Effect Of Ethanolic Leaf Extract Research Articles

Assessment of acute impacts of cadmium chloride exposure on blood sugar level, body and organs weight in male albino Wistar rats and the ameliorative effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis and Mangifera indica

Impacts of acute cadmium chloride exposure on blood sugar level, body and organs weights in male albino Wistar rats and the ameliorative effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Tapinanthus bangwensis and Mangifera indica were assessed. Twenty –five animals (125- 285 g) were randomly assigned five groups of five rats each. Groups 1-4 were orally administered with cadmium chloride (30%) below its LD50 each for three times at 2days interval before treatment with the plant extracts. Groups 1 and 2 were later treated with 300 mg/kg of T. bangwensis and M. indica respectively. Group3 were treated with 300 mg/kg of both extracts at 50:50 dosage ratio. Groups 4 and 5 were not treated and they served as negative and normal control respectively. Treatment was done via oral route for 14 days and all animals were allowed free access to commercial rat mash and water. Blood sugar and body weight were assessed at 2days interval after exposing animals to the heavy metal followed by treatment. Organs weights were taken after 14days treatment. The results of the blood sugar level revealed significant increase (P< 0.05) in group 4 (untreated) when compared to the normal control group and the groups treated with leaf extracts. Significant decrease was recorded in body weight of the untreated rats when compared to the treated and normal groups. There was significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the weight of testis and liver in group 4 when compared to groups 1,2,3 and 5, with significant decrease (P< 0.05) in the weight of the kidneys in group 1 when compared to groups 3 and 5. These results implied that cadmium chloride toxicity altered blood sugar levels, body and organs weights in the animals, however, the two plant extracts ameliorated these impacts and regulated the parameters to fall within their normal ranges.

Haematological, Renal and Gastric Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Bauhinia variegate Linn

Haematological, Renal and Gastric Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Bauhinia variegate Linn

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) on the Kidneys of Paraquat-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Piper guineense (Uziza) on the Kidneys of Paraquat-Induced Adult Male Wistar Rats

Anti-diabetic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphusspina-christi on Alloxan Induced Albino Rats

Anti-diabetic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Ziziphusspina-christi on Alloxan Induced Albino Rats

Characterization and in-vitro plant-based control of hindgut bacteria isolated from Odontotermes obesus Rambur (Termitidae) and Heterotermes indicola Wasmann (Rhinotermitidae).

Termites cause a serious menace to wooden structures all over the world. They rely mostly on entozoic fauna residing in their hindgut for the digestion of cellulosic and hemicellulosic materials. One of the ways to control termites is through their gut symbionts. The present study was designed to characterize the hindgut bacteria isolated from Odontotermes obesus and Heterotermes indicola. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory effect of eight tropical plant extracts was investigated to find out potential control agents for these bacterial isolates. The characterization of bacteria was carried out based on their morphology, Gram staining, biochemical and amplification of 16SrRNA gene. Amplified products were sequenced to confirm their relationship with bacterial isolates from termites of other regions. The growth inhibitory effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of eight plants was evaluated in an invitro agar well diffusion method. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the most effective plant was carried out to learn about bioactive agents. The results confirmed the presence of five bacteria from each termite species. The Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were common to both termites whereas Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Lysinibacillus macrolides were found in O. obesus only and H. indicola harbor Bacillus subtilis and Shigella sonnei in addition to common three ones. Among the plant extracts of Carica papaya, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Osmium basilicum, Grevillea robusta, Eucalyptus globulus, Pongamia pinnata, Mentha longifolia, and Melia azedarach, the G. robusta > E. camaldulensis > O. basilicum were found to have growth inhibitory effects with increasing concentrations from 100 to 2000 µg/mL. The biodiversity of the bacterial fauna is important for the biological control of termites. Leaf extracts of these medicinal plants can be used to control termite infestation in an environment-friendly manner to save huge economic loss.

Effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of petersianthus macrocarpus on Haematological Parameters and Lipid Profile of Streptozotocin Induced Type 2 Diabetic Wistar Rats

Background: The most prevalent kind of diabetes that results from insulin resistance is type 2. Hyperglycemia, polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia are the traditional trifecta of symptoms associated with this illness. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the impact of petersianthus macrocarpus ethanolic leaf extract on the lipid profile and haematological markers of streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic wistar rats. Materials and methods: Five groups of rats were used: non-diabetic, diabetic, untreated, glibenclamide-treated, ethanolic extract-treated, and 100 mg/kg body weight-treated. Results: The body weight of the rats treated with 100 mg/kg body weight increased, while the body weight of the rats treated with 50 mg/kg body weight decreased, according to the results. Conclusion: 100 mg/kg body weight was determined to be the least effective therapeutic dose, indicating the potential of ethanolic leaf extracts.

Antimalarial Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica and Ocimum gratissimum, and Their Histologic Effects on Some Organs (Liver, Kidney and Heart) of Plasmodium berghei Infected Albino Mice

Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Ociumum gratissimum (clove Basil) have long been employed locally for the management of malaria. The present study compared antimalaria activities of the ethanolic leaf extracts of the individual plants, and assessed their combined effects on some organs of malaria-infected mice, at the Parasitology and Histopathology units, Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Owerri, from January to March, 2021. The leaves of the different plants were extracted with absolute ethanol (BDL 95%) for the test. Clean albino mice were experimentally infected intraperitoneally with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Parasitaemia level was determined before parasite inoculation and at 24 hours post treatment period. Histopathological study on the liver, kidney, and heart was carried out using the Paraffin Setions method. Extracts of the leaves were administered orally, while chloroquine administration was intramuscular. The efficacy of the leaf extracts was tested on the P. berghei infected albino mice using the 4-day curative test. The lethal median dose (LD50) recorded for neem and clove basil leaf extracts were 31.62 and 1246.9 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Significant activity against the parasite was produced by infected mice treated with extracts of A. indica and O. gratissimum, and their combinations throughout the treatment period (P<.05). Highest reduction of parasitaemia was observed on day 4. Maximum parasitaemia reduction (78.65%) was attained with 30mg/kg of the combined extracts on the 7th day. Mild pathological lesions were observed in mice treated with A. indica leaf extract. These observations indicate better anti-malaria activity of the combination therapy as compared with the individual extracts of A. indica and O. grassimum, and indicate good antimalarial and protective roles of the plant extracts on the parasitized mice at large, as it slows down development of resistance.

Ameliorating effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis on the histology of livers of lead-induced rats

Objective: This research study was carried out to investigate the ameliorating effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Telfairia occendentalis on the histology of livers of lead-induced rats. Methodology: Twenty-five (25) male wistar rats weighing 150 - 180 g were procured and acclimatized for two weeks, after which, they were divided into five (5) groups of five (5) rats each, and were housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A - E. Group A served as the control group and was not induced with lead (Pb), while Groups B – E were induced. Group A received distilled water only, Groups B - E received vitamin C, vitamin C + 100 mg/kg of ethanolic leaf extract T. occendentalis, vitamin C + 400 mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of T. occendentalis and vitamin C + 800 mg/kg ethanolic leaf extract of T. occendentalis respectively for 14 days through oral route with the aid of oral gastric tube. On the 15th day, the animals were weighed and sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and kidneys were harvested from the rats for histological study. Results: Histopathological findings showed normal liver architecture with well perfused normal hepatic architecture with central vein (CV), hepatocyte (H) and portal traid (PT) for animals in group A; moderate degeneration with moderate congestion of blood vessel (CBV) with aggregate inflammatory cell (AIC) around the congested vessel and intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) for animals in group B; mild regeneration with moderate congestion of blood vessel (CBV) with moderate intra hepatic hemorrhage (IHH) and intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) for animals in group C; moderate regeneration with mild congestion of portal vain (CPV) with portal aggregate inflammatory cell (AIC) and mild intra hepatic inflammation (IHI) for animals in group D; and moderate regeneration with mild congestion of portal vain (CPV) with portal aggregate inflammatory cell (PAIC) for animals in group E. Conclusion: Ethanolic leaf extract of T. occendentalis have ameliorating effect on the histology of Livers of lead-induced rats, and the ameliorating effect improves with increase in the dosages of the leaf extract.

Effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Medicago sativa, Gongronema latifolium and Pterocarpus sanalinoides on the liver integrity of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats

The study investigated the effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Medicago sativa (MS), Pterocarpus santalinoides (PS) and Gongronema latifolium (GL) on the liver function profile and organ histology integrity of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Sixty male rats were divided into 10 groups, made up of 1 group each of normal, diabetic, and positive controls, 3 treatment groups each of the single and pairwise extract combinations, and 1 group of the ternary extracts combination. Hyperglycaemia was induced in the treatment groups by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan at 150 mg/kg body weight. The positive control was treated with metformin (100 mg/kg), while the extracts were administered via oral intubation to the single (200 mg/kg of each extract), double (combination of 2 extracts at 100 mg/kg each) and ternary (combination of the 3 extracts at 66.7 mg/kg each) treatment groups for a total period of 4 weeks. Induction of diabetes significantly (p<0.05) increased AST, ALT and ALP activities and total bilirubin concentration, but treatment with metformin and the plants’ extracts significantly (p<0.05) reduced the enzymes activities and total bilirubin concentration to levels comparable to those of the normal control. Generally, the combination therapies had non-significantly stronger effects than the single extract treatments. Histological evaluation confirmed that combinatorial compared to individual extracts treatment reverted more the damage to the liver organ caused by alloxan induction. Thus, Medicago sativa, Pterocarpus santalinoides and Gongronema latifolium are possible lead plants for potential production of hepatoprotective agents.

Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius in Mice and Rats

Evaluation of The Toxic Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus cordifolius in Mice and Rats

Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) on the pancreas and pituitary gland of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Objective: This study was carried out to find out the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens on the pancreas and pituitary gland alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Twenty-five (25) male rats weighing between 160 g - 200 g were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks, after which they were divided into 7 groups of 5 rats each and housed in cages. The groups were designated as groups A, B, C, D and E. Groups B - E were induced with diabetes using alloxan. Groups A and B served as control groups and received only distilled water; while groups C – D diabetic that served as test groups received Glucophage, 400 mg/kg of M. pruriens and 800 mg/kg of M. pruriens respectively for 21 days via oral route with the aid of oral intubation tube. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrificed via chloroform inhalation, and testes were harvested for histological studies. Result: There were poorly perfused pancreatic tissue with severe focal areas of Islets of Langerhans atrophy, and moderate to severe degeneration with necrosis of the anterior pituitary, severe scanty cytoplasm with either eosinophil or basophilic focal loss of tissues of the pancreas and pituitary gland respectively in group B when compared with the control group A and group C that received water and Glucophage respectively. These effects were ameliorated in Groups C - D that received variable doses of the ethanolic leaf extracts of M. prurines. Conclusion: Leaf extracts of M. pruriens have ameliorating/antidiabetic effect on the histology of pancreas and pituitary gland of alloxan-induced rats.

Restorative effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Datura stramonium against methotrexate-induced hematological impairments

Restorative effects of ethanolic leaf extract of <i>Datura stramonium</i> against methotrexate-induced hematological impairments

Comparative Effects of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Gongronema latifolium Benth and Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken in The Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Albino Rats

Introduction: Diabetes is a multi-factorial metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, which is the primary factor in preventing glucose from achieving its desired levels in patients with the condition. Hyperglycemia results from a lack of insulin secretion, inadequate insulin action or both. Materials and Methods: The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of The comparative effects of ethanolic leaf extracts of Gongronema latifolium (G. latifolium) and Bryophyllum pinnatum (B. pinnatum) on some biochemical parameters in diabetic induced albino rats were investigated. Two different concentrations of ethanolic leaves extracts of both plants were used to treat alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Results: The study found that alloxan administration significantly increased blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, with the highest reduction in group 7 and the lowest in group 5. The ethanolic extracts of B. pinnatum and G. latifolium leaves showed potential hepatoprotective and renal protective activities, but mild urea level alteration was observed. The study suggests that these extracts may be beneficial for diabetic rats. Conclusion: The study reveals that alloxan monohydrate can induce diabetes in animals, and ethanolic extracts from B. pinnatum leaves and G. latifolium leaves may reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. Glibenclamide showed better hypoglycaemic effects. Alloxan may cause hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity, but the extracts may also cause mild urea level alteration.

Hormonal Regulatory Impacts of Tinospora cordifolia Leaf Extract and Its Loaded Phytoniosome on Mifepristone-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Rats – In Vivo Studies

ABSTRACT The effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia (ELETC) and its loaded phytoniosomes (nELETC) on altered hormonal levels in female polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) rats induced by mifepristone were investigated. Mifepristone (4 mg kg−1 b.w.) was given daily to female rats for 8 days to develop PCOS, which was then detected by a protracted estrous cycle. The treatment regimen for the rats with PCOS consisted of 200 mg kg−1 b.w. of ELETC and nELETC administered orally every day for 28 days. Hormone tests showed that metformin acted as a favorable control. Results demonstrated that ELETC and nELETC may be used as therapeutic alternatives for treating PCOS to decrease complications of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hyperandrogenism.

Effects of Ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongronama latifolium on some Haematological Parameters of Albino Wistar Rats

The effects of ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongronema latifolium on some haematological parameters (Haematocrit, HCT; Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration, MCHC; Neutrophils, NEUT; Red cell Distribution width, RDW; and mixed blood cell count, MXD) in albino wistar rats were evaluated. Sixteen animals (185-223g) were assigned four groups of four rats each. Groups 1 and 3 were treated with 200mg/kg Mangifera indica and Gongronama latifolium respectively.&#x0D; Group 2 was treated with 200mg/kg of both plant leaf extracts at 50:50 dosage ratio. Group 4 was not treated and served as control. Treatment was done daily via oral route for one month. The animals were allowed free access to commercial rat mash and water throughout one month treatment. At the end of the treatment, no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was found in the HCT, MCHC and MXD levels in all the treatment groups when compared to the control. No significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was also found among the treatment groups. NEUT levels in groups 1,2 and 3 animals recorded significant increase (P&lt;0.05) when compared to the control but, no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) was observed among the treatment groups. RDW recorded significant decrease (P&lt;0.05) in groups 1,2 and 3 when compared to the control, but not significant different (P&gt;0.05) was found among the treatment groups. These results implied that ethanol leaf extracts of Mangifera indica and Gongonema latifolium have no adverse effects on the haematological indices studied.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of anti-hyperlipidaemic effect for ethanolic leaf extract of Equisetum ramosissimum L.: in vivo study on rats’ models

This study aims to investigate the anti-hyperlipidaemic effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Equisetum ramosissimum. 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay for antioxidants, Folin-Ciocalteu, AlCl3, and UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, focusing on phenols and flavonoid content were performed. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the extract on lipid profile and body weight was evaluated alone or in combination with Atorvastatin in rats. The extract was shown to contain phenols (0.032±0.001 µg/g, equivalent to gallic acid), flavonoids (0.044±0.003 mg/g, equivalent to quercetin), and antioxidant IC50 value of (1000.00±0.78 µg/mL). UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 8 different phenols and flavonoids. An in vivo study on healthy standard diet-fed animals and an induced hyperlipidaemic model showed a significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) reducing effect of the extract alone and in combination with Atorvastatin on serum lipid profile. These findings revealed the potential advantages of the extract alone and in combination with statins for preventing or treating hyperlipidaemia, but need to be further explored.

Nephroprotective effect of Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf extract in paracetamol-induced toxicity in Wistar rats: A histopathological investigation

Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaf is among the most commonly consumed leafy vegetables in west African sub-region. In South-East and South-South geopolitical zones of Nigeria, it is used for treatment of various health disorder such as headaches, pains, fever, convulsions, and respiratory disorders. This study was aimed at evaluating the possible effect of ethanol leaf extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii on paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty (20) Wistar rats weighing between 190 – 240 g were used for this study and divided into five (5) groups, each group having four (4) animals, described as follows; Group A was given distilled water only (positive control). Group B was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol with no treatment (negative control); Group C was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 60 mg/kg of plant extract. Group D was given 700 mg/kg paracetamol and treated with 30 mg/kg of plant extract. Group E given 700 mg/kg of paracetamol and treated with 15 mg/kg of plant extract. At the end of the four (4) weeks of treatment, the kidneys were removed, weighed and sacrificed for histological examinations. Coronal sections of the kidney tissues were immersion fixed in 10 % PBS-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. The results obtained revealed a normal cellular architecture in the groups treated with the leaf extract. Conclusively, the result suggests protective effects of ethanol extract of P. mildbraedii leaf on the paracetamol-induced toxicity on the kidney cells.

Analeptic efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia ethanolic leaf extract and its loaded Phytoniosome on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in a rodent model of Polycystic ovary syndrome

IntroductionPCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) is being known as a significant metabolic and reproductive disorder deliberating to increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Tinospora cordifolia is frequently used in traditional system of medicine where the leaf of the plant possesses pharmacological properties like hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. In recent years the Niosomes a novel drug delivery system is gaining more attention because of their biodegradability, toxicity reduction, improved therapeutic effectiveness and absorption enhancement. In our present study an attempt is made to examine the ameliorative effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (ELETC) and Tinospora cordifolia loaded phytoniosomes (nELETC) on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in PCOS female rats that are induced by mifepristone. Materials and MethodsPCOS was induced by administrating 4mg/kg b. w. Mifepristone to female rats for 8 days and confirmed by persistent estrous cycle. 200mg /kg b. w of ELETC and nELETC extracts were given to the rats which attained PCOS condition for 28 days. The enzymatic antioxidants SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GPx and non-enzymatic antioxidants GSH, ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol were estimated followed by Histopathological analysis. ResultThe antioxidants showed decreased levels in the PCOS induced rats. The treatment with the drug nELETC reverted the antioxidant levels back to normalcy. From the histopathological studies we can understand that corpus luteum, antral follicles and primordial follicular cells were absent with the formation of follicular cyst in the mifepristone induced PCOS rats. nELETC drug treated rats showed the presence of corpus luteum with graafian follicles and primordial follicle cells, with the absence of follicular cyst, indicating nELETC could regain the functional ability of the ovaries from PCOS condition. ConclusionFrom the restoration of antioxidant status we can conclude that nELETC extract can be effectively used in the management of PCOS.

Protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of myrianthus arboreus on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in adult male wistar rats

Gastric ulcers are a common gastrointestinal disease with a complex etiology. It manifests with various signs and symptoms, which, in severe cases, could be life-threatening, especially in developing countries. Medicinal plants have been known to exhibit therapeutic potential with minimal adverse effects and thus have been employed in treating various diseases. This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic Myrianthus arboreus leaf extract on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in adult male Wistar rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups of five rats each: group A received distilled water; group B received distilled water for 14 days, and 30 mg/kg body weight of indomethacin after 24 hours of fasting. Group C received 20 mg/kg of omeprazole for 14 days and 30 mg/kg of indomethacin after 24 hours of fasting. Groups D and E received 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of M. arboreus, respectively, for 14 days and 30 mg/kg of indomethacin each after 24 hours of fasting. The ulcer index, antioxidant parameters, gastric pH, and histopathology of the stomach were evaluated after the laboratory experiment. The results showed a significant increase in ulcer index and malondialdehyde caused by the indomethacin, while there was a reduction in glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and hydrogen ion concentration (pH), as well as extensive damage to the gastric mucosa. In contrast, both the extract and the omeprazole significantly improved these damages. The results revealed that the leaf extract of M. arboreus has a significant gastro-protective effect comparable to that of omeprazole on the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer.

Effect of ethanol leaf extract of Plukenetia volubilis on blood glucose and triglyceride levels of mice induced by alloxan

The study aims to determine the phytochemical profile of ethanol extract of kacang saca leaves and its effect on reducing blood glucose and triglyceride levels. Used 18 mice were divided into six groups, namely the normal group, the positive control group (glibenclamide treatment), the negative (alloxan induction), and the treatment group doses used were 0.0262 mg/dL, 0.0525 mg/dL, and 0.105. mg/dL. The treatment of mice was carried out for 10 days with three measurements, namely before treatment, on the 7th day, and on the 10th day of giving the extract. Phytochemical test results showed the presence of flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS application. The results of the measurement of blood glucose levels in mice on the 7th day showed normal numbers, the results of data analysis showed no significant difference, namely 0.164. In the measurement of triglycerides, triglyceride levels fell in two groups, namely groups 1 and 3. Data on the 10th day there was an increase in blood glucose and triglycerides. Analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference in each group on day 7 and day 10. The ethanol extract of cacao beans has the potential to reduce glucose levels used for 7 days but does not affect the triglyceride levels of mice. Keywords: Alloxan; Glucose; Mice; Triglyceride; Plukenetia volubilis