Effects Of Feed Composition Research Articles

Proximate and Amino Acid Composition of Freshwater Fish of Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Background: The study aimed to evaluate proximate and amino acids profile of selected freshwater species from Nagpur, India. Nutritional composition of calbasu (Labeo calbasu), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pangasius (Pangasianodon pangasius) was investigated to make aware the consumer about the present nutrient composition of these fish. Methods: Iced Calbasu, Silver carp, Tilapia and Pangasius fish were procured from Mayo fish market, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India and brought to the laboratory of Fish Processing Technology, College of Fishery Science, Nagpur. The marketable sized (average weight of 0.5-1.3 kg) fish were used for evaluation of proximate composition the methods of AOAC (2005). The amino acids profiling of fish samples were assessed by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC, Shimadzu LC-6A). Result: The variation (p less than 0.05) in nutrient composition viz. proximate and amino acids of these fish mainly due the effect of feed composition, feeding habits, geographical condition and availability of feed etc. The major components of proximate composition, moisture (75.75-77.53%), protein (14.52-18.01%), lipids (2.45-6.71%) and ash (1.10-2.09%) were recorded. The protein content was relatively stable in all species. The carbohydrate was found to be lower than 1.5%. The energy value of the fish species was between 94.81-123.51 Kcal. The pangasius had higher energy value due to high amount of fat content. During the study, the concentrations of essential amino acids (EAA) in all fish species ranged from 25.48 g/100 g to 29.41 g/100 g, while amounts of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) ranged between 27.94 g/100 g and 31.27 g/100 g. Lysine (5.14-6.31 g/100 g) and glutamic acid (6.26-8.72 g/100 g) were the most predominant amino acids found in EAA and NEAA respectively in all species. The higher level of essential amino acids was found in tilapia fish followed by silver carp, calbasu and pangasius. The results of the present study revealed that, all species have high nutritional value in terms of proximate and amino acids to offer positive health benefits upon consumption.

(Invited) Challenges and Opportunities in the Integration of CO2 Capture and Conversion

Over the past 15 years or so, the electroreduction of CO2 for the synthesis of intermediates for the chemical industry as well as for the synthesis of small molecule fuels has become a very active area of research. Activities span the whole value chain from electro-catalyst synthesis and characterization, to electrode and cell design and optimization, as well as studies on techno-economic feasibility and life cycle assessment of envisioned overall processes. In the vast majority of these studies, >98% pure CO2 is being used as the feed. In reality, CO2 feeds captured from industrial flue gasses or even those captured from air may not be close to 100% in CO2.This presentation will explore the integration of a nanomembrane-based CO2 capture method with different CO2 electrolysis approaches. The nano-membrane-based CO2 capture is based on work by Fujikawa and Selyanchyn (Polymer J. 2021, 53, 111), using polydimethylsiloxane-derived membranes that are preferentially permeable to CO2 over nitrogen. Multistage arrangement of modules comprised of arrays of membranes allows for efficient concentration of CO2 from air, from 420 ppm to tens of percent, using just vacuum pumps to drive the process. We explore the use of these concentrated CO2 streams that still contain nitrogen and some oxygen as the feed in subsequent CO2 electrolysis conversions to CO, to methane, or to other products, depending on catalyst choice. We study the effects of feed composition, catalyst chosen, and cell configuration on product speciation, conversion efficiency, etc.

Optimising seafood nutritional value and environmental sustainability in aquaculture through a novel integrated modelling tool applicable to IMTA and monoculture

