Effect Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Quantitative Analysis, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Microsorium scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel. in Mice

Microsorium scolopendria, a fern was studied for phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects to add credence to its various folkloric applications. Phytochemicals were analyzed quantitatively, anti-inflammatory experiment was carried out with egg albumin- induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema models while analgesic effects were studied using formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain models. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols with alkaloids (14.6 %w/w) as the most predominant phytoconstituent. In anti-inflammatory experiments, M. scolopendria extract reduced oedema caused by egg albumin and xylene in a dose related manner and comparable to standard agents. Also, in analgesic experiments, the extract reduced pain induced by formalin, acetic acid, and hot plate. These reductions were statistically (p?0.05) significant. Considering the fractions in all experiments, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were prominent in anti-inflammatory effect while ethyl acetate fraction was at top in reduction of pain. This study supports the use of M. scolopendria in ethnomedicinal practice.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on D-galactose induced changes in lipid profile of aged Wistar rats

Uncontrolled hyperlipidaemia is linked to some age-related diseases like obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. To examine the blood lipid profile in wistar rats, this study employed D-galactose-induced aging as a model. The lipid profiles were analysed using standard methods. Thirty (30) male albino rats were randomly assigned into five (5) groups of six (6) rats each and fed with basal diets. Group 1 and 5 which served as the young and adult controls respectively received basal diet only while the others were administered D-galactose (150mg/kg) and Moringa oleifera extract (MOLE-200mg/kg and 400mg/kg) respectively for eight (8) weeks. At the end of the study rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. At week 0, the results of the total cholesterol concentrations (98.81 ± 6.43), TAG (69.15 ± 1.34), LDL-cholesterol (31.80 ± 4.10), VLDL-cholesterol (13.83 ± 0..27) and HDL-cholesterol (35.64 ± 2.81) in rats administered M. oleifera leaf extract, D-galactose and distilled water respectively showed no significant (P > 0.05) difference across all the groups but at week 8 treatment with high dose of MOLE resulted in a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in total serum cholesterol (112.45 ± 3.05), TAG (114.05 ± 5.47), LDL-cholesterol (19.66 ± 4.06) concentrations relative to the D-galactose only treated group. Conversely, HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) following treatment with both low (69.53 ± 1.94) and high dose (69.99 ± 2.64) of MOLE relative to the D-galactose (63.65 ± 2.54) treated group. These results suggest that Moringa oleifera leaf extract exerts an anti-hyperlipidaemic effect against D-galactose-induced toxicity and thus could confer protection against aging.

In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-obesity and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Anredera cordifolia in Rats

In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-obesity and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Anredera cordifolia in Rats

Anti-diarrheal effects of ethanol leaf extract of Eleusine Indica in Castor Oil induced diarrhea using mice model

Ancient civilizations employed medicinal herbs to treat ailments. Medicinal herbs are essential for treating chronic disorders. Different medicinal plants can treat comparable ailments, depending on the country. In many rural communities in developing countries, particularly in Africa, therapeutic medicines and remedies derived from indigenous plants are almost invariably the only readily available and cost-effective alternatives to traditional diarrhea medicines. The study aims to evaluate the anti-diarrheal activity of the Eleusine indica ethanol extract in mice. The study used fresh Eleusine indica leaves. The extracts were administered at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 28 days. On the 29th, the rats were induced with diarrhea, and blood samples were collected through the retro-orbital plexus before being sacrificed. The serum from the collected blood was used to run hematological and electrolyte tests. The liver and kidney function tests were analyzed using standard methods. The determination of antidiarrheal activity was done using the following models: Castor oil (CO) induced diarrhea, CO induced enteropooling activity, and CO induced gastrointestinal motility. The 80% ethanol extract produced significant (p<0.001) antidiarrheal activity in all three models tested. The hematological, renal, hepatic, and electrolyte parameters of extract-treated mice were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from those of the control group. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate levels of the extract-treated groups when compared to the control group. The findings of the studies demonstrated the antidiarrheal activities of Eleusine indica leaves, which could be a therapeutic option against diarrhea.

Ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) effects on reproductive dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats

Abstract. Ejeh SA, Abu HA, Onyeyili PA, Abenga JN, Abalaka SE, Enefe NG, Eugiene I. 2024. Ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Euphorbiaceae) effects on reproductive dysfunctions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Asian J Nat Prod Biochem 22: 35-42. Diabetes and some of its treatment agents reportedly induce male reproductive dysfunction in male Wistar rats. Therefore, the study investigated the therapeutic effects of ethanol leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. on diabetic male Wistar rats. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were used, and 50 mg/kg freshly prepared streptozotocin in cool citrate buffer single intraperitoneal injection was used to induce diabetes mellitus. The rats were grouped into 5 of 5 rats each. Group 1 was normal + distilled water; group II was diabetic untreated; group III was diabetic + 100 mg/kg metformin HCl; and IV and V rats were diabetic and received 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract orally, respectively. Treatment was done for 28 days; after that, reproductive parameters such as extrapyramidal sperm parameters (sperm motility, count, concentrations, viability, morphology, and acrosome integrity) and hormonal assay (FSH, LH, and Testosterone) were evaluated using a standard protocol. Testicular and epididymal histopathological changes were analyzed using standard procedure. The results revealed a marked impairment in all the parameters evaluated in the untreated diabetic group. However, groups exposed to the ethanol leaf extract of A. cordifolia recorded a significant (p <0.05) improvement in the above-mentioned reproductive parameters, including the restorations of the collapsed epididymal tubules observed in the diabetic untreated group. Therefore, the ethanol leaf extract of A. cordifolia can potentially facilitate and restore reproductive dysfunctions associated with diabetes mellitus complications, hence a possible alternative to synthetic antidiabetic agents.

Assessment of acute impacts of cadmium chloride exposure on blood sugar level, body and organs weight in male albino Wistar rats and the ameliorative effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis and Mangifera indica

Impacts of acute cadmium chloride exposure on blood sugar level, body and organs weights in male albino Wistar rats and the ameliorative effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis and Mangifera indica were assessed. Twenty –five animals (125- 285 g) were randomly assigned five groups of five rats each. Groups 1-4 were orally administered with cadmium chloride (30%) below its LD50 each for three times at 2days interval before treatment with the plant extracts. Groups 1 and 2 were later treated with 300 mg/kg of T. bangwensis and M. indica respectively. Group3 were treated with 300 mg/kg of both extracts at 50:50 dosage ratio. Groups 4 and 5 were not treated and they served as negative and normal control respectively. Treatment was done via oral route for 14 days and all animals were allowed free access to commercial rat mash and water. Blood sugar and body weight were assessed at 2days interval after exposing animals to the heavy metal followed by treatment. Organs weights were taken after 14days treatment. The results of the blood sugar level revealed significant increase (P< 0.05) in group 4 (untreated) when compared to the normal control group and the groups treated with leaf extracts. Significant decrease was recorded in body weight of the untreated rats when compared to the treated and normal groups. There was significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the weight of testis and liver in group 4 when compared to groups 1,2,3 and 5, with significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the weight of the kidneys in group 1 when compared to groups 3 and 5. These results implied that cadmium chloride toxicity altered blood sugar levels, body and organs weights in the animals, however, the two plant extracts ameliorated these impacts and regulated the parameters to fall within their normal ranges.

Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Lantana camara on Fasting Blood Glucose, Body Weight and Kidney Function Indices of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats

The study was aimed at investigating the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Lantana camara on the fasting blood glucose, body weight and kidney function indices of alloxan-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats. Thirty male albino Wistar rats of weight 100-181 g were randomly assigned six groups of five rats each. Group 1 served as normal control. Group 2-6 animals were induced with 150 mg/kg body weight (B.W) of alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally. Fasting blood glucose was checked 72hrs after induction and animals with blood glucose 200mg/dl and above were considered diabetic. Group 3 was treated with 50 mg/kg B.W of glibenclamide. Group 4,5 and 6 were orally treated with 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg B.W of Lantana camara extract respectively for 21days. Blood sample was obtained by tail puncture to check glucose levels weekly with the use of glucometer. Animals treated with 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg B.W of the extract showed significant decrease (P<0.05) in blood glucose, creatinine, urea and uric acid compared to untreated diabetic animals. Body weight of treated groups increased significantly (P<0.05) compared to the untreated group. The results obtained were synonymous to the glibenclamide treated group. This suggests that the extract possess antidiabetic potential and could be used in the management of diabetes.

