinese Tan Sheep Based on 16S rDNA High-throughput Analysis

Effect of Feeding Methods on Rumen Bacterial Flora in Chinese Tan Sheep Based on 16S rDNA High-throughput Analysis

The effect of feeding methods and non-nutritive sucking habits on early childhood caries and development of occlusion (A cross-sectional study)

Background and objectives: Early Childhood Caries (ECC ) is the most common chronic disease conditioning childhood and involves the presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions),missing(due to caries), or filled tooth surfaces in children under 72 months of age.Time and frequency of breast-feeding, artificial feeding and of non-nutritive sucking habits can influence orofacial development, and when negative can provoke instability of orofacial function. Sucking habits involving digits or dummies are the most tangible environmental factors that play a role in the etiology of malocclusion.Subjects and method: A cross sectional study performed on aconvenient samples of 500 preschool child renaged between 4-6 years old in Erbil city. Parents (mothers ) were asked for a permission to include their children in the study. A short interview with the mothers of the children preceded the dental examination. The clinical examination included child weight, height determination and dental examination.Results: The results showed that prevalence of caries in breast fed children was (70.6%), in bottle was (62.4%) and both fed children was (65%) with no significant association between type of feeding and caries prevalence (P=0.298). Mean dmfs in males was (9.84±12.99) which is higher than mean dmfs of females (7.39 ±10.58). Class II canine classification was higher in bottle and both feeding than in breast feeding and there was no prevalence of Class III canine relation was found in bottle feeding.Conclusion: Type of feeding was not found to be related to development of early childhood caries in primary dentition of preschool children. Bottle feeding was considered as a risk factor for development of class II canine relation. Non-nutritive sucking (finger, pacifier sucking and both) were found to be risk factors for the development of anterior open bite and posterior cross bite. Finger sucking produces the development of unilateral posterior cross bite in primary dentition.

Effect of feeding method on nutrient utilization and cow performance in limit-fed cow-calf systems.

Delivery of limit-fed, complete rations requires significant capital investment, and creates logistical challenges for producers. Deconstruction and separate delivery of roughage and concentrate portions of diets may decrease feeding cost. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of separately limit-feeding roughage and concentrate. In Experiment 1, 4 ruminally cannulated steers (371 ± 12 kg bodyweight) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to evaluate the effects of time of concentrate delivery in deconstructed diets. Intake was restricted to 80% of predicted NEm requirements of a diet consisting of wheat straw (35%), cracked corn (29%), and distillers’ grains (27%) formulated to contain 1.58 Mcal NEm/kg. Treatments were: concentrate fed 2 h prior to wheat straw (–2S), concentrate and wheat straw fed as total mixed ration (TMR), concentrate fed 2 h after wheat straw (+2S), and concentrate fed 12 h after wheat straw (+12S). In Experiment 2, 95 mid- to late-gestation cows (503 ± 151 kg) were used in a 112-d trial to evaluate feeding system on cow performance. Cows were assigned to 1 of 12 pens. Treatments were limit-fed the complete diet from Experiment 1 (TMR), fed roughage and concentrate portions of the deconstructed TMR 12 h apart (SEP), and ad libitum bermudagrass hay (HAY). Bodyweight (BW), BCS, and back fat measures were collected every 28 d. In Experiment 1, treatment did not affect DM or OM digestion (P ≥ 0.88), rate of particulate passage (P ≥ 0.55), or ruminal DM fill (P ≥ 0.19). Fill averaged 3.8 kg DM. Nadir of ruminal pH occurred 4–8 h after concentrate was delivered, but mean ruminal pH was not different among treatments (P = 0.22) ranging from 6.4 to 6.6 for +2S and 12S, respectively. In Experiment 2, treatment did not affect final BW (518 kg; P = 0.72) or final BCS (5.6; P = 0.67), but limit-fed strategies tended (P = 0.06) to have greater final RE (137.1, 98.9, and –14.6 Mcal for TMR, SEP, and HAY, respectively). Delivering forage and concentrate separately did not change digestion, and timing of concentrate delivery had only minor effects on ruminal fermentation. Limit-feeding a TMR or separate delivery of roughage and concentrate sustained cow performance compared to ad libitum hay consumption.

Assessment of risk factors for early childhood caries at different ages in Shandong, China and reflections on oral health education: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe high prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) is widespread around the world, and oral health education (OHE) plays a vital role in preventing ECC. Numerous studies on ECC risk factor assessment have assisted us in enriching the content of OHE. The objective of this study was to further assess independent risk factors for ECC at different ages to provide evidence and insights for OHE.MethodsChildren aged 3–5 years old (N = 1301) in Shandong Province were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Data about oral health status and caregivers’ oral health knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) were extracted from the 4th National Oral Health Survey of China. The associations between ECC prevalence and various KAP variables were tested with chi-square tests, bivariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe ECC prevalence in Shandong Province was 64.6%, and the dmft mean was 3.15. The independent variables with an increased risk for ECC were age, feeding method within 6 months of birth, bedtime sugar frequency, experience of toothache over the past year and dental visits (P < 0.05, chi-square tests). Complete breastfeeding within 6 months of birth primarily contributed to the high ECC risk of the 3-year-old group (OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.41–8.17), while high frequency bedtime sweet consumption mainly contributed to that of the 5-year-old group (OR: 3.22, 95% CI: 1.03–10.06; logistic regression analysis). Tooth brushing was not associated with ECC in this study, and some positive knowledge and attitude variables were positively correlated with a high risk of ECC.ConclusionThese data provide evidence to suggest that the ECC-related risk factors at different ages are inconsistent, which provides some insights for OHE. We should highlight the effects of feeding methods in the early stages of deciduous dentition and sugar habits in the late stages of deciduous dentition on ECC, as well as encourage preventive dental visit and supplemental training for oral health practices.

Effect of Feeding Method on Methane Production per Dry Matter Intake in Holstein Steers

Effect of Feeding Method on Methane Production per Dry Matter Intake in Holstein Steers

087 Effect of Feeding Method on Performance of Mid-Gestation Cows

087 Effect of Feeding Method on Performance of Mid-Gestation Cows

Feeding choices and morbidity and mortality among children born to HIV-1 infected mothers during the first 6 months of life in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)

To examine effects of maternal factors on choice of infant feeding method, and to assess the effects of feeding method and other maternal and infant factors on morbidity and mortality a prospective study was conducted within the Kesho Bora study that evaluated antiretroviral therapy impact on mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus 1. Mean age for the mothers was 27.55 years (range 18-41 years); 69.3% were homemakers and 41.4% had no formal education. Breastfeeding was chosen by 109 mothers (81.3%) compared to 25 mothers (18.7%) choosing formula feeding. The decision to formula feed was more common among mothers who had disclosed their human immune deficiency virus status to a family member (P = 0.0036) and among women who had attained a relatively high level of education (P = 0.001). Morbidity and mortality were assessed for 138 infants (113 exclusively breastfed and 25 formula fed). There were no statistically significant differences in incidence of diarrhea or upper respiratory infection between the two groups of children (P = 0.7 and P = 0.255, respectively), but formula fed children tended to require more frequent hospital care (P = 0.016). Infant mortality after the age of 6 months was not statistically different in the two groups of children (7% in the exclusive breastfeeding group compared to 12% in the formula fed group, P = 0.42). Premature birth and low birth weight were associated with a significant risk of infant mortality (P = 0.001 and P = 0.007 respectively). Considering the prevailing socio-economic conditions in Bobo-Dioulasso, we conclude that exclusive breastfeeding should be the recommended infant feeding method for most women here.

Effect of Feeding Methods on Modeling of Gut Microbiota of Infants

Effect of Feeding Methods on Modeling of Gut Microbiota of Infants

Effect of Feeding Methods on Modeling of Gut Microbiota of Infants

There is rapid increase in the awareness of composition of microbiota in the gut and its pathogenecity and functionality.The sterile gut of the infant at birth is colonized by diverse microbiota depending upon the immediate environment.Feeding methods has an influence on the development of gut microbiota of the infants as the feeds,feeding equipment and the personnel handling the feeds form the extrinsic factors.Breast milk, being the natural feed for the infant, promotes the growth of more symbiotic bacteria and provide protection against autoimmune disorders and allergic reactions.Whereas feeding methods other than exclusive breast feeding promotes the development of microbiota which can arouse pathological effects with slight disturbances in the gut environment predisposing the infant to many illnesses which may be fatal.

The Effect of Feeding Method and Compatibilizer on Nanoclay Partitioning and Microfibrillar Morphology Development in PP/PBT/Organoclay Blend Nanocomposite Fibers

Abstract The role of feeding method, as an important parameter in competition with thermodynamic parameters, on determining the nanoclay partitioning and its impact on microfibril formation in PP/PBT blend nanocomposite fibers were investigated. In the direct feeding method in which all components were fed into the extruder simultaneously, the major part of nanoclay with almost unchanged interlayer d-spacing was located in the PP matrix and the rest of the nanoclay partitioned into the PBT dispersed phase. However in the PBT based masterbatch method nanoclay, due to much greater melt intercalation occurred, remained in PBT droplets in the form of tactoids and/or platelets. In the masterbatch feeding method, incorporation of compatibilizer assisted more fraction tactiods and/or platelets to be transferred from PBT to the PP matrix while in the direct method it enhanced the extent of melt intercalation in the PP matrix. It was demonstrated that the nanoclay concentration in PBT droplets plays an important role in the extent of the microfibril formation during the melt spinning process. While at low organoclay loading (1 wt%) fine microfibrils could be formed in the fibers prepared by both methods of feeding, at higher organoclay loading (3,5 wt%) uniform microfibrils could hardly be developed in the fibers, particularly, in the masterbatch feeding method due to high melt elasticity of the PBT droplets and uneven distribution of platelets and/or tactoids in the droplets.

The Effect of Feeding Method on Sleep Duration, Maternal Well-being, and Postpartum Depression

When a breastfeeding mother is depressed--or even at risk for depression--she is often advised to supplement with formula so that she can get more sleep. Results of recent studies suggest, however, that exclusively breastfeeding mothers actually get more sleep than their mixed- or formula-feeding counterparts. The present study examines the relationship between feeding method, maternal well-being, and postpartum depression in a sample of 6,410 mothers of infants 0-12 months of age. Our findings revealed that women who were breastfeeding reported significantly more hours of sleep, better physical health, more energy, and lower rates of depression than mixed- or formula-feeding mothers. Further, there were no significant differences on any measure between mixed- and formula-feeding mothers, suggesting that breastfeeding is a qualitatively different experience than even mixed feeding.

Effects of Feeding Methods of Total Mixed Ration on Behavior Patterns of Growing Hanwoo Steers

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of methods of feeding a total mixed ration (TMR) on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 15 growing steers (13 months old) were assigned to the control (fed roughage and concentrate mix separately), TMR1 (fed restricted TMR), and TMR2 (fed TMR ad libitum) groups. Individual behaviors of steers were observed for 48 hours. Compared with the control, feeding restricted TMR (TMR1) resulted in short eating time, long ruminating time, short chewing time, high frequencies of defecation, urination, and drinking of water, great numbers of boluses and chews, long ruminating time per bolus, low feed value index, high eating and chewing efficiencies (p 0.05). Considering all these results, the wet TMR feeding system induced generally more desirable eating and ruminating behaviors of growing Hanwoo

Growth and nutrient utilisation of blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo) under different feeding regimes

The growth and nutrient utilization of blackspot seabream was studied under self-feeding or hand feeding for 90days. Groups of 31 fish with an initial body weight of 24g were fed either by hand two times a day (09:00, and 18:00h) to apparent satiety or by self-feeders. The 90days of the feeding trial included two periods: an adaptation period (30days) required to achieve a constant number of feed demands per day and a subsequent experimental period (60days). Final body weight and daily growth index were unaffected by the feeding regimes. However, the marked reduction in voluntary feed intake associated with similar nutrient gain on the self-fed group resulted in improved nutrient efficiency and in subsequent increased protein, lipid and energy retentions compared to fish hand-fed at set hours. The self-fed group displayed depressed malic (<62%) and fatty acid synthetase (<35%) activities as well as reduced triacylglycerol plasma levels, which correlated positively with feed intake and, at some extent, with fish lipid content. These results indicate the ability of blackspot seabream to adjust their lipid metabolism according to fish feeding rhythm. No effect of feeding method was however observed on glycolytic hepatic activities or on glucose, cholesterol and insulin plasma levels. Self-feeders led to similar growth (DGI, 1.4-1.5) but better efficiency (FCR, 1.0 vs. 1.5), and hence, can be regarded as a helpful tool to optimize feed distribution according to this species natural rhythm. The maximal number of demands occurring between 20:00 and 21:00h (dusk/sunset), together with the fact that 61% of the feed demands took place during the night, reveals a preferential crepuscular/nocturnal feeding pattern of this species.

Effects of feeding method and physical form of starter on feed intake and performance of dairy replacement calves

Eighty female Holstein calves (8.4 ± 0.35 d and 41.9 ± 0.66 kg) were individually housed until the age of 56 d with the objective of assessing the effects physical form of the starter and feeding method on intake and performance. Calves were randomly allocated in sets of 20 to either a multiparticle starter offered in a bucket (MBT) or in a feed bin (MFB), or the same starter but pelleted offered in a bucket (PBT) or in a feed bin (PFB). The bucket had an upper diameter of 25 cm and a bottom diameter of 16 cm, with a total height of 23 cm. The feeding bin was 78.5 × 30 × 30 cm and had an opening for the animal access that was 28 cm wide, 22 cm deep, and 44.5 cm high. Both starters had exactly the same ingredient and nutrient composition. Calves had ad libitum access to water and starter and received 4 l/d of the same milk replacer at a 150 g/kg dilution rate in two offers of 2 L throughout the duration of the study. Milk replacer consumption was similar among the four treatments. However, starter consumption was affected by feeding method and by an interaction between feeding method and physical form. When starters were offered in feed bins, total DMI (24.9 kg) was lower ( P < 0.01) than when offered in buckets (33.9 kg). The decrease in DMI observed with feed bins was more evident ( P < 0.01) with the multiparticle than with the pelleted starter. Consequently, when the multiparticle starter was offered in feed bins, ADG was lowest (364 g/d), whereas ADG from calves consuming the pelleted starter in feed bins was similar to that observed with either multiparticle or pelleted starters offered in buckets. Feed conversion efficiency (ADG/DMI) was not affected by the physical form of starter, but was affected by the feeding method, with calves receiving the starter from a feed bin having a lower ( P < 0.05) feed efficiency (38.1%) than those fed from a bucket (42.9%). Feeding multiparticle or texturized starters to calves using feed bins may result in decreased intake and animal performance. Furthermore, independently of the physical form of the starter, solid feed consumption and performance is greater when calves are fed from a bucket than from a feed bin.

Are Breast-fed Infants More Resilient? Feeding Method and Cortisol in Infants

The effect of feeding method on stress hormone levels in infants is unknown. We studied infants from birth to 1 year and found salivary cortisol 40% higher in breast-fed infants compared with formula-fed infants. The higher cortisol levels among breast-fed children may be involved in the analgesic effect of breastfeeding.

Effects of Feeding Methods on Denitrification and Phosphorus Release

The SBR treatment of domestic wastewater with the fermented food waste (FFW) as an external carbon source and its three feeding methods (i.e., the slug, intermittent, and continuous feeding methods) were evaluated in this study. The use of FFW as an external carbon source was as effective as acetate for nutrient removal. It was observed that the removal efficiency of TN and TP, when the FFW was used as external carbon source, was 89.2 and 73.9%, respectively, at the SCOD/NO3−-N ratio of 10. The feeding method of FFW was an important factor on nutrient removal depending on the SCOD/NO3−-N ratio, especially P-release. It was observed that the denitrification rate was the quickest in order of the slug, intermittent, and continuous feeding in all of the SCOD/NO3−-N ratios investigated. However, the optimal feeding method in the P-release rate was changed according to SCOD/NO3−-N ratio. In the low SCOD/NO3−-N ratio, such as SCOD/NO 3− -N ratios of 7.5 and 10, the continuous feeding was the best of three feedin...