Aquaculture policies that decrease the reliance on wild-caught fish and promote integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) both aim to lessen the environmental footprint but often overlook economic-environmental trade-offs and neglect social, health, and broad-scale sustainability considerations. Here we present a new bio-physical model (FYNE) that bridges some of these gaps, by linking farm operational choices, such as feed choices and farm siting, with the nutritional value of the farm-gate seafood products and the resulting environmental eutrophication footprint at the farm level. The FYNE model operates both in conditions of monoculture or of IMTA production, and estimates feed composition effects on growth and omega-3 fatty acid content of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), and nitrogen and carbon concentrations, the latter being a measure of the environmental eutrophication footprint of the farm. The model here developed integrates for the first time (i) an ecosystem model of an IMTA and (ii) a fatty acid dynamics model, with new models for salmon feed digestibility and mussel ingestion. The outputs span (i) production analysis for simulation of biomass; (ii) farm mass-balance analysis on deposition analysis and environmental eutrophication footprint; and (iii) product nutritional quality, in terms of fatty acid content. An application of the model to an IMTA farm in Scotland (UK) demonstrates how fatty acid and environmental changes can be modelled in tandem and could be used to support the industry to optimize the nutritional value of cultured species and manage aquatic environmental eutrophication footprint at farm level, informing feed and siting decisions. The model effectively predicts changes in omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA and EPA, in response to variations in feed composition. Notably, our results confirm that salmon waste has limited influence on mussel growth due to the spatial separation within the IMTA system, which emphasizes the need for strategic siting to enhance system productivity through effective waste recycling. Additionally, results show that while increasing fishmeal in diets enhances environmental outcomes, it reduces levels of critical fatty acids like DHA and EPA, underscoring the need for balanced feed formulations. The method developed in this study described a novel integrated model (FYNE) that extend previous modelling work by incorporating the influence of farmed species feed composition on fatty acid dynamics as well as the farming environmental factors.

Biological stabilization of Arthrospira bioactive-peptides within biopolymers: Functional food formulation; bitterness-masking and nutritional aspects

Physicochemical/biological instability and bitterness are among the major challenges limiting the shelf life and direct use of bioactive-peptides in the production of functional foods. This study focused on the structural modification and improvement of biological, nutritional and techno-functional properties of blue-green algae protein by alcalase (30–180 min). Then, the optimal sample (H-120) was stabilized with maltodextrin (MD), gum-arabic (GA), WPC, alginate (A), and pectin (P) biopolymeric-carriers by the spray-drying process. The MD-WPC-encapsulated peptide presented the highest production yield (∼65%), retention of antioxidant activity, functional, flowability, and stability properties. Morphological (formation of wrinkled, irregular, and dented particles) and chemical (FTIR) evaluations respectively indicated the effect of feed composition on the structural properties and entrapment of peptides (through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic reactions) in the polymer matrix. Finally, the optimal sample (SDP: MD-WPC) was used at different ratios (1, 2, and 4% w/w) for pan-bread fortification. The examination of physicochemical properties (moisture content, water activity, and specific volume), textural (porosity and compressive strength) indices, a color histogram (crust and crumb), antioxidant activity (DPPH• and ABTS• scavenging), and sensory analysis (color, texture, chewiness, taste, and overall acceptability) indicated biological stability, bitterness-masking, and the feasibility of functional bread production with 2%-SDP.

A study on the applicability of non-stoichiometric thermodynamic models for the prediction of carbon black yield and off-gas composition in oil furnace process

The effect of feed composition and temperature on the carbon black yield and off-gas amount and composition was studied for oil-furnace process reactor with benzene as a model feedstock. Because of the high furnace temperature (>1200 °C), the reactions were considered as very fast and thus the products close to chemical equilibrium. The equilibrium composition was calculated by a non-stoichiometric thermodynamic model using Gibbs free energy minimization method. The equilibrium and energy balance equations were solved simultaneously to obtain the product composition and reactor temperature under different reaction conditions. The equilibrium carbon black yield increases with gas/air and oil/air ratio whereas the reactor temperature exhibits the reverse trend which are consistent with practical data. Quantitative comparison with real data showed that the product may be kinetically controlled, and thus the thermodynamic model gives the lower limit of carbon black yield. The model can be easily applied to any feedstock including bio-oil without a need for the specific properties.