Haematological, Renal and Gastric Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Bauhinia variegate Linn

Haematological, Renal and Gastric Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Bauhinia variegate Linn

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) on the Kidneys of Paraquat-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) on the Kidneys of Paraquat-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Anti-diabetic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphusspina-christi on Alloxan Induced Albino Rats

Anti-diabetic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphusspina-christi on Alloxan Induced Albino Rats

Characterization and in-vitro plant-based control of hindgut bacteria isolated from Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Termitidae) and Heterotermes indicola Wasmann (Rhinotermitidae).

Termites cause a serious menace to wooden structures all over the world. They rely mostly on entozoic fauna residing in their hindgut for the digestion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic materials. One of the ways to control termites is through their gut symbionts. The present study was designed to characterize the hindgut bacteria isolated from Odontotermes obesus and Heterotermes indicola. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory effect of eight tropical plant extracts was investigated to find out potential control agents for these bacterial isolates. The characterization of bacteria was carried out based on their morphology, Gram staining, biochemical and amplification of 16SrRNA gene. Amplified products were sequenced to confirm their relationship with bacterial isolates from termites of other regions. The growth inhibitory effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of eight plants was evaluated in an invitro agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the most effective plant was carried out to learn about bioactive agents. The results confirmed the presence of five bacteria from each termite species. The Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were common to both termites whereas Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Lysinibacillus macrolides were found in O. obesus only and H. indicola harbor Bacillus subtilis and Shigella sonnei in addition to common three ones. Among the plant extracts of Carica papaya, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Osmium basilicum, Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus globulus, Pongamia pinnata, Mentha longifolia, and Melia azedarach, the G. robusta > E. camaldulensis > O. basilicum were found to have growth inhibitory effects with increasing concentrations from 100 to 2000 µg/mL. The biodiversity of the bacterial fauna is important for the biological control of termites. Leaf extracts of these medicinal plants can be used to control termite infestation in an environment-friendly manner to save huge economic loss.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Medicinal Plants Baccaurea Ramiflora and Microcos Paniculata.

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Baccaurea ramiflora and Microcos paniculata. DPPH radical scavenging activity, Nitric oxide scavenging activity, Super oxide anion radical scavenging activity, Reducing power assay were used to assess antioxidant efficacy. Zone of Inhibition determination by Agar well diffusion assay was used to assess antimicrobial activity. The Baccaurea ramiflora and Microcos paniculata leaves extracted with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and water among that in leaves ethanolic extract produce 10.78, 10.38 percentage yield respectively. Both the extracts subjected for phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, proteins and flavonoids. Ethanolic extract of Baccaurea ramiflora showed maximum inhibition zone diameter was obtained in Salmonella typhi (Gram-negative bacteria) with diameter 29 mm and 25 mm respectively at 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Similarly, Ethanolic extract of Microcos paniculata showed minimum inhibition zone diameter compare to Baccaurea ramiflora was obtained in Salmonella typhi (Gram-negative bacteria) with diameter 23 mm and 19 mm respectively at 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Ethanolic extract of Baccaurea ramiflora showed maximum inhibition zone diameter was obtained in Aspergillus fumigates with diameter 25 mm and 22 mm respectively at 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml. Similarly, Ethanolic extract of Microcos paniculata showed minimum inhibition zone diameter compare to Baccaurea ramiflora was obtained in Aspergillus fumigates with diameter 21 mm and 19 mm respectively at 200mg/ml and 100mg/ml. The current findings point to Baccaurea ramiflora and Microcos paniculata antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However future studies should be designed to isolate the active constituents responsible for the specified effect.

Effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of petersianthus macrocarpus on Haematological Parameters and Lipid Profile of Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats

Background: The most prevalent kind of diabetes that results from insulin resistance is type 2. Hyperglycemia, polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia are the traditional trifecta of symptoms associated with this illness. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impact of petersianthus macrocarpus ethanolic leaf extract on the lipid profile and haematological markers of streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic wistar rats. Materials and methods: Five groups of rats were used: non-diabetic, diabetic, untreated, glibenclamide-treated, ethanolic extract-treated, and 100 mg/kg body weight-treated. Results: The body weight of the rats treated with 100 mg/kg body weight increased, while the body weight of the rats treated with 50 mg/kg body weight decreased, according to the results. Conclusion: 100 mg/kg body weight was determined to be the least effective therapeutic dose, indicating the potential of ethanolic leaf extracts.

Antimalarial Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum gratissimum, and Their Histologic Effects on Some Organs (Liver, Kidney and Heart) of Plasmodium berghei Infected Albino Mice

Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Ociumum gratissimum (clove Basil) have long been employed locally for the management of malaria. The present study compared antimalaria activities of the ethanolic leaf extracts of the individual plants, and assessed their combined effects on some organs of malaria-infected mice, at the Parasitology and Histopathology units, Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Owerri, from January to March, 2021. The leaves of the different plants were extracted with absolute ethanol (BDL 95%) for the test. Clean albino mice were experimentally infected intraperitoneally with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Parasitaemia level was determined before parasite inoculation and at 24 hours post treatment period. Histopathological study on the liver, kidney, and heart was carried out using the Paraffin Setions method. Extracts of the leaves were administered orally, while chloroquine administration was intramuscular. The efficacy of the leaf extracts was tested on the P. berghei infected albino mice using the 4-day curative test. The lethal median dose (LD50) recorded for neem and clove basil leaf extracts were 31.62 and 1246.9 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Significant activity against the parasite was produced by infected mice treated with extracts of A. indica and O. gratissimum, and their combinations throughout the treatment period (P<.05). Highest reduction of parasitaemia was observed on day 4. Maximum parasitaemia reduction (78.65%) was attained with 30mg/kg of the combined extracts on the 7th day. Mild pathological lesions were observed in mice treated with A. indica leaf extract. These observations indicate better anti-malaria activity of the combination therapy as compared with the individual extracts of A. indica and O. grassimum, and indicate good antimalarial and protective roles of the plant extracts on the parasitized mice at large, as it slows down development of resistance.

Ameliorating effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis on the histology of livers of lead-induced rats

Objective: This research study was carried out to investigate the ameliorating effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occendentalis on the histology of livers of lead-induced rats. Methodology: Twenty-five (25) male wistar rats weighing 150 - 180 g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which, they were divided into five (5) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A - E. Group A served as the control group and was not induced with lead (Pb), while Groups B – E were induced. Group A received distilled water only, Groups B - E received vitamin C, vitamin C + 100 mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract T. occendentalis, vitamin C + 400 mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of T. occendentalis and vitamin C + 800 mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of T. occendentalis respectively for 14 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 15th day, the animals were weighed and sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and kidneys were harvested from the rats for histological study. Results: Histopathological findings showed normal liver architecture with well perfused normal hepatic architecture with central vein (CV), hepatocyte (H) and portal traid (PT) for animals in group A; moderate degeneration with moderate congestion of blood vessel (CBV) with aggregate inflammatory cell (AIC) around the congested vessel and intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) for animals in group B; mild regeneration with moderate congestion of blood vessel (CBV) with moderate intra hepatic hemorrhage (IHH) and intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) for animals in group C; moderate regeneration with mild congestion of portal vain (CPV) with portal aggregate inflammatory cell (AIC) and mild intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) for animals in group D; and moderate regeneration with mild congestion of portal vain (CPV) with portal aggregate inflammatory cell (PAIC) for animals in group E. Conclusion: Ethanolic leaf extract of T. occendentalis have ameliorating effect on the histology of Livers of lead-induced rats, and the ameliorating effect improves with increase in the dosages of the leaf extract.

Effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Medicago sativa, Gongronema latifolium and Pterocarpus sanalinoides on the liver integrity of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats

The study investigated the effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Medicago sativa (MS), Pterocarpus santalinoides (PS) and Gongronema latifolium (GL) on the liver function profile and organ histology integrity of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Sixty male rats were divided into 10 groups, made up of 1 group each of normal, diabetic, and positive controls, 3 treatment groups each of the single and pairwise extract combinations, and 1 group of the ternary extracts combination. Hyperglycaemia was induced in the treatment groups by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at 150 mg/kg body weight. The positive control was treated with metformin (100 mg/kg), while the extracts were administered via oral intubation to the single (200 mg/kg of each extract), double (combination of 2 extracts at 100 mg/kg each) and ternary (combination of the 3 extracts at 66.7 mg/kg each) treatment groups for a total period of 4 weeks. Induction of diabetes significantly (p<0.05) increased AST, ALT and ALP activities and total bilirubin concentration, but treatment with metformin and the plants’ extracts significantly (p<0.05) reduced the enzymes activities and total bilirubin concentration to levels comparable to those of the normal control. Generally, the combination therapies had non-significantly stronger effects than the single extract treatments. Histological evaluation confirmed that combinatorial compared to individual extracts treatment reverted more the damage to the liver organ caused by alloxan induction. Thus, Medicago sativa, Pterocarpus santalinoides and Gongronema latifolium are possible lead plants for potential production of hepatoprotective agents.

Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius in Mice and Rats

Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius in Mice and Rats

Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) on the pancreas and pituitary gland of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objective: This study was carried out to find out the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on the pancreas and pituitary gland alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Twenty-five (25) male rats weighing between 160 g - 200 g were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks, after which they were divided into 7 groups of 5 rats each and housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A, B, C, D and E. Groups B - E were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Groups A and B served as control groups and received only distilled water; while groups C – D diabetic that served as test groups received Glucophage, 400 mg/kg of M. pruriens and 800 mg/kg of M. pruriens respectively for 21 days via oral route with the aid of oral intubation tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and testes were harvested for histological studies. Result: There were poorly perfused pancreatic tissue with severe focal areas of Islets of Langerhans atrophy, and moderate to severe degeneration with necrosis of the anterior pituitary, severe scanty cytoplasm with either eosinophil or basophilic focal loss of tissues of the pancreas and pituitary gland respectively in group B when compared with the control group A and group C that received water and Glucophage respectively. These effects were ameliorated in Groups C - D that received variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts of M. prurines. Conclusion: Leaf extracts of M. pruriens have ameliorating/antidiabetic effect on the histology of pancreas and pituitary gland of alloxan-induced rats.

Restorative effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Datura stramonium against methotrexate-induced hematological impairments

Restorative effects of ethanolic leaf extract of <i>Datura stramonium</i> against methotrexate-induced hematological impairments

Comparative Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Albino Rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a multi-factorial metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the primary factor in preventing glucose from achieving its desired levels in patients with the condition. Hyperglycemia results from a lack of insulin secretion, inadequate insulin action or both. Materials and Methods: The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium (G. latifolium) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (B. pinnatum) on some biochemical parameters in diabetic induced albino rats were investigated. Two different concentrations of ethanolic leaves extracts of both plants were used to treat alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results: The study found that alloxan administration significantly increased blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, with the highest reduction in group 7 and the lowest in group 5. The ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum and G. latifolium leaves showed potential hepatoprotective and renal protective activities, but mild urea level alteration was observed. The study suggests that these extracts may be beneficial for diabetic rats. Conclusion: The study reveals that alloxan monohydrate can induce diabetes in animals, and ethanolic extracts from B. pinnatum leaves and G. latifolium leaves may reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide showed better hypoglycaemic effects. Alloxan may cause hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, but the extracts may also cause mild urea level alteration.