Effect Of Extract Treatment Research Articles

Neuroprotective effects of Clitoria ternatea L. against propionic acid-induced behavior and memory impairment in autistic rat model

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder is primarily characterized by complex behavioral and altered memory as a consequence of neuronal development abnormalities. The treatment of autism is highly challenging because of the lack of knowledge about its exact etiopathology. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, there are group of plants named ‘Medhya drugs' because of their ability to improve brain- and neuron-related activities like learning and memory. Clitoria ternatea L. is one of the listed ‘Medhya drugs’ which have been proved for its memory enhancement effects; in the present study, the ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea L. was evaluated for its neuroprotective ability against propionic acid-induced memory and behavior impairments in an autistic rat model. The variation in behavior and memory were investigated by utilizing different procedures like rat elevated plus maze and novel object recognition test. In vitro assays for the estimations of glutamate and serotonin were also performed in isolated rat brain tissue homogenate.ResultsThe object recognition and elevated plus maze test were showed the promising effects of Clitoria ternatea L. ethanolic root extract against the propionic acid-induced autism. In this study, the propionic acid infused rats (Group II) fail to recognize and explore the novel object compared to Group I (infused with phosphate-buffered saline) animals; extract treatment at two different doses (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) (Groups III & IV, respectively) prevented these damage significantly (p < 0.001) so that extract-treated groups showed significant improvement in novel object recognition in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the effect of extract treatment on learning and memory of rats was investigated using transfer latency as a parameter for acquisition and retention of memory process on elevated plus maze; this further proved the memory enhancement ability of Clitoria ternatea L. Extract treatment also significantly reduced the concentration of different neurotransmitters like serotonin and glutamate in rat brain homogenate (Groups III &IV) in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the Group II.ConclusionThe ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea L. proved to be effective against propionic acid-induced memory and behavior impairments in an autistic rat model.

Effect of extraction treatment on upper airway dimensions in patients with bimaxillary skeletal protrusion relative to their vertical skeletal pattern.

ObjectiveTo investigate dimensional changes in regional pharyngeal airway spaces after premolar extraction in bimaxillary skeletal protrusion (BSP) patients according to vertical skeletal pattern, and to further identify dentoskeletal risk factors to predict posttreatment pharyngeal changes.MethodsFifty-five adults showing BSP treated with microimplant anchorage after four premolar extractions were included in this retrospective study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the mandibular plane steepness hyperdivergent (Frankfort horizontal plane to mandibular plane [FH-MP] ≥ 30) and nonhyperdivergent groups (FH-MP < 30). The control group consisted of 20 untreated adults with skeletal Class I normodivergent pattern and favorable profile. Treatment changes in cephalometric variables were evaluated and compared. The association between posttreatment changes in the dentoskeletal and upper airway variables were analyzed using linear regression analysis.ResultsThe BSP patients showed no significant decrease in the pharyngeal dimensions to the lower level in comparison with controls, except for middle airway space (MAS, p < 0.01). The upper airway variable representing greater decrease in the hyperdivergent group than in the nonhyperdivergent group was the MAS (p < 0.01). Posttreatment changes in FH-MP had negative correlation with changes in MAS (β = –0.42, p < 0.01) and inferior airway space (β = –0.52, p < 0.01) as a result of multivariable regression analysis adjusted for sagittal skeletal relationship.ConclusionsDecreased pharyngeal dimensions after treatment in BSP patients showed no significant difference from the normal range of pharyngeal dimensions. However, the glossopharyngeal airway space may be susceptible to treatment when vertical dimension increased in hyperdivergent BSP patients.