Effect of feed composition on the production of off-gases during vitrification of simulated low-activity nuclear waste

During the vitrification of nuclear waste, hazardous and radioactive emissions are generated from the feed-to-glass conversion reactions, in addition to discharges from forced air bubbling and air inleakage. Although the major gaseous emissions are water vapor, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, various monitored environmental pollutants are also released, such as nitrogen oxides or sulfur dioxide. In addition, reactions between organics and nitrates in the feed may also form products of incomplete combustion such as carbon monoxide and acetonitrile. Although off-gas emissions are commonly measured during both laboratory- and pilot-scale melter testing, no predictive tool is currently available to a priori estimate the composition of gaseous emissions during nuclear waste vitrification. This work forms a basis for the development of such predictive tool by measuring gas evolution from a broad range of simulated low-activity waste melter feeds using evolved gas analysis data and developing correlations between the feed and off-gas compositions. Using reaction stoichiometry and regression analysis, we demonstrate that next to the content of nitrogen and organic carbon in the feed, the gaseous emissions are affected by the feed reduction-oxidation conditions – the more the feed is reduced, the less nitrogen monoxide, and more carbon monoxide and acetonitrile evolves. The results presented in this work provide a first step towards reducing the amount of expensive physical melter testing and the regression analysis provides a simple tool for rapid optimization of feed composition with respect to off-gas composition.

Effects of nutritional supplements on population proliferation and nutrients content of Acarus siro

Using natural predatory mites to control stored product pests is an important green grain storage technology. As a dominant prey of Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Cheyletidae), Acarus siro Linnaeus (Acaridae) can ensure the population expansion of C. malaccensis so as to realize its prevention and control ability. The population of A. siro raised on flour only increased slowly. In order to explore the effect of feed composition on the propagation efficiency of A. siro, orthogonal experiments were used to evaluate the changes of population proliferation of A. siro by adding different nutritional supplements, including yeast powder, sugar and L-valine to wheat bran under the same experimental condition (26 ℃, 75% RH, dark, wheat bran of 50 g, moisture content 11%–12% and 6,000 individuals of A. siro). The results showed that the population density of A. siro was the highest under the combination of 15% yeast powder, 17% sugar and 1% L-valine, indicating that it is the optimum feeding condition. And the maximum population density was 50,722 individuals/g while it was 10,388 individuals/g raised with wheat bran only. At the same time, the nutrient contents of A. siro under the optimal condition were determined. Protein content was determined by BCA method, soluble sugar content was determined by anthrone colorimetry technique, and free fatty acids content was determined with a kit. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar, protein and free fatty acids of A. siro in treatment groups were higher than those in the control group. Free fatty acid showed the greatest increase (653%), while soluble sugar and protein increased 96% and 71%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the population density of A. siro was correlated with the content of supplemental nutrients. This study may serve as a useful reference for the feed optimization for A. siro and large-scale rearing of C. malaccensis.

Effects of Feed Composition in Different Growth Stages on Rumen Fermentation and Microbial Diversity of Hanwoo Steers.

Simple SummaryRuminants are a major source of greenhouse gases and environmental pollution, which are exacerbated by excessive feeding because excess nutrients are excreted. Since digestion in ruminants is aided by both microorganisms and digestive enzymes, information on gut microbiota in ruminants is vital for assessing the adequate amount of feed supply. The growth of Hanwoo steer is divided into three stages, and specific nutrients are provided in each stage. Growth stages are a major factor influencing rumen fermentation by microorganisms. In this study, changes in fermentation characteristics and microbial community during the growth stages were investigated. Our findings show that there were differences in the levels of total volatile fatty acids, propionate, and valerate. In addition, we found that the relative content of some bacteria and fungi changed with the growth stage. This study improves our understanding of rumen fermentation and changes in the gut microbiota during the various growth stages of Hanwoo steer.Ruminants are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, and information on ruminant fermentation and microorganisms is essential to understand ruminant digestion, which is associated with environmental pollution. The present study investigated rumen fermentation and microbial diversity according to the three different growth stages of four Hanwoo steers: growing (12 months, G), early fattening (18 months, EF), and late fattening (25 months, LF). No significant differences were observed in rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen among growth stages. Total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher and propionate and valerate significantly lower in G than in EF and LF (p < 0.05). Ten bacterial phyla were detected, including Firmicutes (47.5–53.5%) and Bacteroidetes (28.4–31.7%), which accounted for 79.2–82.3% of the total bacteria. Prevotella accounted for the highest proportion (31.6–42.6%) of all bacteria in this study but did not differ significantly among the different growth stages. Metaprevotella abundance was significantly higher in G than in the other treatments (p < 0.05). In addition, Paraprevotella tended to be higher in LF than in the other treatments (p = 0.056). Given the differences in the genera of microorganisms with relatively low abundance, additional experiments are needed to determine the effect on fermentation.

