Effect Of Epoxy Resin Research Articles

Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Strength Propery of Portland Cement Concrete

In this study, the strength effect of partially substituting Portland Cement (PC) with epoxy-resin in making concrete was examined. A mix ratio of 1:1.87:2.67 (PC: sand: granite chippings) at water-cement ratio of 0.5 targeting a strength of 30N/mm2 was adopted. The epoxy resin was mixed with hardener at a proportion of 1:0.5 and this mixture was used to replace PC at 10% intervals starting from 0% to 40%. Six cubes were cast for each mix ratio and were cured in water at room temperature for 28 days. The first set of samples were treated by heating them in an oven to a temperature of 1000C for 1 hour before testing in compression while, the other set were not treated. Results showed that as the quantity of epoxy resin in the concrete enlarged the compressive strength values reduced. But a rise was observed at 30%. All concrete produced were structural in nature except for the heated 40% specimen. An optimal replacement strength of 32.10 N/mm2 at 30% inclusion (unheated) and lowest strength of 18.63 N/mm2 at 40% replacement (heated) were obtained. The heated samples experienced further reduction in their compressive strength values. An 8.94% drop in strength was observed between the maximum replacement values for the heated and unheated samples at 30%. In conclusion, epoxy resin concrete can be used for structural works at replacement levels up to 40%. However, if the concrete will be exposed to increased temperature of 1000C, then an optimal replacement level of 30% is recommended.

Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Properties of Recycled Asphalt

Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Properties of Recycled Asphalt

Effects of epoxy resin on the high‐temperature performance of desulfurized rubber modified asphalt

AbstractIn order to improve the performance of desulphurized rubber modified asphalt, especially the high‐temperature performance, epoxy resin was selected to modify the modified asphalt with three curing agent and accelerator components. The conventional properties, rheological properties, curing effect, process energy, and modification mechanism of epoxy resin—desulfurized rubber modified asphalt were analyzed. The experimental results show that the addition of epoxy resin to asphalt can all improve the high‐temperature performance of modified asphalt. The promoter component (PC) further improves the high‐temperature performance and reduces the viscosity. Among them, diaminodiphenyl sulfone and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride in a 1:1 mass combination with epoxy resin modified asphalt not only had better high‐temperature performance, but also had excellent low‐temperature performance and ideal curing process. From the results, it can be seen that 5% epoxy resin with mixed curing agent with 3% PC had the best overall performance.

The Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Infiltration of Porous Metal Parts Formed through Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing technology can print multi-material parts with multiple functions/properties, and has great potential for working in harsh application environments. However, the metal blank formed by sintering metal powder material with binder added through L-PBF has an obvious porous structure and insufficient mechanical properties, and few studies have been conducted studying this. In this paper, epoxy resin was used to impregnate the blank of porous metal parts formed by L-PBF with iron-based powder material at a certain temperature, and a cross-linked curing reaction was carried out with three kinds of phenolic resin in different proportions under the action of a curing agent, so as to fill the pores and achieve the desired mechanical properties. The characteristic peaks of each group of epoxy resin were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectrums. The microstructure, decomposition temperature, and residue of four epoxy resin dispersion systems were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The results show that the density of the porous metal parts was obviously improved, the heat resistance temperature of the parts could reach 350 °C, and the tensile strength of the sample after EP2-1 impregnation was increased by 4–6 times after curing at 160 °C for 6 h. Therefore, the use of an epoxy resin dispersion system can increase the porosity of L-PBF porous metal parts, but can also significantly improve their mechanical properties, which can help them to meet the requirements of applications as model materials, biological materials, and functional materials to provide a feasible solution.

Effect of epoxy resin and barium zirconate titanate contents on the piezoelectric properties of a 0–3 barium zirconate titanate-Portland cement composite with epoxy resin addition

A 0–3 piezoelectric ceramic-Portland cement (PC) composite with different compositions was fabricated and investigated with the following components: BZT (40, 50, and 60 vol% represented as BZT40, BZT60, and BZT60, respectively) and epoxy resin (0, 3, 5, and 7 vol% represented as ER0, ER3, ER5, and ER7, respectively). Experimental results show that increasing ER content (0–7 vol%) led to an increase in density (ρc), for 50% BZT increased from 3.42 to 3.55 g/cm3 and a decrease in porosity, from 12.71 to 11.67% (for 50%BZT) and acoustic impedance (Zc) value increased from 9.67 to 8.84 × 106 kg/m·s2. Both εr and tanδ decreased with increasing ER content. ER as the third phase resulted in a lower leakage current and the BZT60ER7 composite is found to have the lowest leakage current (20 μA). Increasing ER content led to a decrease in the piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33). However, a notable increase in piezoelectric voltage coefficient (g33) with increasing ER content up to 3 vol% was found. The optimization of both Zc and g33 in this study can be observed in BZT50ER3 composite (Zc = 9.16 × 106 kg/m2·s and g33 = 13.9 × 10−3 V m/N). In addition, the highest planar electromechanical coupling factor (kp = 17.97%) and thickness electromechanical coupling factor (kt = 17.75%) can be observed in BZT60ER7 composite.

Strength Recovery Effect of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin E44 on Rock Masses with Various Crack Widths

As a desirable bonding and repair material, epoxy resin combined with other materials is widely used in civil engineering, but its application in underground rock engineering is still limited compared with the wide use of cement grout. To explore and optimize the effect of room temperature-cured bisphenol A epoxy resin E44 on the strength recovery of rock samples with cracks of various widths, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of epoxy resin was studied and the mass ratio of the curing agent to epoxy resin ( k C E ) was adjusted and optimized. On this basis, the UCS of the selected epoxy resin was investigated by adding diverse amounts of ethanol so that the ratio corresponding to the repair material with better mechanical properties could be selected. Artificial cracks of various widths were filled with the optimized materials, and then, a UCS test was conducted on the repaired rock samples to evaluate the effect on strength recovery and compare it with that of ultrafine Portland cement (UPC). The results show that the UCS of epoxy resin stones increases when k C E ≤ 0.25 and decreases when k C E > 0.25, reaching a peak of 92.41 MPa. Furthermore, as the mass ratio of ethanol to curing agent and epoxy resin ( k A ) increases, the UCS increases to 94.65 MPa for k C E = 0.25 and k A = 0.01. The crack width influences the UCS of the repaired rock mass. With increasing crack width, the effect of epoxy resin on recovery continuously improves, whereas that of UPC shows the opposite trend. Compared with UPC, epoxy resin has an overwhelmingly greater effect on strength recovery. For instance, for a 3 mm-wide crack, the recovered UCS for 28 d epoxy resin is 83.48 MPa, with much larger peak strains, and the strength recovery rate ( k r ) is 77.55%; however, the k r of UPC is only 15.12%.

Microstructure and Shear Behaviour of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Composite Solder Pastes Enhanced by Epoxy Resin

With the rapid development of microelectronics packaging technology, the demand for high-performance packaging materials has further increased. This paper developed novel epoxy-containing Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305-ER) composite solder pastes, and the effects of epoxy resin on their spreading performance, microstructure, and shear behaviour were analysed. The research results showed that with the addition of epoxy resin, SAC305 solder pastes exhibited exceptional spreadability on Cu substrates, which could be attributed to the reduction in the viscosity and the surface tension of the composite solder pastes. With the addition of epoxy resin, the solder matrix microstructure and interfacial morphology of SAC305-ER composite solder joints remained unchanged. However, continuous resin protective layers were observed on the surface of SAC305-ER composite solder joints after the reflow process. The shear properties of the composite solder joints were enhanced by the extra mechanical bonding effect provided by resin layers. When the epoxy resin content was 8 wt%, the shear forces of SAC305-ER composite solder joints reached the maximum value. Fracture analysis indicated that cracked epoxy resin was observed on the surface of SAC305-ER composite solder joints, indicating that the epoxy resin also underwent obvious deformation in the shear test.