Effect of extraction on the acoustic vibrational properties of Picea jezoensis var. microsperma (Lindl.) W.C.Cheng &amp; L.K.Fu

The specific dynamic elastic modulus, acoustic radiation, logarithmic decrement, sound transmission parameter, and acoustic conversion efficiency of spruce wood (Picea jezoensis var. microsperma (Lindl.) W.C.Cheng & L.K.Fu) were improved by extraction treatment with deionized water, dichloromethane, benzyl alcohol, and ethanol. A larger improvement was achieved after extraction with benzoyl alcohol and dichloromethane extraction than by using ethanol and deionized water. It is necessary to improve the acoustic vibrational properties of wood to solve the problem of resource shortage of wood with excellent acoustic vibrational properties for the soundboards of musical instruments and to improve the use value of wood. The effects of extraction treatment with deionized water, dichloromethane, benzyl alcohol, and ethanol on the acoustic vibrational properties of spruce wood were evaluated. After the acoustic vibrational properties of untreated wood samples were measured using the free-free flexural vibration test method with a fast Fourier transform spectrum analyzer (FFT, CF-5220Z), extraction treatment of the wood samples was separately performed with deionized water, dichloromethane, benzyl alcohol, and ethanol for 15 days at room temperature and pressure, followed by drying. The acoustic vibrational properties of the treated wood samples were then measured, and the effect of extraction treatment on the acoustic vibrational properties was analyzed. The increase in the specific dynamic elastic modulus was highest (14.5%) after the benzyl alcohol treatment. The acoustic radiation clearly improved after the ethanol treatment (18.1%). The acoustic impedance of the wood treated by dichloromethane extraction decreased significantly (−4.35%), while the logarithmic decrement was significantly reduced (−52.0%) by benzyl alcohol treatment. From the viewpoint of energy utilization, with benzyl alcohol treatment, the acoustic conversion efficiency and transmission parameter increased by 124% and 125%, respectively. The degree of improvement in the acoustic vibrational properties of wood differed depending on the solvent used. Greater improvement was observed after extraction with benzoyl alcohol and dichloromethane as compared to ethanol and deionized water.

Root-crown ratio: a new method for measurement of orthodontic external apical root resorption

ABSTRACT Purpose: External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) is an undesirable but unavoidable side effect of orthodontic treatment. The various methods proposed for its evaluation, e.g. Intraoral Periapical (IOPA) X-ray and Orthopantomogram (OPG) x-rays use linear measurements which have errors due to magnification and angulations of x-rays. Root-crown ratio as measured on digital OPGs, which are essential diagnostic records for all orthodontic patients were used for the first time to assess root resorption. Methods: A two-step method was used, first to check the v alidation of OPG measurement with IOPA x rays. The first step involved the measurement of Root-crown ratio on digital OPG and IOPA by 5 independent examiners on IC measure software. The second step involved the measurement of root resorption as Root-crown ratio on pretreatment and post-treatment OPG X rays of 32 treated orthodontic patients all of which were treated by a single orthodontist. Digital OPG images of all patients were traced in Picassa software. In both steps, root-crown ratio was assessed by modified Lind method. Results: The results of first step did not show any significant differences in examiners to read the IOPA and OPG x rays. The results of the second step showed 11.8% root resorption in maxillary central incisors and 4% root resorption in lateral incisors. Similarly, maxillary and mandibular molars showed 1.6% and 5.1% resorption, respectively. The resorption in mandibular molars was significantly more compared to pretreatment value. There was apparently no effect of extraction treatment or treatment time on the amount of resorption. Conclusion: The study concluded that root-crown ratio can be used as an effective and efficient alternative method to quantify root resorption on OPG X rays and possibly alleviate the need for taking IOPA x rays in orthodontic patients thereby reducing the radiation exposure.

The ethnopharmacological literature: An analysis of the scientific landscape.