EFFECT OF FEED COMPOSITION ON SPONSTIC PLASTIC WASTE DEGRADATION, SURVIVALITY AND LARVA GROWTH Tenebrio molitor L.

Sponge plastic is one of the plastic wastes that is difficult to degrade. Recently research reported that Tenebrio molitor L larvae have the potential capability to degrade plastic waste. But still a lack information according to the effect of feed composition on survival, and growth of T. molitor L larvae. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of plastic feed composition on the rate of degradation of sponge plastic waste, survival, and growth of T. molitor L larvae. The method used in this study was an experimental laboratory using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and using controls and six treatments with 3 repetition times. The parameters measured in this study were survival (%), body length growth (cm/week) and body biomass (gram/week), and degradation rate (gram/week). The data obtained from the research results will be analyzed using ANOVA which is then tested by Duncan. The results showed that feed composition had a significant effect (p=0.001) on the rate of degradation of plastic sponge waste, survival (p=0.000), and growth (p=0.001) of T. molitor L larvae. degradation, survival, and growth of T. molitor L. larvae.

Recent advances in sodium alginate‐based membranes for dehydration of aqueous ethanol through pervaporation

AbstractSodium alginate (SA) is a progressive material for membrane fabrication. The technological development of SA‐based membranes has made a significant contribution to the separation techniques, especially in aqueous organic solutions. The outstanding performance of SA is attributed to its outstanding structural flexibility and hydrophilicity. In view of structural characteristics, SA membranes have immense utilization in the pervaporation separation of organics. Among various organics, dehydration of aqueous ethanol is employed as a standard to check the success of pervaporation (PV) membrane. Because ethanol and water have comparable molecular sizes, thus difficult to extract water from aqueous ethanol mixtures than it is for other organics. A literature survey shows that wide‐ranging data are available on the PV performance of SA and its modified membranes. In this context, the present review addresses the recent advances made in SA membranes for enhanced ethanol dehydration performance during the last decade. Available data since 2010 has been compiled for grafted, crosslinked, blend, mixed matrix, and composite hybrid sodium alginate membranes in terms of separation factor, permeation flux, and pervaporation separation index PSI. The data are assessed with reference to the effect of feed composition, membrane selectivity, flux, and swelling behavior.

Internal coupling process of membrane/distillation column hybrid configuration for ethylene/ethane separation

A new internal coupling process, especially installing the membrane module inside the distillation column and between the stripping and rectifying sections, is introduced and optimized for ethylene/ethane separation. The Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland short-cut method is extended to achieve the initial equipment design and operating parameters including the number of trays, the reflux ratio and the area of the membrane module. Basing on a central composition design with 3 free variables, 19 design cases are obtained and simulated in Aspen Plus software. The simulation results are then used to optimize the internal coupling process with response surface methodology. An iterative procedure is proposed to make the predicted value and the simulation results agree well. The comparison with the conventional cryogenic distillation based on total annual cost (TAC) demonstrates a significant economic saving of 50.58%. The effect of feed compositions is also investigated and shows the internal coupling process offers great application potential in various feed conditions. The internal coupling process is further compared with the case established in the open literature implemented membrane externally. It can be observed that the internal coupling process can effectively decrease the heat duties of condenser and reboiler.

