Effect Of Ethanolic Root Extract Research Articles

Pharmacological evaluation of analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic root extract of Amaranthus caudatus

Background: Amaranthus caudatus Linn, belonging to a family Amaranthaceae. Amaranthus caudatus is found in South America, India, or Indo-Chinese district, Mexico, and the Mediterranean area. Amaranthus caudatus contains different kinds of substance constituents which are responsible for its therapeutic potential. Amaranthus caudatus is usually utilized in the treatment of jaundice, amoebiasis, and kidney ailment, as a blood purifier, diuretic, abortifacient, vermifuge, astringents, and for liver illness. The research work deals with the screening of the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic root extract of Amaranthus caudatus. For this, the alcoholic extract of the selected plant was used for analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity and anti-pyretic activities.
 The result: In current investigation, diclofenac sodium (10mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard drug. The effects of ethanolic root extract (200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) of Amaranthus caudatus on Wistar albino rats for the assessment of analgesic, anti-inflammatory as well as antipyretic activities. The current research revealed that EEAC (200 and 400mg/kg,p.o.) possessed significant (P<0.05) analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretics activities in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore EEAC (200 and 400mg/kg p.o) were effective as standard drug (Diclofenac sodium 10mg/kg, p.o). All these methods were performed under highly supervised conditions and by proper handling of experimental animals having been granted permission by IAEC.
 The conclusion: In the present study, it was concluded that the EEAC was effective in a dose-dependent manner and possessed potent analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities.
 Keywords: Amaranthus caudatus, Analgesic, Anti-pyretic, Anti-inflammatory, Diclofenac sodium, Phytochemical screening.

Effect of Ethanol Root Extract of Physalis angulata on Kidney Function Biomarkers Following Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats

Effect of Ethanol Root Extract of Physalis angulata on Kidney Function Biomarkers Following Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats

Effects of Ethanolic Root Extract of Clitoria ternatea against Experimentally Induced Convulsions and Anxiety in Rodents

In animal models for screening for anticonvulsant activity, it has been scientifically established that medicinal herbs used in traditional medicine for the treatment of epilepsy possess promising anticonvulsant properties and can be a source of newer anticonvulsants. This study's objective was to evaluate the ethanolic root extract of Clitoria ternatea Linn for its preliminary phytochemical components, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic effects. Anticonvulsant activity was evaluated against Maximum electroshock (MES) induced convulsion and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced convulsion model in rats. Using phenytoin (25 mg/kg) as a standard drug, the efficacy of the extract at oral dose levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg were evaluated in an experimental rat model. The marble bury test was used to assess the mice for anxiolytic activity, and lorazepam served as the standard drug at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening revealed that C. ternatea extract contain carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, triterpenoids, phenols and steroids. The ethanolic extract significantly decreased the duration of tonic flexion and tonic extension in MES induced model (p<0.05). The ethanolic extract significantly increased the latency of convulsion and decreased the duration of convulsion in PTZ induced model (p<0.05). The ethanolic root extract were found to be significantly decrease the number of marbles buried in the treated groups as compared to control group, indicating anxiolytic activity. According to specific investigations, terpenes and steroids exhibited anticonvulsant effects in some experimental seizure models, including MES and PTZ. Alkaloids and triterpenes, which are phytoconstituents in ethanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea (EECT), might be the basis of its anxiolytic actions. Based on the findings of the study, Clitoria ternatea's ethanolic root extract has anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects on animals.

