Effect Of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid, and etidronic acid on root dentin mineral content and bond strength of a bioceramic-based sealer: A scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy study.

This study assessed the impact of chelating agents, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% citric acid (CA), and 18% etidronic acid (HEDP), on root dentin mineral content. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was applied to analyze changes, and the push-out bond strength test was used to measure dentin adhesion of Well-Root ST, a bioceramic root canal sealer. A total of 80 extracted single-rooted lower premolar teeth were included in this study and randomly divided into four groups (n=20): group 1 (17% EDTA), group 2 (10% CA), group 3 (18% HEDP), and group 4 (distilled water, control). After irrigation and drying, SEM-EDS was applied to analyze eight samples from each group at coronal, middle, and apical root regions for mineral content and SEM images. The remaining 12 samples underwent a push-out bond strength test using Well-Root ST sealer and gutta-percha. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were used for statistical analyses. Statistically significant differences were found between groups (P<0.05). SEM-EDS showed significant differences in C, O, Ca, P, and Ca/P content, with no significant differences in Na and Mg. Push-out bond strength was significantly higher in the 17% EDTA, 10% CA, and 18% HEDP groups compared to the control group, with no significant differences between chelating agents. Chelating agents altered root dentin mineral content and improved the adhesive properties of the bioceramic sealer. These findings highlight the importance of considering the selection and use of chelating agents in the clinical practice for root canal treatment.

Influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on regenerative endodontics: A systematic review.

The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are controversial, because, despite releasing growth factors from dentine, some studies show negative effects on cell behaviour. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the use of EDTA in REP on the growth factors' release, cell behaviour and tissue regeneration. A systematic search was conducted (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, OpenGrey and reference lists) up to February 2021. Only in vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of EDTA on the biological factors of dentine, pulp/periapical tissues and cell behaviour were eligible. Studies without a control group or available full text were excluded. The growth factors' release was the primary outcome. Risk of bias in the in vitro and in vivo studies was performed according to Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist and SYRCLE's RoB tool, respectively. Of the 1848 articles retrieved, 36 were selected. Amongst these, 32 were in vitro, three animal studies and one with both models. The EDTA concentrations ranged from 3% to 15%, at different times. Regarding growth factors' release (17 studies), 15 studies found significant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β release after dentine conditioning with EDTA, and most found no influence on vascular endothelial growth factor release. Regarding cell behaviour (26 studies), eight studies showed no influence of EDTA-treated dentine on cell viability, whereas, five, nine and six studies showed higher cell migration, adhesion and differentiation respectively. No influence of EDTA conditioning was observed in animal studies. In vitro studies had a low risk of bias, whereas animal studies had high risk of bias. Meta-analysis was unfeasible. This review found that EDTA increased TGF-β release and improved cell activity. However, well-designed histological analyses using immature teeth models are needed. High-quality in vitro evidence suggests that EDTA-treated dentine positively influences TGF-β release, cell migration, attachment and differentiation; further research to evaluate its influence on tissue regeneration is necessary due to low methodological quality of the animal studies.

Effects of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and its disodium salt derivative (EDTA-Na) on the characteristics of magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement

Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and its disodium salt derivative (EDTA-Na) (0.5% weight of MgO powder) were incorporated into MgO–MgSO4–H2O ternary system to prepare magnesium oxysulfate (MOS) cement. The single effect of EDTA/EDTA-Na as well as the synergistic effect of EDTA/EDTA-Na and citric acid (CA) on the hydration mechanism, phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of MOS cement were investigated. The results showed that EDTA and EDTA-Na addition induced no new phase, but the magnesium-EDTA complexes formed by EDTA4− and Mg2+ ions acted as nuclei for the hydration products, including brucite, 3 Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·8H2O (318 phase) and 5 Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·7H2O (517 phase). This helped to form a more homogeneous and compact microstructure, thereby improving the durability and volume stability of MOS cement in air curing condition. Moreover, the synergistic effect of EDTA/EDTA-Na and CA preferred the formation of 517 phase to that of brucite. It further improved the water resistance of MOS cement. In this study, EDTA and EDTA-Na were found to be effective additives in improving the characteristics of MOS cement.

Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on perillaldehyde-mediated regulation of postharvest Aspergillus flavus growth on peanuts

Perillaldehyde (PAE) is a natural compound used to control post-harvest fungal disease. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) also has anti-fungal effects, but its synergistic effects on the anti-fungal mechanisms of PAE against Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) are unexplored. Therefore, we examined A. flavus mycelial growth, conidial formation, and pathogenicity, as well as the mechanisms, with EDTA and PAE treatment. EDTA was found to accelerate PAE-suppressed mycelial growth and conidial formation. These effects coincided with an increase in membrane permeability, autophagy, and apoptosis. Accordingly, the expression of pathogenicity-associated genes was dramatically decreased with PAE + EDTA treatment. In addition, the levels of the antioxidants vitamin C, total thiols, and total phenols, and the total antioxidant capacity and radical-scavenging capacity were increased with EDTA + PAE. Thus, the findings indicate that EDTA enhances PAE-mediated control of post-harvest A. flavus via autophagy, apoptosis, antioxidant, and membrane permeability mechanisms, making it suitable for global application in the food industry to attenuate A. flavus from post-harvest crops and improve antioxidant nutrient accumulation.

Effects of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) on the accelerated carbonation and properties of artificial steel slag aggregates

Artificial steel slag aggregates were prepared via accelerated carbonation with the assistance of EDTA. The influences of EDTA on the CO2 uptake, microstructure, and properties of the carbonated steel slag aggregates as well as the performance of concrete were investigated. With the addition of EDTA, the carbonation of steel slag aggregates was enhanced, yielding increases in CO2 uptake, quantity of formed CaCO3 and bulk density whereas reduction in the crushing value. Moreover, EDTA improved the volume stability of the steel slag aggregate. The EDTA played a role as a catalyst in the process of steel slag carbonation, which chelated the calcium leached from steel slag and hence accelerated the calcium leaching. This hence increased the carbonation efficiency and carbonation degree of steel slag. Concretes cast with the steel slag aggregates modified by EDTA gained higher compressive strengths and more stable volumes than that of concretes cast with the steel slag aggregates without EDTA.

Electrokinetic Removal of Cd and Cu from Mine Tailing: EDTA Enhancement and Voltage Intensity Effects

This study investigated electrokinetic removal of cadmium and copper from contaminated soil of the Koushk mine tailing dam. The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 0.1 M as catholyte and NaOH 0.1 M as an anolyte was investigated. Two voltage gradients, 1 and 2 V/cm, were used in the study. Therefore, six sets of tests were conducted, five 10-day tests and one 13-day test. The study measured pH, electroosmosis flow, electric current, and the concentration of the target metals. The energy expenditure of each test was calculated based on the measured electrical current. The results indicate that usage of EDTA as the catholyte along with distilled water as anolyte did not enhance the cadmium and copper removal. This could be due to antagonistically affected results from competition between metal cations and the EDTA. Application of NaOH instead of distilled water as an anolyte incorporated with EDTA as catholyte showed better remediation results, which might be due to facilitating metal–EDTA movement and formation. A study on the voltage intensity revealed that higher voltage applications can improve metal removal. The final 13-day test showed better removal efficiency compared with similar 10-day test.

Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid on Unsaturated Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Butylene Itaconate) Copolyester with Low-Melting Point and Controllable Hardness.

A series of copolyesters, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene itaconate) (PBABI), was synthesized using melt polycondensation from adipic acid (AA), itaconic acid (IA), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). 1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, DSC, TGA, DMA, XRD, Shore D, and tensile test were used to systematically characterize the structural and composition/physical properties of the copolyesters. It was found that the melting point (Tm) and crystallization temperature (Tc) of the copolyesters were, respectively, between 21.1 to 57.5 °C and −6.7 to 29.5 °C. The glass transition (Tg) and the initial thermal decomposition (Td-5%) temperatures of the PBABI copolyesters were observed to be between −53.6 to −55.8 °C and 313.6 and 342.1 °C at varying ratios of butylene adipate (BA) and butylene itaconate (IA), respectively. The XRD feature peak was identified at the 2θ values of 21.61°, 22.31°, and 23.96° for the crystal lattice of (110), (020), and (021), respectively. Interestingly, Shore D at various IA ratios had high values (between 51.3 to 62), which indicated that the PBABI had soft plastic properties. The Young’s modulus and elongation at break, at different IA concentrations, were measured to be at 0.77–128.65 MPa and 71.04–531.76%, respectively, which could be attributed to a close and compact three-dimensional network structure formed by EDTA as a crosslinking agent. There was a significant bell-shaped trend in a BA/BI ratio of 8/2, at different EDTA concentrations—the ∆Hm increased while the EDTA concentration increased from 0.001 to 0.05 mole% and then decreased at an EDTA ratio of 0.2 mole%. Since the PBABI copolymers have applications in the textile industry, these polymers have been adopted to reinforce 3D air-permeable polyester-based smart textile. This kind of composite not only possesses the advantage of lower weight and breathable properties for textiles, but also offers customizable, strong levels of hardness, after UV curing of the PBABI copolyesters, making its potential in vitro orthopedic support as the “plaster of the future”.