The research into bioactive natural products originating from medicinal plants, fungi and other organisms has a long history, accumulating abundant and diverse publications. However no quantitative literature analysis has been conducted so far. Here we analyze the bibliometric data of ethnopharmacology literature and relate the semantic content to the publication and citation data so that the major research themes, contributors, and journals of different time periods could be identified and evaluated. Web of Science (WoS) was searched to identify relevant publications. The Analyze function of WoS and bibliometric software (VOSviewer) were utilized to perform the analyses. Until the end of November 2018, 59,576 publications -linked to 'ethnopharmacology' indexed by WoS, published since 1958 in more than 5600 journals, and contributed by over 20,600 institutions located in more than 200 countries/regions, were identified. The papers were published under four dominating WoS categories, namely pharmacology/pharmacy (34.4%), plant sciences (28.6%), medicinal chemistry (25.3%), and integrative complementary medicine (20.6%). India (14.6%) and China (13.2%) were dominating the publication space. The United States and Brazil also had more than 8.0% contribution each. The rest of the top ten countries/regions were mainly from Asia. There were around ten-fold more original articles (84.6%) than reviews (8.4%). Ethnopharmacological research has a consistent focus on food and plant sciences, (bio)chemistry, complementary medicine and pharmacology, with a more limited scientific acceptance in the socio-cultural sciences. Dynamic global contributions have been shifting from developed countries to economically and scientifically emerging countries in Asia, South America and the Middle East. Research on recording medicinal plant species used by traditional medicine continues, but the evaluation of specific properties or treatment effects of extracts and compounds has increased enormously. Moreover increasing attention is paid to some widely distributed natural products, such as curcumin, quercetin, and rutin.

In-Vivo Oral and Intraperitoneal Administration of Extract from Vernonia lasiopus

Diabetes mellitus in Kenya is a major health concern as it is known to result in mobility, mortality, and long-term complications. Conventional drugs used in the management of diabetes mellitus are unavailable, expensive, and have numerous side effects. Vernonia lasiopus plant has a folkloric usage in diabetes mellitus management though its efficacy needs to be evaluated scientifically. This study therefore aimed at establishing in vivo antihyperglycemic effect of aqueous leaf extract from Vernonia lasiopus in alloxan-induced diabetic male albino mice. Eight groups of mice each group having five mice were used in the study. The plasma sugar lowering effect was monitored after intraperitoneal and oral administration of Vernonia lasiopus extract at doses of 25, 48.4, 93.5, 180.9 and 350 mg/kg body weight. The treatment effects of extracts were compared with the positive controls (insulin and glibenclamide treated for intraperitoneal and oral routes respectively). Standard procedures were used to determine the phytochemicals present in the extracts. ANOVA and post-ANOVA was used to analyze the data collected. The results of the study showed that the aqueous leaves extract at all the five doses administered demonstrated antihyperglycemic effect in a dose independent manner. The phytochemical results showed the presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The antidiabetic effects shown by the plant extract could be due to the phytochemicals present. Vernonia lasiopus aqueous leaves extract has antidiabetic effects and the study therefore recommends its folkloric use in management of diabetes mellitus.

Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. leaves on n-streptozotocin diabetic rats

Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) is used in South Cameroon as well as in other tropical countries by traditional practitioners as a folk remedy for treatment of diabetes mellitus. We demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of the plant extracts in n-streptozotocin diabetic rats. The aim of the current study was to investigate the antidiabetic effects of ethanol extract of leaves of A. occidentale on neonatal streptozotocin diabetic rats.Two day old neonates were injected with 100 mg/kg of streptozotocin. At the end of the experimental period of 30 days, reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels, serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin levels, serum lipid parameters, and renal function biomarkers were estimated in the control and treated rats. Histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreas were also carried out.On administration of 100 mg/kg of plant extract, blood glucose levels of the rats showed 8.01% and 19.25% decrease in the fasting blood glucose levels on day 15 and day 30, respectively. The administration of extract showed that the effects of extract treatment are comparable to treatment with the standard drug Pioglitazone.These results demonstrate significant antidiabetic potential of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. occidentale, justifying the use of plant in the indigenous system of medicine. Further studies for investigating the specific compound(s) responsible for such beneficial role in diabetes would open new outlook in the therapy of type 2 diabetes.