THE GASTRO-PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC ROOT EXTRACT OF UVARIA OVATA VIA ULCER SCORES, EXTRACTIBLE MUCUS, GASTRIC ACID SECRETION AND GASTRIC ACTIVITY USING RAT MODELS

The gastro-protective effect of ethanolic root extract of Uvaria ovata through ulcer scores, extractible mucus weight, stomach acid secretion and gastric activity was studied using rat models. A total of 40 Wistar rats were used for this study. The animals were separated into 2 experimental groups, namely: chronic (15 rats) and acute (25 rats), with rats in both groups weighing between 100-140g. For the chronic group, group 1 served as the control and received normal feed and distilled water only, group 2 were given low dose of 500mg/kg of Uvaria ovata root extract orally along with food and water, and group 3 were given high dose of 1000mg/kg of Uvaria ovata root extract orally along with feed and water for 30 days respectively. In the acute study, group 1 received no administration, group 2 were used as the negative control and were administered 800mg/kg of Aspirin. Group 3, which constituted the positive control, were administered 4mg/kg of Omeprazole, followed by 800mg/kg Aspirin. Group 4 were given low dose (400mg/kg) of Uvaria ovata root extract, followed by 800mg/kg of Aspirin, while group 5 were given high dose (800mg/kg) Uvaria ovata root extract followed by 800mg/kg of Aspirin. The findings suggested that Uvaria ovata root extract provided gastroprotection against gastric ulceration.

Nephroprotective effects of ethanolic root extract of Azima tetracantha lam in adenine-induced chronic kidney failure in Wistar rats.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of ethanolic root Ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha. Lam roots (EEATR) in adenine.induced chronic kidney failure in Wistar albino ratsTo assess the antioxidant activity of EEATR. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Thirty rats were selected and allocated to five groups with six animals in each group. Group 1 was given normal saline (control), Group 2 – adenine, 0.75% 40 mg/kg, Group 3 – adenine and 250 mg/kg of EEATR, Group 4 – adenine and 500 mg/kg EEATR, and Group 5 – EEATR 500 mg/kg. Saline, adenine, and EEATR were given orally once daily for 28 days. EEATR was given 60 min before adenine administration. Urine output, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, albumin, and total proteins were estimated. The histopathological changes in the kidneys were examined, and antioxidant property of the extract was assessed in the renal tissue.RESULTS:Adenine treated rats had a reduction in urine output (‒45%), food intake (‒46%), body weight (‒28%), total proteins (‒66%) and albumin (‒59%) and an increase in creatinine (950%), BUN (73.6%), and kidney weight (43.75%). Histological examination of the kidneys showed capillary congestion, tubular damage, glomerular distortion, and many oxalate crystals. Rats co-administered with EEATR 250 and 500 mg/kg had marked improvement (P ≤ 0.0001%) in all the above parameters with a marked reduction in size and number of oxalate crystals in the kidney. In the anti-oxidant assays, EEATR exhibited significant antioxidant activity.CONCLUSION:EEATR was found to be an effective nephroprotective agent in adenine-induced chronic renal failure in Wistar albino rats.

Effect of Ethanolic root extract of Aporosa lindleyana on hepatic and renal marker enzymic status of INH-RIF induced toxicity on male albino wistar Rats.

Effect of Ethanolic root extract of <i>Aporosa lindleyana</i> on hepatic and renal marker enzymic status of INH-RIF induced toxicity on male albino wistar Rats.

Adverse reproductive effects of ethanolic root extract of Waltheria indica in male Wistar rats.

Background Numerous uses of Waltheria indica plant such as antitrypanosomal, antibacterial and antimalarial effects have been reported. It has however been reported that most plants with antibacterial and antiprotozoal effects have adverse effect on male reproduction. Hence, we evaluated the effect of Waltheria indica root on male reproductive parameters. Methods Twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=5); A-D. Group A served as control group while groups B, C and D were administered with 200, 400 and 800 mg/Kg body weight of crude ethanolic extract of Waltheria indica root. After 28 days of administration, the rats were sacrificed and sperm parameters, sperm morphology, serum reproductive hormones and lipids were determined. Results There was a significant reduction in sperm count and motility as well as significant increase in percentage abnormal sperm cell (p<0.001) at the 400 and 800 mg/kg BW. The serum levels of testosterone was also significantly reduced while total cholesterol increased significantly (p<0.05) at the highest dose. Conclusion Waltheria indica root has adverse effect on male reproduction through reduction in sperm parameters and male reproductive hormones.