Separation of bastnäsite from fluorite using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as depressant

Bastnäsite is an important mineral resource in the production of rare earth materials and is usually beneficiated by flotation. The flotation of bastnäsite is problematic due to the competitive adsorption of hydroxamate collector on bastnäsite and its associated calcium-bearing gangue minerals such as fluorite. One strategy to solve this problem is to use effective depressants to depress the gangue minerals. However, the current depressants all have some drawbacks. In this study, the effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a depressant was tested in the flotation of single mineral of bastnäsite and fluorite and their mixture. The mechanism underpinning the role of EDTA was investigated through theoretical thermodynamic calculation, zeta potential and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The results show that fluorite was significantly depressed, while the flotation of bastnäsite was almost unaffected when EDTA was present. The separation index between bastnäsite and fluorite increased from 1.18 to 12.66 with the increase of EDTA concentration from 0 to 7.79 kg/t. It was found that EDTA could dissolve the chemically adsorbed octyl hydroxamic acid (OHA) on fluorite through the formation of soluble Ca-EDTA complexes, whereas the chemically adsorbed OHA on bastnäsite was more stable and could not be transformed into Ce-EDTA spontaneously. Therefore, the flotation of fluorite was selectively depressed by EDTA. The results show that EDTA was a promising depressant for fluorite gangue mineral in bastnäsite flotation.

Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the determination of tacrolimus concentration in whole blood by the ACMIA method: Comparison between improved and conventional reagents

Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the determination of tacrolimus concentration in whole blood by the ACMIA method: Comparison between improved and conventional reagents

Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Ammonium Oxalate on the Prevalence of Microorganisms and Removal of Aluminum in Soil by Bitter Leaf Plant (&lt;i&gt;Vernonia amygdalina&lt;/i&gt; Delile)

This research was carried out to investigate effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ammonium oxalate on the prevalence of microorganisms and removal of aluminum in soil by bitter leaf plant (Vernonia amygdalina). The test plant was sown in aluminium-polluted soil (conc. = 150mg Al kg-1 soil). One gram of each chelating agent was dissolved in 1.5 litres of water and applied at different time intervals; application on a day prior to sowing of test plant in metal-polluted soil, application on the day of planting, application at one week after planting; at one month after planting. For the control soils, chelating agent were not added, although aluminium-contaminated. In the control, aluminium concentrations in leaf tissues were 16.20mg/kg compared to a staggering 9.20mg/kg in EW1 and 5.24mg/kg in OD1. However, heavy metal concentration of the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina in the control, EW1, EM1, OD-1 and OW1 were significantly similar (P&gt;0.05). Concentration of aluminium in the stem tissues were also similar in ED1, EM1, OD-1, OD1 and OW1 (P&gt;0.05) were concentration ranged from 5.42mg/kg to 7.98mg/kg. Compared to the control, aluminium concentration in stem tissues was 4.95mg/kg comparable with 3.42mg/kg in OM1. In the plant root, OD1 had the highest accumulation of aluminium in the root (16.92mg/kg); however concentrations of aluminium in the roots were also statically similar in OW1 (15.08mg/kg), OM1 (13.84mg/kg), OD-1 (14.72mg/kg), EM1 (15.12mg/kg) and in the control (13.52mg/kg). Results of the following also showed concentrations of residual aluminium in the soil ranging from 68.25mg/kg in the control to 109.85mg/kg in ED1 soil. After three months of planting, results show that the total bacteria count for ED1 (5.3 × 104 cfu/g) had the highest while OM1 (3.9 × 103 cfu/g) had the lowest. For fungi isolates, the highest was control (8.2 × 103 cfu/g) whereas the lowest were OD–1 (6.8 × 102 cfu/g). The most prevalent microorganisms in the spiked soil with heavy metal are Bacillus subtilis represented in all the samples for bacteria while Aspergillus niger representing fungi. The perseverance of the test plant in the aluminium spiked soil is an indication of adaptation to the stress imposed by the concentration of aluminium in soil. In spite of the metal composition within the soil, it was observed that a number of microorganisms existed. This may therefore suggest a favourable environment for the microorganisms within the soil rhizospheric region of Vernonia amygdalina.Keywords: EDTA, oxalate, aluminium, pollution, remediation, Vernonia amygdalina