Preparation and Performance Enhancements of Low-Heat-Releasing Polyurethane Grouting Materials with Epoxy Resin and Water Glass

Polyurethane (PU) grouting materials possess excellent fluidity and strong injectability. However, the high heat release during the reaction process restricts its application. In this study, with the addition of water glass (WG), a prepolymer was prepared by epoxy resin reacted with isocyanate to form modified polyurethane. The effects of epoxy resin and water glass on the compressive properties, expansion rate, structure of the cell, and maximum reaction temperature of the grouting materials were also investigated. The results showed that the cell size of modified PU was smaller and more regular, the maximum reaction temperature of the modified PU was reduced to 89 °C, and the compressive strength and expansion rate went up to 0.27 MPa and 57, respectively. This investigation will expand the application of PU grouting materials in underground engineering.

EVALUATION OF WALNUT SHELL ABRASIVE SANDPAPER

This study is focused on development of an eco-friendly abrasive sandpaper using walnut shell (WS) with the binding effect of epoxy resin on WS, iron oxide and silica, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and pulverized graphite. The method of mixing and mould compression using a hydraulic press matrix composite with five varying composition was used. The compositions were made by varying the weight of WS, epoxy resin with that of iron oxide and silica, calcium carbonate and pulverized graphite were left constant expressed in percentage weight The abrasive properties investigated were density, compressive strength and wear resistance and water and oil absorption rate. The results reveals obtained that the density, wear resistance rate and compressive strength of the tested composition decreases with increasing WS content despite the fact the rate water absorption increases with increasing WS. The result of obtained reveals that WS can be utilized in the production of abrasive sandpaper

Effect of Epoxy Resin on CBR Improvement of Soft Clayey Subgrade Mixed with Coconut Coir Fibres

Road infrastructure is a key factor for the development of an economy. For construction of road pavements, good sub grade soil is a major feature which influences the design, construction and durability of the pavement. Pavements built on soft subgrade soils experience faster degradation due to the low strength and high compressibility of soft soil. Replacement of soft soil with good soil is not sustainable, since it is expensive and also impacts the environment. Stabilization of soft soil is a sustainable alternative which can be used to improve the properties of soft soil in-situ. The use of various additives can improve the properties of soft soils. In this study, the effect of using coconut coir in combination with polymeric resin on the improvement of properties of soft soil is studied. Coconut coir is a waste material which can be used as bio-fibers, but since they are decomposable, are used in combination with polymeric resin. The effect of random percentages of coconut coir along with polymeric resin on the compaction and penetration behaviour of soil is presented.

The Effect of Epoxy Resin Compatibilizer On Polypropylene (PP) / Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr) / Banana Skin Powder (BSP) Composites

Epoxy resin (EP) was use as a compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene(PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/banana skin powder (BSP) composites to determine the characterization of composites with and without compatibilization. The objective of this research was to study the mechanical properties and thermal properties of PP/NBRr/BSP composites with and without epoxy resin compatibilizer. The composites were melt using heated two roll mill at 1800C and speed of 15 rpm with 5 different composition (100/0/10, 80/20/10, 70/30/10, 60/40/10 and 40/60/10 weight %). The effects of epoxy resin on mechanical properties and morphological properties were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of epoxy resin (EP) has improved the tensile properties of PP/NBRr/BSP-EP composite compared with uncompatibilized composite. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study of tensile fracture surfaces of the composite indicates improved adhesion of banana skin (BSP) filler with PP/NBRr/BSP matrices in the presence of epoxy resin.

Effect of Epoxy Resin on Mechanical Properties of Metakaolin based Geopolymer and Microscopic Analysis

By using NaOH and Na2SiO3 as the activator, the mechanical properties and shrinkage of the geopolymer after incorporation of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% epoxy resin were investigated. The mechanism of epoxy resin toughening metakaolin based geopolymer was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was shown that with the increases of epoxy resin, the shrinkage performance was obviously improved and the flexural strength increased by 53.5%. The compressive strength of EGP10, EGP20, and EGP30 increased by 49.12%, 57.04%, and 65.34% after curing for 28 days, respectively. There were five obvious vibration peaks of 811 cm−1, 1 000 cm−1, 1 050 cm−1, 1 590 cm−1, and 3 400 cm−1 in the geopolymer and the undisturbed metakaolin. More geopolymer gels were formed in the material and the microstructure was more compact.

The Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Properties of Encapsulated Fire Extinguishing Agent

ì €ì ë„ 에폭시 수지(EP)를 ê¸°ë³¸ìœ¼ë¡œí•˜ê³ ìº¡ìŠí™”ëœ ì†Œí™”ì•½ì œ(EFA)를 50 wt%의 í•¨ìœ í•œ 소화복합재료가 얻어졌다. 탈캡슐화된 EFA의 동역학 및 온도에 대한 EP의 ê¸ì •ì ì¸ 효과가 확립되었다. EP는 EFA의 탈캡슐화 온도를 130 ℃에서 155 ℃로 ì¦ê°€ì‹œí‚¤ê³ ìº¡ìŠí™”ì˜ 역학을 변화시킨다. 에폭시 매트릭스는 순수한 EFA와 비교하여 EFA의 열 ì•ˆì •ì„±ì„ 3.9ë°° 이상 증가시킨다. EFA의 ì €ìž¥ ì•ˆì •ì„±ì— 대한 EP의 보호 효과가 발견되었다. 60 ℃ 및 80% 습도에서 96시간 동안 EFA를 í•¨ìœ í•˜ëŠ” EP의 질량 손실은 0.4%ì´ê³ , 동일한 조건에서 순수한 EFA의 질량 손실은 15%이다. ìžì™¸ì„ ì˜ 영향 아래에서 EP의 동일한 효과: 순수한 EFA가 6%인 경우 EFA를 í•¨ìœ í•œ EP는 0.8% 손실된다. 대안의 중합체 매트릭스의 시험이 ê³ ë ¤ë˜ì—ˆë‹¤.

Effect of Epoxy Resin on the Actuating Performance of Piezoelectric Fiber Composites.

Piezoelectric fiber composites (PFC) have shown excellent performance in the areas of vibration control and deformation control. The viscosity and rigidity of the epoxy resin before and after curing, respectively, were very important factors that affected the performance of PFC. In this paper, Aradite 2020, DP 460, and DP 490 epoxy resins, with the viscosities of 0.15, 25.0, and 250.0 Pa·s, respectively, were employed to encapsulate the piezoelectric fiber composite. The PFC that was packaged with Araldite 2020 had the best free strain of 1420 ppm and tip displacement of 17.8 mm. DP 490 caused the lowest performance of PFC, due to the highest viscosity. When the environmental temperature increased from −40 to +80 °C, the free strain of PFC with Aradite 2020 increased at first and then decreased, reaching a maximum value of 1440 ppm at 30 °C, which was mainly related to the mismatch of the resin/ceramic thermal expansion coefficient.

The effect of epoxy resin and cement on soil and pile interface friction in direct shear

The foundation is an underground construction that functions to deliver loads to the ground. The foundation is used in unfavorable soil conditions where hard soils are found to be very deep. In Supporting the load above it, the pile foundation behavior relies on end bearing, friction resistance and combined end bearing and friction resistance. There are several factors that influence the behavior of the pile in supporting the load, namely the type of soil and the method of mounting the pile (put or drilled). At the piles that are located on cohesive soil and the bearing capacity is less profitable, the pile behavior relies on pile friction resistance. As for the pile mounting method in cohesive soils, it will usually result in a rise in ground level around the pile, followed by soil consolidation. To minimize the increase in surrounding soil, the drill is made first, and the precast pile is inserted into the drill hole without being fixed. In the implementation of the drilling method, the diameter of the hole is made larger than the diameter of the pile, so there is no bond between the pile and the surrounding soil. To fi ll the empty part of the drill hole, additional material is needed which is binding to the surrounding soil. This additional material is expected to be able to produce a pile resistance friction force against vertical loads. Additives used as ingredients added to this study are epoxy and cement resins which aim to increase friction resistance. This study examines the increase in friction resistance values on the soil and pile interfaces using direct shear. The test results show that the highest friction resistance values occur in the mixture with the proportion of soil: epoxy: cement is 62.5%: 25%: 12.5% with addition of 220 ml of water which is 1.1 kg / cm2 at 7 days curing time.

Effects of Epoxy Resin's Content in Modifying with In-situPolyurethanes on Properties of Cured Blends with Anhydride

Effects of Epoxy Resin's Content in Modifying with In-situPolyurethanes on Properties of Cured Blends with Anhydride

Effect of epoxy resin on thermal, dynamic, and mechanical properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride)

This work is concerned with the effect of an epoxy resin on the properties of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The epoxy resin concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 phr were used to prepare PVC/epoxy polymer blends and the viscoelastic behavior of the blends was investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and rheometry test. The results revealed that the low molecular weight epoxy resin did not greatly affect the viscoelastic properties of PVC. From the morphological point of view, the smallest droplet size of epoxy dispersed in the polymer blends was found in the sample with 1 phr epoxy resin, and the largest one was for the sample with 6 phr epoxy. The thermal properties of PVC/epoxy blends were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis, as well. According to our research, the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased about 6°C by the incorporation of epoxy resin. The results of tensile test showed that the addition of epoxy resin decreased the elongation‐at‐break of PVC about 50% in the samples without calcium carbonate and about 25% in the samples containing calcium carbonate. Moreover, the failure mode of PVC was changed from a ductile fracture mode to a brittle fracture mode with the addition of epoxy resin. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:E72–E79, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

About the Mechanism of Stress-Strain State of Epoxy Resin by Carbon Nanotubes

Epoxy resin (ER) and composite materials based on it play an important role in engineering and technologies. The wide use of epoxy resins derived from their strength and unique combination of performance characteristics. The article considers 2 aspects influencing the strength of ER: rates of strain and modification of ER by the carbon nanoparticles (CNT). The experiments were conducted on the ER of brand and Etal Inject-T hardener. The strain of samples was carried out at speeds of 1 mm/min, 2 mm/min, 5 mm/min and 20 mm/min. The experiments showed that the stress-strain curve consists of three successive zones—elastic, plastic and elastic-plastic strain at small strain rates of 1-5 mm/min. With increasing of strain rate the zone of plastic strain is gradually transformed in elastic-plastic, the average modulus of elasticity increases. At the strain rate above the critical value (about 20 mm/min.) the zones of plastic and elastic-plastic strain disappear, only the zone of elastic strain remains, while the sample is destroyed by the formation of cracks and chips. The initial and functionalized CNTs of Taunit-M brand were used in the experiments. It is found that the initial CNT, introduced in ER do not affect the course of the stressstrain curve, and functionalized CNT with a mass content of 0.05% give different effect on the strain zones: the effect is not felt in the zone of elastic strains, give hardening up to 25% in the plastic zones and elastic-plastic strain. With the increase in input of functionalized CNTs up to 0.2%, the hardening effect of ER was reduced almost in 2 times in the zones of plastic and elasticplastic strain.

Epoxy resin‐cement paste composite for wellbores: Evaluation of chemical degradation fostered carbon dioxide

AbstractExcessive carbon dioxide (CO2) environmental emission can be partially solved using carbon geological storage technologies. Up‐to‐date materials in CO2 injection wells are strongly susceptible to acidic attacks causing their irreversible damage over a long time scale. This study investigates degradation by CO2 of epoxy resin‐cement paste composites at elevated pressure (50 bar) and temperature (70°C) to mimic wellbore conditions. The effect of epoxy resins on cement carbonation was evaluated by phenolphthalein test, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and numerical simulations. According to electronic‐structure‐based molecular dynamics simulations, the epoxy resin forms a separate phase that blocks potential reaction sites between the cement and CO2. Thanks to CO2‐phobic behavior, the resin repels CO2 and minimizes cement damage due to degradation process. The optimal content of epoxy resin in the cement paste was up to 30% w/w. The reported results provide clear guidelines for further evolution of reinforced cements for use in CO2 injection wellbores. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of epoxy resin on ground-granulated blast furnace slag stabilized marine sediments

In this study, an environmentally friendly epoxy resin is mixed with ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) for use as a stabilizer to enhance mechanical performance and leaching resistance properties of marine sediments.