Ameliorative influence of Cnestis ferruginea vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) root extract on kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy in mice: Role of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation

Ethnopharmacology relevancethe root decoction of Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) is widely used in traditional African medicine for the treatment of various ailments including pain, inflammation and epilepsy. We have earlier reported anticonvulsant effect of Cnestis ferruginea root extract in mice. Aim of the studyto evaluate the effect of ethanolic root extract of Cnestis ferruginea (CF) on kainic acid (KA)-induced temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in mice as well as the involvement of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. Materials and methodsmice were randomly divided into preventive treatment (vehicle (normal saline) or CF (400 mg/kg, p.o.) for 3 consecutive days before KA (5 mg/kg, i.p.) on days 4 and 5. In the reversal model, KA (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered on days 1 and 2 before vehicle or CF (400 mg/kg) administration on days 3–5. The effect of treatments on seizure severity was recorded using Racine scale. Animals were euthanized on day 5, 6 h after last KA exposure in preventive model and 1 h after CF administration in reversal model to estimate markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Resultsexposure of mice to KA induced TLE evidenced in increased severity of seizures which was significantly reduced by the pre- and post-treatment of mice with CF. Moreso, KA-induced malondialdehyde/nitrite generation and GSH deficit in the brain were attenuated by CF treatments. KA-induced up-regulation of inflammatory transcription factors; cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear facor-kappaB (NF-κB) in the CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus regions were attenuated by CF treatments. Conclusionfindings from this study showed that Cnestis ferruginea root extract ameliorated KA-induced TLE through enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanism and attenuation of neuro-inflammatory transcription factors. Thus, could possibly be a potential phytotherapeutic agent in the management of temporal lobe epilepsy.

INSULIN SECRETAGOGUE EFFECT OF ROOTS OF RAVENALA MADAGASCARIENSIS SONN. - AN IN VITRO STUDY

Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the cytotoxicity profile and to evaluate the insulin secretagogue effect of ethanolic root extract of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.&#x0D; Methods: The cell viability of rat insulinoma 5F (RIN5F) cell lines over the treatment of plant extract was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The insulin-releasing effect was evaluated by insulin secretion assay over RIN5F cell lines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.&#x0D; Results: The ethanolic extract of the roots of R. madagascariensis Sonn. showed negligible cytotoxicity at 20–40 μg/ml, and hence, concentrations up to 40 μg/ml were used in insulin secretion assay. The ethanolic root extract at 20 and 40 μg/ml significantly (p&lt;0.05 compared to control) stimulated the insulin release in a dose-dependent manner even in the presence of glucose at lower and higher concentrations (5 and 10 mM).&#x0D; Conclusion: Thus, our results validate its traditional claim in the treatment of diabetes by stimulating the secretion of insulin, thereby suggesting a possible mechanism of its antidiabetic effect.

Ameliorative effect of Plumbago zeylanica root extract against lead toxicity in rats

Being a toxic heavy metal, lead can induce many annihilating effects on different systems of the body in all living entity. To combat this toxicity, traditional herbal treatment is gaining importance now-a-days due to their various advantages. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ameliorative effect of ethanolic root extract of Plumbago zeylanica against lead toxicity in rats. The extract was given at the rate of 100 mg/kg body weight, orally to Wistar rats along withthe lead acetate administered orallyat the rate of 500 ppmf or 24 days. The results were compared with control group receiving normal water and feed, and toxicity group receiving 500 ppm of lead acetate in drinking water. P. zeylanica treated group showed better feed consumption and improved blood parameters with no clinical abnormalities. On histopathological examination, the organs of plant extract treated group showed relatively less degenerative changes in liver, kidneys, lungs, brain and testes, with promising results of serum analysis showing decreased enzymatic levels of ALT, AST, creatinine and blood glucose. Blood calcium was increased upon P. zeylanica treatment indicating its protective effect on bone, whereas the phosphorous level showed opposite trend probably be due to its beneficial effect on kidneys restricting its elimination. These results were encouraging for the use of have created an ardency to use this plant in amelioration of lead toxicity.