Separation of CH4/N2 gas mixture using MFI zeolite nanosheet: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation

The performance of the MFI zeolite membrane for the separation of the CH4/N2 gas mixtures was investigated in this research. The studied systems comprised MFI zeolite membrane and different ratios of CH4/N2 gas mixture. Molecular dynamics simulations, under the applied hydrostatic pressure, were done to study the separation of these gas molecules from each other. In addition, the effect of increasing system temperature on the separation process was explored. Also, the effect of feed composition on the separation of the CH4/N2 mixture was investigated. Various analyses, including the potential of the mean force of gas molecules, density map, density profile, permeance, and the van der Waals interactions energy, were done in detail. Results show that the N2 molecules can permeate across the channels of MFI zeolite and the methane molecules remain in the feed side in pure form. The maximum N2 permeance at 298 K through MFI zeolite was observed 3.43 × 105 GPU, which indicates the remarkable performance of MFI zeolite in the separation of CH4/N2 gas mixture. Therefore, this zeolite can be an appropriate membrane for the separation of the gas mixture with acceptable performance.

Conversion of a CO–CO2 co‐feed with a porous tubular copper catalyst at low potential

AbstractIn the electrochemical reduction of CO2, copper electrodes are well known to be active and selective for a variety of products, depending on process conditions. However, the effect of feed composition on performance has not been extensively investigated, especially with respect to the conversion of CO2 to CO. We now show for copper electrodes in a porous tubular configuration (Hollow Fibre Electrodes, HFEs) at a relatively low working potential (−1.1 V vs Ag/AgCl), that an increasing concentration of CO in the feed results in a decreasing CO2 conversion rate to CO. Contrary, it is observed that the concomitant hydrogen production rate does not depend on the concentration of CO in the feed. These observations are in good agreement with thermodynamic predictions applying the equation for the Gibbs energy of reaction. On the basis of this conclusion, we anticipate that mass transfer limitations are minimized by the tubular morphology and flow‐through mode of operation. Most importantly, this study shows the necessity of a low CO concentration in the feed, to obtain a high CO2 conversion rate.

Effects of dietary supplementation of a mixture of ferulic acid and probiotics on the fillet quality of Megalobrama amblycephala fed with oxidized oil

To investigate the effects of feed composition on the quality of fillets, Megalobrama amblycephala were fed three diets containing either soybean oil (S group) or oxidized soybean oil (OS group), and oxidized soybean oil supplemented a mixture of ferulic acid and probiotics (BS group) for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish fillets were collected for determining flavor nucleotides and free amino acids (FAAs). In addition, gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometry (GC-IMS) was used to analyze the volatile components and flavor profile in the fillets. The results showed that oxidized soybean oil contributed to the accumulation of off-flavor nucleotides such as hypoxanthine (Hx), hypoxanthin riboside (HxR), and umami-related FAAs. Mixtures of ferulic acid and probiotics promoted the accumulation of umami nucleotides, such as guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP), and off-flavor FAAs. The content of GMP and IMP in BS group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in S group, while Hx and HxR showed the minimum value in S group and were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in OS and BS group. The content of glutamic acid in OS group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the other two groups, but phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine, three off-flavor FAAs, had the highest values in BS group and were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in S and BS groups. The fingerprints of GC-IMS presented that the volatile substances, such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters, were significantly different in responding to the dietary compositions. The peak expression of 2-octanol in OS group was the highest and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the other two groups, while the peak expression of ethanol in S group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in OS group but significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in BS group. Both nonanal and pentanal had the highest peak expression in OS group, which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in S group. 2-heptanone-D and acetone are ketones. The peak expression level of 2-heptanone-D in OS group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in BS group but significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in S group, while acetone expression level in OS group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the other two groups. The peak expression of ethyl formate as an ester in BS group was significantly lower than that in S and OS groups. In general, the fish fillet quality of M. amblycephala is affected by dietary lipids. Dietary mixture feed additive of ferulic acid and probiotics (Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum) increased the contents of the flavor substances in fish meat, especially flavored nucleotides, ketones, and esters.