Efficacy of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid and Calcium Hydroxide in the Removal of Root Canal Filling During Retreatment

Objective: To compare the effect of Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ] in the removal of root canal filling material during retreatment procedure. Methodology: Eighty extracted, single-rooted human teeth were used. Root canals were shaped with a crown-down technique using Ni-Ti rotary instruments (ProTaper, Dentsply Maillefer, Switzerland) and filled with a cold lateral condensation method. AH Plus was used as a sealer. After filling, the teeth were divided into 4 groups and root fillings were removed by ProTaper Universal rotary retreatment system. In each group different irrigation and disinfection protocols were followed; Group I. Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) + EDTA (17%-1 min.) Group II. Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) Group III. Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) + Ca (OH)2 Group IV. Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) + Ca(OH) 2 + EDTA (17%-1 min.). Irrigation with 17% EDTA was performed only before D 3 -Retreatment instrumentation in all groups. AutoCAD system was used to detect the amount of residual root canal filling material. The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 15.0, one way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests. The significance was evaluated at the level of p 0.05). Conclusions: Irrigating the canals with EDTA enhanced the removal of root canal filling during retreatment. However, disinfecting the canals with Ca(OH) 2 had no effect in the removal of filling material. Keywords: Retreatment, Sodium Hypochlorite, Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, calcium hydroxide.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of Pure and EDTA-Capped NiO Nanosized Particles

The effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a capping agent on the structure, morphology, optical, and magnetic properties of nickel oxide (NiO) nanosized particles, synthesized by coprecipitation method, was investigated. Nickel chloride hexahydrate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as precursors. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns showed that NiO have a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The crystallite size, estimated by Scherrer formula, has been found in the range of 28–33 nm. It is noticed that EDTA-capped NiO nanoparticles have a smaller size than pure nanoparticles. Thus, the addition of 0.1 M capping agent EDTA can form a nucleation point for nanoparticles growth. The optical and magnetic properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy (UV) as well as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetization measurements. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of absorption bands in the range of 402–425 cm−1, which is a common feature of NiO. EPR for NiO nanosized particles was measured at room temperature. An EPR line withgfactor ≈1.9–2 is detected for NiO nanoparticles, corresponding to Ni2+ions. The magnetic hysteresis of NiO nanoparticles showed that EDTA capping recovers the surface magnetization of the nanoparticles.

English

The effects of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) on germination, length of stem, area of leaf, fresh weight, level of lipid per oxidation, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, super oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the roots of cadmium (Cd) treated maize (Zea mays L) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) seedlings after 7 and 21 days of germination were determined in this study. The results obtained, indicate that at the end of 7 and 21 days of exposure to Cd, percentage germination of the seeds were not significantly different in both control and test soil (p&gt;0.05). Morphological parameters (area of leaf, length of stem and fresh weight) were significantly reduced by Cd after 7 and 21 days. The supplementation of the soil sample with EDTA (0.5 mM or 1.0 mM) reversed the effect of Cd on these parameters as it significantly increased length of stems, area of leaf and plant fresh weight. There was a significant decrease in root acid phosphatase, root alkaline phosphatase, super-oxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in both plant species. Both used doses of EDTA to ameliorate the above biochemical parameters. Increased level of root lipid peroxidation in Cd treated maize and cowpea seedlings was observed after 7 and 21 days of germination. Albeit, the level of lipid peroxidation in the root of Cd treated maize was significantly higher than that of cowpea, an indication that cowpea may be more tolerant than maize to Cd toxicity. The treatment of plant with, concentrations of EDTA (0.5 and 1.0 mM) failed to decrease the Cd induced, but increased the level of root lipid peroxidation. These results indicate that EDTA (0.5 mM and 1.0 mM) could be used for the treatment of Cd toxicity in plants; although, EDTA did not totally protect cowpea seedling from oxidative stress. Key words: Heavy metal, phytoremediation.

Evaluation of Rock Mechanical Properties Alteration During Matrix Stimulation With Chelating Agents

Well stimulation using acidic solutions is widely used to treat carbonate formations. The acidic fluids remove the near-wellbore damage and create channels around the wellbore by dissolving fraction of the carbonate rocks. Many stimulation fluids have been used such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) acid, organic acids, and chelating agents to stimulate carbonate reservoirs. Wormholes that are created by these fluids are very effective and will yield negative skin values and this will enhance the well productivity. In addition to the wormhole creation, the diffusion of these fluids inside the pores of the rock may create significant and permanent changes in the rock mechanical properties. These changes can eventually lead to weakening the rock strength, which may lead to future formation damage due to the wellbore instability. In this paper, the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) chelating agents on the carbonate rocks elastic properties was investigated. The effect of wormholes created by chelating agent on the rock mechanical properties was investigated. Computed tomography (CT) scan and acoustic measurements were conducted on the core samples before and after matrix stimulation treatments. Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of strong rocks such as Indiana limestone (IL) cores were not affected when chelating agents were used to stimulate those cores. On the other hand, less strong rocks such as Austin chalk (AC) show significant alteration on the rock elastic properties when chelating agents were used as stimulation fluids.

Comparison of the effect of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid, chlorhexidine, etidronic acid and propolis as an irrigant on the microhardness of root dentin: An in vitro study

Aim: This in vitro study was carried out to compare of the effect of 17% ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), 18% etidronic acid (HEBP), and 4% propolis as an irrigant on the microhardness of root dentin. Materials and Methods: The sample size for the study was 100. Each specimen consisted of a longitudinally sectioned half of a root of a single-rooted tooth which was embedded in acrylic resin. The prepared specimens were divided randomly into five groups of twenty specimens each. Each group was treated with the irrigants to be tested. Group I was the control - the specimens were treated with distilled water. The specimens in Group II were treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) followed by EDTA. Specimens in Group III were treated with NaOCl followed by CHX. Specimens in Group IV were treated with NaOCl followed by HEBP, and specimens in Group V were treated with NaOCl followed by propolis. Following this, all the specimens were placed on the Vickers hardness tester and three readings were taken for each specimen. An average reading was obtained for each group. The results were tabulated and statistically analyzed to determine which of the irrigant solutions had the least effect on the microhardness of root dentin. Results: Eighteen percent HEBP had the least effect on the root dentin microhardness, followed by 4% propolis and 2% CHX. Seventeen percent EDTA showed maximum effect on the microhardness of the dentin. Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, 18% HEBP and 4% propolis show promise for use as irrigants because of less detrimental effect on the hardness of root dentin. More studies are needed on demineralization depth and the sealability of resin sealers in the radicular dentin after the use of propolis and HEBP.

Effect of EDTA and DTPA on Cadmium Removal from Contaminated Soil with Water Hyacinth

The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) on cadmium (Cd) uptake by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Cd-contaminated soilwas studied. Experimental samples were separated into 4 treatment groups: 1) Untreated control, 2) EDTA addition, 3) DTPA addition, and 4) mixture of EDTA and DTPA (1:1) addition. The plants were harvested at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days. Cd levels were measured in soil samples, water samples and two parts of the plant: shoot (stem and leaves) and root. The results showed that Cd accumulation in plants with added EDTA and DTPA were higher than the control set, indicating that EDTA and DTPA addition increased Cd uptake by water hyacinth. Cd accumulations in the root in all groups were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than that in the shoot. In EDTA added sets, Cd accumulation in the root was higher than in shoots and were measured at 160.91 and 13.37 mg kg-1at 100 d, respectively. This research indicates that DTPA was most suitable for increasing the cadmium removal capacity of water hyacinth and offers a suitable phytoremediation technique to help clean contaminated sites.

Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from contaminated soil by a heterogeneous ZVI/EDTA/Air Fenton-like system

The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) from contaminated soil by an amino carboxylic acid-enhanced zero-valent iron/Air (ZVI/Air) Fenton-like system has been performed in this study. The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediamine-N,N′-disuccinic acid (EDDS) on the catalytic degradation of 2,4-DCP were primarily studied in the presence of ZVI catalyst and O2 oxidant. The result indicated that the degradation of 2,4-DCP in ZVI/Air system was hindered by EDDS but enhanced by EDTA. Complete destruction of 2,4-DCP in contaminated soil was achieved in the heterogeneous ZVI/EDTA/Air (ZEA) Fenton-like system under ambient air and room temperature. ZVI and EDTA were the predominant factors influencing the degradation of 2,4-DCP. The degradation of 2,4-DCP was ascribed to heterogeneous catalytic reaction over the ZVI surface in situ modified by EDTA via the formation of monodentate inner-sphere complexes. In this system, two main reactive oxygen species of O2−/HO2 and Fe(IV) were generated, in which O2−/HO2 was predominant. The novel ZEA oxidation system provides a promising eco-friendly alternative for the remediation of contaminated soils.

Effectiveness of Phytoremediation Technologies to Clean Up of Metalloids Using Three Plant Species in Iran

Phytoremediation is a potential, innovative, and cost-effective technology for non-destructive remediation of heavy-metal contaminated soils. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiencies of three plants and the effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or ammonium addition [(NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3] for assisting removal of heavy metals (Pb, Hg, and Cd) from contaminated soil. The tested plants include Amaranthus retroflexus, Sorghum bicolor, and Lolium perrene. Results showed that maximum concentration of Pb, Hg, and Cd were detected in shoots of A. retroflexus, S. bicolor, and L. perrene at high concentrations in pH=6.2. The application of EDTA as a chelating agent to soil was the most efficient to enhance the phytoavailability of Pb, Hg and Cd. The concentrations of Pb, Hg, and Cd in the shoots of A. retroflexus treated with EDTA were 57 mg/kg, 14.1 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Results indicated that among the three plants, A. retroflexus had great potential in phytoremediation of contaminated soils.

Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ammonium sulfate on Pb and Cr distribution in Kochia scoparia from compost

In a municipal solid waste (MSW) compost field, Kochia scoparia, an easy-to-grow weed plant, gradually invaded the experiment site and became the dominant species after 4 years’ succession. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution at five rates 0, 25, 50 mmol L−1, 25 mmol L−1 + 1 g L−1 ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, and 50 mmol L−1 + 1 g L−1 (NH4)2SO4 was added to the tested plant root medium. The effects of EDTA and (NH4)2SO4 on Pb and Cr distribution in K. scoparia were investigated. Results suggested that plant biomass increased greatly with height, showing an “inversion pyramid” pattern in spatial structure. At the level of 50 mmol L−1 EDTA, single additions and combined additions with (NH4)2SO4 increased Pb and Cr concentrations in plant shoots at different heights. Lead and Cr uptakes increased toward the top of the shoot. Combined application of 50 mmol L−1 EDTA and (NH4)2SO4 increased Pb uptakes by 21.6, 19.2, 111.3, 124.3, and 154.0 % in 0–30, 30–60, 60–90, 90–120, and over 120 cm spatial shoots, respectively, as compared to those of controls. The increment for Cr uptake was 244.5, 281.7, 100.0, 77.2, and 187.4 %. The relationship between Pb and Cr concentrations in plant shoots and spatial height was found to be positively linear and statistically significant at 1 % level at 50 mmol L−1 EDTA alone and 25 mmol L−1 EDTA together with (NH4)2SO4. Results presented here indicated that K. scoparia had potential in removal of Pb and Cr from MSW compost with the combined application of EDTA and (NH4)2SO4.

Electrochemical Micro Machining of Stainless Steel in EDTA Complex Electrolyte

Electrochemical micro machining is a critical micro machining technology. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex electrolyte in electrochemical micro machining (ECM) of stainless steel. The micro machining of stainless steel is difficult by electrochemical machining, especially in machining deep micro holes, because of an oxide layer formed on the surface. In this paper, ECM of stainless steel in EDTA complex electrolyte was researched. The influence of electrochemical machining parameters such as pulse duration, electrolyte composition to machine stainless steel was investigated. The results showed that EDTA can enhance the stability of electrochemical machining and the electrolyte is eco-friendly.