Antidegenerative and Neurobehavioral Effects of Ethanolic Root Extract of Salacia reticulata on Mercury Chloride Induced Cellular Damage in the Hippocampus of Adult Male Mice

Mercury is a very harmful heavy metal and it has been shown to affect the nervous system mainly, and has contributed a lot to neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. Through time, there has been an increase in the search for more knowledge on how to address the treatment of the diseases associated with Mercury Chloride exposure. Researchers have shown some protective effect of some medicinal plants, which is why this study is done to investigate Salacia reticulata for protective effects against nervous disorders. The study was aimed at evaluating the antidegenerative effects of Salacia reticulata on mercury chloride exposure on the cellular architecture and spatial learning and memory of adult male mice. Twenty-five male mice with an average weight of (14.5-26 g) were divided into five groups of five mice per group and treated as follows. Group A; control group=2 mls of Placebo, Group B (HgCl2 at 7 mg/kgbw). Group C (HgCl2 at (7 mg/kgbw with Salacia reticulata at (200 mg/kgbw), Group D (HgCl at 7 mg/kgbw) with Salacia reticulata at (250 mg/kgbw). Group E (HgCl2; 7 mg/kgbw, with 0.2 ml pu of Vitamin E. HgCl2 was administered at a single dose orally while S. reticulate was administered orally daily for 14 days. The results from the Y-maze test showed an increase in the meantime taken by the animals to make alternations in the mercury treated group compared to the normal control group and Salacia reticulata treated groups, this is suggestive of neurological toxicity of mercury chloride to learning and memory loss. Histological results showed degeneration of the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus in mercury chloride treated group, while preservation of cellular profile and neuronal cells was seen in the Salacia reticulata treated group C and D as compared to group B (HgCl2 group only) and Vitamin E treated groups. Therefore, S. reticulata ameliorated memory loss in the hippocampus caused by mercury toxicity in adult male mice and is neuroprotective as seen in the microarchitecture of Pyramidal cells, fibers and neuropil evidenced in the hippocampus of mice treated.

Effect of Aster tataricus on production of inflammatory mediators in LPS stimulated rat astrocytoma cell line (C6) and THP-1 cells

Neuroinflammation is the commonest cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. Present investigation evaluates the inhibitory effect of ethanolic root extract of Aster tataricus (AS) on inflammatory mediators production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated C6 cells. C6 cells were treated with AS (20and40mg/kg) and nimesulide (NSL, 1.5μg/ml) for 1day. Thereafter various parameters such as production of ROS, release of nitrite, MDA, glutathione level and NF-κB translocation were estimated in C6 cell lines. Effect of AS was estimated on the expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) of human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). It was observed that AS (20and40mg/ml) treated group shows significant (p<0.01) decrease in production of ROS, Nitrite release and MDA level in LPS activated C6 cell lines compared to negative control group. Moreover, treatment with it decreases glutathione level and inhibits the translocation of NF-κB in LPS activated C6 cell lines compared to negative control group. There were significant (p<0.01) decreases in expression of TNF-α in AS treated group compared to negative control group in THP-1 cell lines. Present investigation concludes the anti neuroinflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of AS root by decreasing oxidative stress and attenuates the cytokine.