The driving factors of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) accumulation in selected fish species: The influence of position in river continuum, fish feed composition, and pollutant properties

Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) represent a group of highly recalcitrant micropollutants, that continuously endanger the environment. The present work describes the geographical trends of fish contamination by individual PFASs (including new compounds, e.g., Gen-X) assessed by analyzing the muscle tissues of 5 separate freshwater fish species from 10 locations on the Czech section of the Elbe River and its largest tributary, the Vltava River. The data of this study also showed that the majority of the detected PFASs consisted of long-chain representatives (perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, and perfluoroundecanoic acid), whereas short-chain PFASs as well as other compounds such as Gen-X were detected in relatively small quantities. The maximum concentrations of the targeted 32 PFASs in fish were detected in the lower stretches of the Vltava and Elbe Rivers, reaching 289.9 ng/g dw, 140.5 ng/g dw, and 162.7 ng/g dw for chub, roach, and nase, respectively. Moreover, the relationships between the PFAS (PFOS) concentrations in fish muscle tissue and isotopic ratios (δ15N and δ13C) were studied to understand the effect of feed composition and position in the river continuum as a proxy for anthropogenic activity. Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning showed that the largest part of the data variability was explained by the interaction of position in the river continuum and δ15N (δ13C) of the fish. The PFAS concentrations increased downstream and were positively correlated with δ15N and negatively correlated with δ13C. A detailed study at one location also demonstrated the significant relationship between δ15N (estimated trophic position) and PFASs (PFOS) concentrations. From the tested physicochemical properties, the molecular mass and number of fluorine substituents seem to play crucial roles in PFAS bioaccumulation.

Enhanced CO2 methanation activity over La2-xCexNiO4 perovskite-derived catalysts: Understanding the structure-performance relationships

The design of advanced catalysts for CO2 methanation remains as a research challenge. Besides, the effects of feed composition on the activity and stability of existed catalysts are not well addressed yet. In this work, novel A2BO4-type catalysts derived from La2−xCexNiO4 perovskites are reported for CO2 methanation. The reduced La0.5Ce1.5NiO4 (r-La0.5Ce1.5NiO4) sample with tailored oxygen vacancies, higher reducibility, better Ni dispersion, and exposed Ni(111) crystal plane exhibited the highest CO2 conversion of 78.9% and 99.3% CH4 selectivity at 350 °C, which can also endure different H2/CO2 ratios and even up to 50 %v/v steam. Interestingly, the activity and structure of spent r-La0.5Ce1.5NiO4 can be fully recovered after 100 h TOS under 10 %v/v steam. In-situ DRIFTS experiments confirmed CO2 methanation over the r-La0.5Ce1.5NiO4 to proceed via CO route. The present work suggests that both basicity and the presence of oxygen vacancy facilitate superior catalytic activity and stability during CO2 methanation.

English

This paper presents the effect of feed composition, xF, and feed thermal conditions on benzene-toluene distillation plant performance. An interactive computer model was developed to simulate the process using vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data, mass and energy balances and McCabe-Thiele method. The feed thermal conditions studied were vaporized feed (VF), feed at its boiling point (FBP) and subcooled liquid (SCL) feed. The feed composition was varied between 0.20 and 0.45 kmol/kmol. The process was simulated at fixed feed flow rate (1000 kmol/h), reflux ratio (R = 4.0) and distillate and bottoms compositions (95 and 5%, respectively). The minimum reflux ratio, theoretical and actual number of stages, reboiler duty and steam mass flow rate, and boil-up ratio changed with increasing xF according to fourth-order polynomial functions. The condenser duty and cooling water flow rate increased linearly with xF. The effect of increasing xF on the stripping section operating line (SOL) is reported separately for different feed thermal conditions. While all q-lines for VF passed at (xB, xD) with decreasing slope; the q-lines for FBP were vertical and those for SCL feed were parallel. Graphical presentations of q-lines and SOLs for increasing xF were developed in this study. Key words: Distillation plant performance, feed composition, feed thermal conditions, number of stages, reboiler duty, condenser duty, boil-up ratio, mass and energy balances, vapor liquid equilibrium.

Removal of sulfur‐containing compounds from Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit (FCC) gasoline by pervaporation process: Effects of variations in feed characteristics and mass transfer properties of the membrane

AbstractAnalyzing the effects of feed characteristics and membrane transport properties are important for designing the industrial‐scale pervaporative desulfurization plants. In this study, a new method to analyze the effects of feed composition and membrane characteristics has been proposed, where these properties are represented by average vapor pressure and average permeance coefficient. Spiral wound module geometry is used in this study for more realistic industrial‐scale predictions. Results suggested that module performance in terms of stage cut and enrichment factor improved with increasing selectivity of the membrane. However, this effect was profound at lower selectivity (&lt;5) and became negligible at higher selectivity (&gt;10). Moreover, results also depicted that the increase in feed temperature increased enrichment factor when selectivity was low (&lt;2.5), but this trend was reversed when selectivity was greater than 2.5. At a constant membrane selectivity, an increase in permeability reduced the enrichment factor. Thus, membrane selectivity should improve along with membrane permeability for better results. The pervaporation process was found more beneficial for removing highly volatile low molecular weight sulfur‐containing compounds. Finally, feed channel temperature drop and permeate channel pressure drop followed the trend of stage cut in all simulations. Therefore, the lower stage cut may improve module efficiency.

Design and experiment of high-productivity two-stage vacuum pressure swing adsorption process for carbon capturing from dry flue gas

A two-stage vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) process that coupled kinetically controlled and equilibrium controlled separation process with reflux has been investigated for capturing carbon dioxide from dry flue gas (85% N 2 /15% CO 2 ). In the first enriching stage, carbon molecular sieve (CMS), which shows kinetic selectivity for CO 2 /N 2 , is adopted as the adsorbent to remove most N 2 in feed gas, thereby upgrading CO 2 and significantly reducing the amount for further refinement. The second stage loads zeolite 13X as adsorbent to purify the CO 2 -rich flow from the first stage for meeting the requirements of National Energy Technology Laboratory. Series of experiments have been conducted for adsorption isotherms measuring and lab-scale experimental validation as well as analysis. The effect of feed composition on the separation performance of the PSA system was studied experimentally and theoretically here. The optimal results achieved 95.1% purity and 92.9% recovery with a high CO 2 productivity (1.89 mol CO 2 ·h −1 ·kg −1 ) and an appropriate energy consumption of 1.07 MJ·(kg CO 2 ) −1 . Further analysis has been carried out by simulation for explicating the temperature, pressure, and concentration distribution at cyclic steady state.

Interesterification of Indonesian Vegetables Oil for Cocoa Butter Alternatives: Its Effect on Slip Melting Point Changes

Palm stearin (PS), palm olein (PO), and coconut oil (CO) were used as feed for chemical interesterification to produce fat product with similar slip melting point (SMP) to cocoa butter alternatives. Chemical interesterification was conducted at 75°C for 8 hours using sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The objective of the research was to determine effect of feed composition on slip melting point profile changes during interesterification reaction. The feed composition was determined using Mixture Design method. The experimental data showed that SMP of interesterification product was changed throughout the reaction time. The SMP of chemical interesterification product was affected by the reactivity of the dominant fatty acid in the feed blends. The reactivity of fatty acid in the feed blend directed fatty acid positioning on the triglyserides at the end of reaction. Feed composition determined predominated portion of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in the mixture, and therefore, affected the gradient changes of SMP. Vegetable oil feed mixture which produced interesterification product with the most similar SMP values to cocoa butter (33-34°C) were pure coconut oil feed and palm stearin - palm olein mixture feed (50:50).