Body extract of tail amputated zebrafish promotes culturing of primary fin cells from glass catfish

The most spectacular regenerative events in vertebrates are epimorphic regeneration. In this study, interestingly, a whole-body extract 24 h after tail amputation enhanced primary cell growth and viability compared to that of a non-tail amputated body. Additionally, these effects of extract treatment in vitro were dose-dependent occurring at concentrations of 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml. This is the first in vitro study on the interaction between primary fin cells from glass catfish and tail amputated body extracts of zebrafish. These results provide an essential knowledge base for rational approaches to tissue and organ regeneration. Keywords : Cell growth, cell viability, extract, glass catfish, regeneration, zebrafish African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(12), pp. 1449-1451

Effects of extraction treatment on maxillary and mandibular sagittal development in growing patients

This retrospective investigation was designed to assess the effects of extraction treatment on the sagittal dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular skeletal structures of growing patients. The records of 40 patients (17 girls, 23 boys; median age 10 years 11 months) whose orthodontic treatment involved extraction of four premolars were evaluated and compared with a control group of 100 patients (54 girls, 46 boys; median age 10 years 7 months) treated non-extraction. Two lateral cephalograms were obtained of each patient, the first before the extractions, T1, and the second at a later point, T2 (mean difference 59 months). Linear parameters, including S-N, the maxillary/mandibular alveolar process, and maxillary/mandibular base, were measured. The same parameters were determined in the control group at corresponding time points (mean difference 63 months). For analysis, the sagittal dimensions of the alveolar processes and jaw bases were compared with each other. The relationships were also established to a reference line known to be unaffected by extraction treatment (S-N). This procedure was performed for the whole sample and for three subgroups formed according to the Wits appraisal. Statistical analysis was carried out using a Student's t-test. Comparisons of the total sample showed differences between the groups, which were statistically significant for the maxillary alveolar process, the mandibular alveolar process, and the mandibular base. They varied however in the different subgroups. Whenever extraction treatment is considered, it should be borne in mind that the effects on the sagittal dimension of different bony structures may vary.

Possible mechanism of adaptogenic activity of seabuckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides) during exposure to cold, hypoxia and restraint (C–H–R) stress induced hypothermia and post stress recovery in rats

The present study was carried out to investigate mechanism of adaptogenic activity of seabuckthorn dry leaves aqueous lyophilized extract, administered in rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight prior to cold (5 °C)–hypoxia (428 mm Hg)–restraint (C–H–R) exposure up to fall of T rec 23 °C and recovery ( T rec 37 °C) from C–H–R induced hypothermia. The effect of extract treatment was studied on key metabolic regulatory enzymes in blood, liver and muscle and tissue glycogen in rats on attaining T rec 23 °C and post stress recovery of T rec 37 °C. In control rats during C–H–R exposure on attaining T rec 23 °C there was significant decrease in enzyme activities of blood hexokinase (HK), citrate synthase (CS) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD); liver CS; and in muscle glycogen, and CS and G-6-PD activities. In control rats on recovery of T rec 37 °C there was also a significant decrease in liver and muscle glycogen levels along with decreased enzyme activities of blood G-6-PD; liver CS; and liver and muscle G-6-PD. This suggested that during severe stressful exposure to C–H–R and post stress recovery the aerobic metabolism as well as hexose monophosphate (HMP) pathway is suppressed. The single and five doses extract treatment restricted the decrease or better maintained tissue glycogen and enzyme activities, viz. HK, phosphofructokinase (PFK), CS and G-6-PD, in blood, liver and muscle, during C–H–R exposure ( T rec 23 °C) and recovery of T rec 37 °C. The results suggest that seabuckthorn extract treatment caused a trend for shifting anaerobic metabolism to aerobic during C–H–R exposure and post stress recovery.