Carrot (Daucus carota L.): Nephroprotective against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

Objectives:Daucus carota L.(DC) commonly known as carrot, folkorically used as ethnomedicine to treat nephrosis and other urinary disorders. Hence, the present study was aimed to investigate the nephroprotective effects of ethanolic root extract of DC against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Albino Wistar rats.Methods:Nephrotoxicity in rats was induced by intraperitoneal administration of gentamicin (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 days. Rats of either sex were divided into four groups (n = 6). Group 1 served as control that received normal saline (i.p.) whereas Group 2 (GM) was treated with gentamicin which served as gentamicin-intoxicated group. Group 3–4 (DC200, DC 400) were pretreated with DC at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg (p.o.), respectively, 1 h before the gentamicin intoxication. Following treatment, the nephroprotective effects of DC were evaluated by using serum levels of urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine levels; change in body weight and wet kidney weight along with the histological observations among the experimental groups.Results:Gentamicin intoxication induced elevated serum urea, BUN, uric acid, and creatinine levels which was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) decreased in a dose-dependent manner in groups received DC which was also evidenced by the histological observations.Conclusion:DC showed a significant nephroprotective effect in a dose-dependent manner by ameliorating the gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and thus authenticates its ethnomedicinal use.

Effect of Ethanol Root Extract of &lt;i&gt;Equisetum arvense&lt;/i&gt; (L) on Urinary Bladder Activity in Rats and Analysis of Principal Plant Constituents

Purpose : To investigate the mechanism of action by which ethanol root extract of Equisetum arvense influences urinary bladder activity in rats, and to characterize the major compounds of the extract. Methods: Ethanol (95 %) was used for hot extraction for 3 h in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. A total of 36 female rats were divided into Equisetum arvense root extract-treated group (EA) and control group. Rats in EA group were treated with a standard diet containing 0.2 % of the extract, while rats in the control group were fed with the diet only. After 3 weeks, 12 rats underwent cystometry with 0.2 % acetic acid solution and bladder activity was recorded. In another 12 rats, blood pressure, body weight and adenosine triphosphate were measured. In the remaining 12 rats, 0.2 % acetic acid solution was infused into the bladder and urinary adenosine triphosphate determined before and after the stimulation. Results: The results showed that during cystometry with acetic acid, the time interval between urinary bladder contractions was shorter and maximum bladder contraction pressure was much greater in rats in the control group, but in the Equisetum arvense group, the changes were much lower. Also in the Equisetum arvense group, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline levels were lower than for the control group. Furthermore, increase in the levels of urinary adenosine triphosphate was smaller in Equisetum arvense group than in control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that Equisetum arvense ethanol root extract influences urinary bladder activity by decreasing adenosine triphosphate release, and is therefore a potential therapeutic agent against bladder disorder. However, there is need for further investigation of its exact mechanism of action.

Antihyperglycemic effect of Codariocalyx motorius modulated carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In the present study, the effects of ethanolic root extract of Codariocalyx motorius (CMRt) on blood glucose, insulin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were studied in experimental diabetic rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats received CMRt orally at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw daily for 30 days. CMRt treatment showed decrease in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin with improved serum insulin levels. We observed increase in carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes including hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glycogen content in liver of CMRt-treated rats with reduction in the levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Further, immunohistochemical staining of insulin showed preservation of pancreatic β-cells in CMRt-treated diabetic rats. RP-HPLC analysis indicated the presence of chlorogenic acid, myricetin, quercetin and gallic acid. Hence, this study clearly demonstrates the antidiabetic effect of CMRt by normalizing the key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and restoring the functions of pancreas thus proving its traditional value.

Antinephrotoxic efficacy of Operculina turpethum and its isolated Stigma-5,22dien-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside against N-Nitrosodimethylamine induced renal carcinogenesis in male mice

Objectives: Human exposure to nitrosamines can result from the formation of N ? nitroso compounds either in food during storage or preparation or in vivo , usually in the stomach. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is one of the main N-nitroso compounds which is commonly found in drinking water and is a potent carcinogen. The therapeutic effect of ethanolic root extract of Operculina turpethum was studied for its possible anti-cancerous potential induced by N- Nitrosodimethylamine in male albino mice as the in vivo model for the study. Methods: Renal malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione content (GSH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protein, cholesterol, urea and creatinine content were measured as oxidant/antioxidant markers. Electron Microscopy investigations of the renal tissue were also performed. One-way ANOVA test was used for comparisons of parameters in study groups. Results: Renal antioxidant defense systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and reduced glutathione level, depleted by NDMA were restored to normal by the treatment. Oral administration of Operculina turpethum ethanolic extract, both crude and isolated groups recovered the enzyme activities and caused significant increase in serum protein, the treatment significantly reduced the elevated serum creatinine and urea levels (p>0.05), (p<0.01), (p<0.001). The ultrastructural electron microscopical analysis showed a decrease in cellular degradation comparing to the intoxicated mice. Conclusion: These findings prove the potential of Operculina turpethum as an antioxidant therapy to counteract mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial oxidative stress generated in kidney upon NDMA treatment thereby acting against renal toxicity by a carcinogen.

Ethanolic Root Extract of Jatropha curcas L. relieves Hyperalgesia in Arthritis Model in Rats

This work evaluated the analgesic property of ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas in arthritic/skeletal pain models. Acute skeletal hyperalgesia was induced in knee joints of rats with 3% carrageenan-kaolin mixture. Twelve hours later, the rats were grouped and treated orally with 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg Jatropha curcas or morphine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg). Pain thresholds were measured by knee compression in the ipsilateral limb. In a separate experiment to determine the effect of ethanolic root extract of Jatropha curcas (30-300 mg/kg, p.o.) and morphine (1-3 mg/kg, p.o.) on chronic skeletal hyperalgesia, the extracts and morphine treatments were administered 2 weeks after the induction of the pain with 3% carrageenan-kaolin mixture. The effects of Jatropha curcas on chronic skeletal hyperalgesia in both the ipsilateral and contralateral paws was assessed in the Randall-Selitto test.Jatropha curcas (P<0.05) and morphine (P<0.05) significantly reduced acute knee hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral limb. Chronic skeletal hyperalgesia was dose-dependently inhibited by the extract of J. curcas and the standard drug morphine in the ipsilateral and contralateral paws. Ethanolic root extract of Jatropha curcas relieves skeletal pain in rats.

Protective effect of Indigofera aspalathoides roots on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice

The chemopreventive effect of ethanol root extract of Indigofera aspalathoides was evaluated in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced experimental liver tumor in mice. Pretreatment with ethanol root extract (100 mg/kg, p.o.) for three weeks significantly reduced the impact of N-nitrosodiethylamine toxicity (50 mg/kg, i.p.) on the serum markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Protective effect was reconfirmed the elevated serum total protein levels were significantly restored towards normalization by the extracts, and this was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Histological examination of the liver of animals treated with ethanol root extract of Indigofera aspalathoides showed the reduction of necrosis. These results suggest that ethanol root extract of Indigofera aspalathoides possess protective effect against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Protective effect of ethanolic root extract of Plumbago indica L. on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Protective effect of ethanolic root extract of Plumbago indica L. on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Nephroprotective effect of Croton zambesicus root extract against gentimicin-induced kidney injury

Objective To evaluate the kidney protective effect of ethanolic root extract of Croton zambesicus ( C. zambesicus) against gentimicin-induced kidney injury in rats. Methods The root extract (27-81 mg/kg) was administered to rats for eight days with concurrent administration of gentimicin (100 mg/kg) daily for the same period of time. Protective effect of the extract was evaluated in serum levels of creatinine, urea, and uric acid as well as some ions like sodium, potassium and chloride. Histological examination of the kidneys from different treatment groups were also carried out. Results Administration of the root extract significantly reduced histopathological changes in the kidneys of the extract-treated rats especially in the rats treated with lower doses of the extract (27 and 54 mg/kg). The levels of serum urea and creatinine were also reduced significantly ( P<0.01) at these doses with no observable effect on the levels of uric acid and ions. Conclusions The kidney – protective activity of this extract could be due to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities.