Effects Of Endurance Exercise Training Research Articles

Effect of Endurance Exercise Training on Gut Microbiota and ER Stress

Regular exercise as part of one’s lifestyle is well-recognized for its beneficial effect on several diseases such as cardiovascular disease and obesity; however, many questions remain unanswered regarding the effects of exercise on the gut environment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of long-term endurance exercise on modulating inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Fifteen-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to six months of endurance treadmill training, while age-matched controls remained sedentary. Results showed that IL-6 mRNA levels in colon tissues were significantly higher in the exercise group compared to the sedentary group. Exercise activated a significant ER stress-induced survival pathway by increasing BiP and phosphorylation of eIF2α (p-eIF2α) expressions in the liver and colon, while decreasing CHOP in the liver. Gene expressions of MUC2, Occludin, and Claudin-2 were increased in the colon of the exercise group, indicating enhanced intestinal integrity. Furthermore, the data showed a positive correlation between microbiota α-diversity and BiP (r = 0.464~0.677, p < 0.05). Populations of Desulfovibrio C21 c20 were significantly greater in the exercise group than the sedentary group. Additionally, predicted functions of the gut microbial community in terms of enzymes and pathways supported the enhancement of fatty-acid-related processes by exercise. These findings suggest that prolonged endurance exercise can affect the colon environment, which is likely related to changes in inflammation, ER stress, mucin layers and tight junctions, associated with modifications in the gut microbiome.

Exercise training induces depot-specific remodeling of protein secretion in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of obese male mice.

Acute exercise induces changes in circulating proteins, which are known to alter metabolism and systemic energy balance. Skeletal muscle is a primary contributor to changes in the plasma proteome with acute exercise. An important consideration when assessing the endocrine function of muscle is the presence of different fiber types, which show distinct functional and metabolic properties and likely secrete different proteins. Similarly, adipokines are important regulators of systemic metabolism and have been shown to differ between depots. Given the health-promoting effects of exercise, we proposed that understanding depot-specific remodeling of protein secretion in muscle and adipose tissue would provide new insights into intertissue communication and uncover novel regulators of energy homeostasis. Here, we examined the effect of endurance exercise training on protein secretion from fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus muscle and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. High-fat diet-fed mice were exercise trained for 6 wk, whereas a Control group remained sedentary. Secreted proteins from excised EDL and soleus muscle, inguinal, and epididymal adipose tissues were detected using mass spectrometry. We detected 575 and 784 secreted proteins from EDL and soleus muscle and 738 and 920 proteins from inguinal and epididymal adipose tissue, respectively. Of these, 331 proteins were secreted from all tissues, whereas secretion of many other proteins was tissue and depot specific. Exercise training led to substantial remodeling of protein secretion from EDL, whereas soleus showed only minor changes. Myokines released exclusively from EDL or soleus were associated with glycogen metabolism and cellular stress response, respectively. Adipokine secretion was completely refractory to exercise regulation in both adipose depots. This study provides an in-depth resource of protein secretion from muscle and adipose tissue, and its regulation following exercise training, and identifies distinct depot-specific secretion patterns that are related to the metabolic properties of the tissue of origin.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study examines the effects of exercise training on protein secretion from fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle as well as visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese mice. Although exercise training leads to substantial remodeling of protein secretion from fast-twitch muscle, adipose tissue is completely refractory to exercise regulation.

Effects of endurance exercise training on left ventricular structure in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To determine the impact of endurance training (ET) interventions on left ventricular (LV) chamber size, wall thickness, and mass in healthy adults. Electronic databases including CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane library, and EBM Reviews were searched up to 4 January 2022. Criteria for inclusion were healthy females and/or males (>18 years), ET intervention for ≥2 weeks, and studies reporting pre- and post-training LV structural parameters. A random-effects meta-analysis with heterogeneity, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis was used to determine the effects of ET on LV mass (LVM) and diastolic measures of interventricular septum thickness (IVSd), posterior wall thickness (PWTd), and LV diameter (LVDd). Meta-regression was performed on mediating factors (age, sex, training protocols) to assess their effects on LV structure. Eighty-two studies met inclusion criteria (n = 1908; 19-82 years, 33% female). There was a significant increase in LVM, PWTd, IVSd, and LVDd following ET [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.444, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.361, 0.527; P < 0.001; SMD = 0.234, 95% CI: 0.159, 0.309; P < 0.001; SMD = 0.237, 95% CI: 0.159, 0.316; P < 0.001; SMD = 0.249, 95% CI:0.173, 0.324; P < 0.001, respectively]. Trained status, training type, and age were the only mediating factors for change in LVM, where previously trained, mixed-type training, young (18-35 years), and middle-aged (36-55 years) individuals had the greatest change compared with untrained, interval-type training, and older individuals (>55 years). A significant increase in wall thickness was observed in males, with a similar augmentation of LVDd in males and females. Trained individuals elicited an increase in all LV structures and ET involving mixed-type training and rowing and swimming modalities conferred the greatest increase in PWTd and LVDd. Left ventricular structure is significantly increased following ET. Males, young and trained individuals, and ET interventions involving mixed training regimes elicit the greatest changes in LV structure.

The superior beneficial effects of exercise training versus hormone replacement therapy on skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats

Previous studies have highlighted the positive effects of Estradiol (E2) replacement therapy and physical exercise on skeletal muscle during menopause. However, the comparison effects of exercise training (ET) and estradiol replacement therapy during menopause on skeletal muscle have not been investigated to date. This study aimed to compare the effects of endurance exercise training versus E2 replacement therapy on mitochondrial density, redox status, and inflammatory biomarkers in the skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats. Thirty female Wistar rats (12-week-old) were randomly assigned into three groups: Untrained ovariectomized rats (UN-OVX, n = 10); untrained ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol replacement therapy (E2-OVX); and, trained ovariectomized rats (TR-OVX). After ovariectomy, the E2-OVX rats were treated subcutaneously with E2 (implanted Silastic® capsule containing 360 μg of 17β-estradiol/mL) while the TR-OVX group performed an exercise training protocol (50–70% of maximal running speed on a treadmill, 60 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks). After euthanasia, the soleus muscle was processed for histological and biochemical evaluations. Only exercise prevented the reduction of maximal oxygen consumption and increased mechanical efficiency (ME). While mitochondrial muscle density, total antioxidant capacity (FRAP), catalase (CAT) activity, and interleukin 10 levels were higher in TR-OVX, only OVX-E2 presented higher CAT activity and lower interleukin 6 levels. Endurance exercise training compared with E2 replacement therapy maintains the aerobic capacity improving the ME of OVX rats. In addition, only endurance exercise training raises the skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and tends to balance the redox and inflammatory status in the skeletal muscle of OVX rats.

Proteomic analysis reveals exercise training induced remodelling of hepatokine secretion and uncovers syndecan-4 as a regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism

ObjectiveNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to impaired lipid metabolism and systemic insulin resistance, which is partly mediated by altered secretion of liver proteins known as hepatokines. Regular physical activity can resolve NAFLD and improve its metabolic comorbidities, however, the effects of exercise training on hepatokine secretion and the metabolic impact of exercise-regulated hepatokines in NAFLD remain unresolved. Herein, we examined the effect of endurance exercise training on hepatocyte secreted proteins with the aim of identifying proteins that regulate metabolism and reduce NAFLD severity. MethodsC57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for six weeks to induce NAFLD. Mice were exercise trained for a further six weeks, while the control group remained sedentary. Hepatocytes were isolated two days after the last exercise bout, and intracellular and secreted proteins were detected using label-free mass spectrometry. Hepatocyte secreted factors were applied to skeletal muscle and liver ex vivo and insulin action and fatty acid metabolism were assessed. Syndecan-4 (SDC4), identified as an exercise-responsive hepatokine, was overexpressed in the livers of mice using adeno-associated virus. Whole-body energy homeostasis was assessed by indirect calorimetry and skeletal muscle and liver metabolism was assessed using radiometric techniques. ResultsProteomics analysis detected 2657 intracellular and 1593 secreted proteins from mouse hepatocytes. Exercise training remodelled the hepatocyte proteome, with differences in 137 intracellular and 35 secreted proteins. Bioinformatic analysis of hepatocyte secreted proteins revealed enrichment of tumour suppressive proteins and proteins involved in lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function, and suppression of oncogenes and regulators of oxidative stress. Hepatocyte secreted factors from exercise trained mice improved insulin action in skeletal muscle and increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation. Hepatocyte-specific overexpression of SDC4 reduced hepatic steatosis, which was associated with reduced hepatic fatty acid uptake, and blunted pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expression. Treating hepatocytes with recombinant ectodomain of SDC4 (secreted form) recapitulated these effects with reduced fatty acid uptake, lipid storage and lipid droplet accumulation. ConclusionsRemodelling of hepatokine secretion is an adaptation to regular exercise training that induces changes in metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle. SDC4 is a novel exercise-responsive hepatokine that decreases fatty acid uptake and reduces steatosis in the liver. By understanding the proteomic changes in hepatocytes with exercise, these findings have potential for the discovery of new therapeutic targets for NAFLD.

Endurance Exercise Training-Attenuated Diabetic Kidney Disease with Muscle Weakness in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of endurance exercise training against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with muscle weakness by using male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats as type 2 diabetic animal models with obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Methods: Eight-week-old SDT fatty rats (n = 12) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were randomly divided into exercise (Ex; SDT-Ex: n = 6, SD-Ex: n = 5) and sedentary groups (SDT-Cont: n = 6, SD-Cont: n = 5), respectively. Each group underwent regular treadmill exercise 4 times a week from ages 8–16 weeks. Results: The exercise attenuated hypertension and hyperlipidemia and prevented increases in renal parameter levels without affecting blood glucose levels. In the SDT fatty rats, it prevented induction of renal morphological abnormalities in the interstitium of the superficial and intermediate layers of the cortex. Downregulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the glomerulus of the SDT fatty rats was significantly upregulated by the exercise. The exercise upregulated the renal expressions of both medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α related to fatty acid metabolism. It increased muscle strength and both muscle weight and cross-sectional area of type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle in the SDT fatty rats. Conclusion: Endurance exercise training in type 2 diabetes ameliorates DKD by improving endothelial abnormality and enhancing fatty acid metabolism in addition to attenuated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and muscle weakness independently of blood glucose levels.

The effects of endurance exercise training and methadone on acute and chronic pain responses in morphine-dependent rats going through the withdrawal syndrome

Experiencing pain during the withdrawal period is one of the most significant complications of addiction to opioids. Thus, the main objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of endurance exercise training and methadone on acute and chronic pain responses in morphine-dependent rats going through the withdrawal syndrome. In this study, 48 male Wistar rats (mean age: 9 weeks, mean weight: 295 ± 20 g) were randomly assigned to six subgroups, each with eight rats. The subgroups were control (Ctrl), healthy exercise (CT), control addicts (CTA), addicts treated with exercise (TA), addicts treated with methadone (MA), and addicts treated with methadone plus exercise (TMA). Substance dependence was induced through oral consumption of morphine. The interventional therapy protocol included a combination of methadone and a regular aerobic exercise program. Acute and chronic pain responses were evaluated using the model proposed by Dubuisson and Dennis. The results show significant decreases in the mean scores of acute and chronic pain in (CtA), (MA), and (TA) groups of morphine-dependent rats going through the withdrawal syndrome compared to the control group (Ctrl). Moreover, treatment of morphine-dependent rats with training (TA) alone or with methadone (MA) alone resulted in a significant decrease in the scores of acute and chronic pain compared to the animals receiving both training and methadone (i.e., the TMA group). However, no significant differences were observed among (TMA), (CT), and control groups in terms of the mean scores of acute and chronic pains. It seems that the regular aerobic exercise program and methadone administration in the animal model can serve as useful tools for the modulation of pain in morphine-dependent rats going through the withdrawal syndrome. However, further studies are needed in human samples.

Delayed Exercise Training Improves Obesity-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease by Activating AMPK Pathway in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice.

Exercise training is now recognized as an interesting therapeutic strategy in managing obesity and its related disorders. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about its impact on obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Here, we investigated the effects of a delayed protocol of endurance exercise training (EET) as well as the underlying mechanism in obese mice presenting CKD. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a low-fat diet (LFD) for 12 weeks were subsequently submitted to an 8-weeks EET protocol. Delayed treatment with EET in obese mice prevented body weight gain associated with a reduced calorie intake. EET intervention counteracted obesity-related disorders including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hepatic steatosis. Moreover, our data demonstrated for the first time the beneficial effects of EET on obesity-induced CKD as evidenced by an improvement of obesity-related glomerulopathy, tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. EET also prevented renal lipid depositions in the proximal tubule. These results were associated with an improvement of the AMPK pathway by EET in renal tissue. AMPK-mediated phosphorylation of ACC and ULK-1 were particularly enhanced leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and autophagy improvement with EET in obese mice.

Effect of endurance exercise training on liver gene expression in male and female mice.

Chronic endurance exercise is a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of many chronic diseases in humans, including the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Metabolic, cardiorespiratory, and endocrine pathways targeted by chronic endurance exercise have been identified. In the liver, however, the cellular and molecular pathways that are modified by exercise and have preventive or therapeutic relevance to metabolic disease need to be elucidated. The mouse model used in the current study allows for the quantification of a human-relevant exercise "dosage". In this study we show hepatic gene expression differences between sedentary female and sedentary male mice and that chronic exercise modifies the transcription of hepatic genes related to metabolic disease and steatosis in both male and female mice. Chronic exercise induces molecular pathways involved in glucose tolerance, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis while producing a decrease in pathways related to insulin resistance, steatosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. Given these findings, this mouse exercise model has potential to dissect the cellular and molecular hepatic changes following chronic exercise with application to understanding the role that chronic exercise plays in preventing human diseases. Novelty: Exercise modifies the hepatic gene expression and hepatic pathways related to metabolic disease in male and female mice. Sex differences were seen in hepatic gene expression between sedentary and exercised mice. The mouse exercise model used in this study allows for application and evaluation of exercise effects in human disease.

The Effect of Endurance Exercise Training on the Expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Genes of the Cerebellum in Diabetic Rat

Objective: Few studies have been conducted on variations of the central nervous system of diabetic patients and much fewer investigations done on the cerebellum of diabetes patients. The current research aims to investigate the effect of endurance training on neurotrophic factors affecting the cerebellum in the diabetic rat. Materials and Methods: This study is experimental.Twenty Wistar rat were randomly allocated in four groups including: (1) control (n=5), (2) diabetic exercise (n=5), (3) healthy-control (n=5), (4) and exercise-healthy (n=5). Diabetes were induced by intraperitoneal Streptozotocin injection. The endurance exercise training was performed at moderate intensity for six weeks. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) genes were measured using the Real-Time PCR method in the cerebellum of the rat. Two-way ANOVA test was used for comparing the means of expression of genes between groups. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 22 software. Results: A significant increase was observed in the expression of NGF (from 1.03±0.11 to 1.61±0.24; P-value≤ 0.05) and BDNF (from 1.59±0.06 to 3.24±0.46; P-value≤ 0.05) genes in male rats with experimental diabetes and healthy subjects after six weeks endurance training. Conclusion: Endurance training may be helpful for diabetic patients by increasing the neurotrophic factors and thereby preventing diabetes-related neural complications.

Profiling of human lymphocytes reveals a specific network of protein kinases modulated by endurance training status

To date, the effects of endurance exercise training on lymphocyte physiology at the kinome level are largely unknown. Therefore, the present study used a highly sensitive peptide-based kinase activity profiling approach to investigate if the basal activity of tyrosine (Tyr) and serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) kinases of human lymphocytes is affected by the aerobic endurance training status. Results revealed that the activity of various tyrosine kinases of the FGFR family and ZAP70 was increased, whereas the activity of multiple Ser/Thr kinases such as IKKα, CaMK4, PKAα, PKCα+δ (among others) was decreased in lymphocytes of endurance trained athletes (ET). Moreover, functional associations between several differentially regulated kinases in ET-derived lymphocytes were demonstrated by phylogenetic mapping and network analysis. Especially, Ser/Thr kinases of the AGC-kinase (protein kinase A, G, and C) family represent exercise-sensitive key components within the lymphocytes kinase network that may mediate the long-term effects of endurance training. Furthermore, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Reactome pathway analysis indicate that Ras as well as intracellular signaling by second messengers were found to be enriched in the ET individuals. Overall, our data suggest that endurance exercise training improves the adaptive immune competence by modulating the activity of multiple protein kinases in human lymphocytes.

Beneficial effects of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle microvasculature in sickle cell disease patients

AbstractSickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic hemoglobinopathy leading to 2 major clinical manifestations: severe chronic hemolytic anemia and iterative vaso-occlusive crises. SCD is also accompanied by profound muscle microvascular remodeling. The beneficial effects of endurance training on microvasculature are widely known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an endurance training program on microvasculature of skeletal muscle in SCD patients. A biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle and submaximal incremental exercise was performed before and after the training period. Of the 40 randomized SCD patients, complete data sets from 32 patients were obtained. The training group (n = 15) followed a personalized moderate-intensity endurance training program, while the nontraining (n = 17) group maintained a normal lifestyle. Training consisted of three 40-minute cycle ergometer exercise sessions per week for 8 weeks. Histological analysis highlighted microvascular benefits in the training SCD patients compared with nontraining patients, including increases in capillary density (P = .003), number of capillaries around a fiber (P = .015), and functional exchange surface (P < .0001). Conversely, no significant between-group difference was found in the morphology of capillaries. Indexes of physical ability also improved in the training patients. The moderate-intensity endurance exercise training program improved the muscle capillary network and partly reversed the microvascular defects commonly observed in skeletal muscle of SCD patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02571088.

The Effect of Endurance Exercise Training on Vaspin, Lipid Profile, and Anthropometric Indices in Young People

Background: Exercise training affects the adipose tissue, which may lead to the secretion of adipokines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of endurance exercise training on vaspin, lipid profiles, and some anthropometric indices among young people. Methods: The participants included 26 young men selected and categorized into the intervention and control groups randomly. The intervention group underwent the endurance activity (aerobic), while the control group had no exercises during the study. Anthropometric indices and dietary intakes were determined by standard and 48-hr recall methods, respectively. Before and after implementation of the exercise training, the participants' fasting blood samples were collected. Lipid profile (including cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL) and vaspin levels were determined. Results: A significant difference was observed in body fat percentage of the intervention group after exercise training (P = 0.009). However, no significant differences were observed based on the means of anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and daily energy intake between two groups. With regard to the vaspin levels, a significant difference was observed between the participants' scores before (P = 0.001) and after (P = 0.04) the exercise training in intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: Endurance exercise program can lead to appropriate changes in some anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and vaspin adipokine in young people. So, exercise training can affect health promotion of people.

The effect of endurance exercise and methadone on μ-opioid receptor gene expression in morphine-dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome

Opiate dependence (e.g., morphine) is one of the most important problems affecting human health. Morphine reduces the irritability of neurons in the pain pathway by attaching to some such opioid receptors such as μ receptor (MOR). Exercise can improve destructions due to opiate dependence in many of the body organs including nerve systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance exercise training (8 weeks of moderate exercise) and methadone on μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) expression in morphine-dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome. 48 male Wistar rats (9 weeks; weight: 295 ± 20 g) were kept as four animals per cage. The animals were selected and divided randomly into six subgroups of eight individuals: control (C), healthy exercise (TN), control addicts (CTM), addicts treated with methadone (MM), addicts treated with exercise (TM), and addicts treated with methadone plus exercise (TMM). In the present study, oral administration of morphine was used to induce dependence. Interventional therapy protocol also included a combination of methadone and a chronic aerobic exercise program. Changes in MOR gene expression levels were evaluated by RT-qPcR. Results showed a significant increase in MOR gene expression in the treatment with endurance training (TM) compared to the control group (C) (p < 0.05).Also, a significant increase in MOR gene expression was observed in the treatment group with methadone (MM) versus the normal group (C) (p < 0.05). It seems that physical activity, especially running on treadmill (endurance exercise) in animal model, can be considered as a non-medication and complementary therapy at various stages of dependence and addiction processes. However, further studies are needed especially in human sample.

Effects of Endurance Exercise Training on Cardiac Dysfunction Induced by Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking.

BackgroundThere is an increasing popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in youth and even in athletes worldwide. Despite the existence of evidence of the harmful effects of hookah smoke on various systems of the body, especially the cardiovascular system, its simultaneous effect with exercise training has not been well studied. We assessed the effects of WTS exposure with/without swimming exercise on blood pressure (BP), and heart histology and mechanical performance in male Wistar rats.MethodsThe animals were divided into 4 groups of sedentary control (CTL), waterpipe tobacco smoking (S), mild endurance swimming exercise training (Ex), and waterpipe smoking plus exercise (S + Ex). The duration of WTS and exercise was 8 weeks.FindingsBP and heart rate (HR) did not show a significant difference among the groups. WTS increased the TNF-α level of the heart (P < 0.05 vs. CTL) and cardiac tissue lesions (P < 0.05 vs. CTL), and reduced +dP/dt max, -dp/dt max, and heart contractility indices (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively, vs. CTL and Ex groups). It also increased the Tau index (P < 0.05 vs. CTL; P < 0.01 vs. Ex groups) of the left ventricle. However, the combination of exercise and WTS reduced the TNF-α level, improved the heart activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzymes, and prevented the negative effects of smoking on heart function and morphology.ConclusionMild exercise prevents WTS-induced left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction partly via improvement of antioxidants and attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Effects of Endurance Exercise Training on Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Gene Expression in Elderly Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity

Effects of Endurance Exercise Training on Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Gene Expression in Elderly Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity

Overexpression of renal proapoptotic factors is attenuated subsequent to endurance exercise in Type I diabetes: An immunohistochemistry study

Background: Upregulation of Apoptotic markers (p53 and active caspase-3) is reported in diabetic nephropathy. Exercise training is reported to exert renoprotective effects in diabetes. This study correlated the effects of endurance exercise training on the renal expression of p53 and active caspase-3 in a rat model of Type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods: Thirty healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: sedentary control (SC), sedentary diabetic (SD) rats, and exercised diabetic (ED) rats. The drug alloxan was administered to SD and ED groups of rats in order to induce diabetes mellitus. Expression of p53 and active caspase-3 in the renal tissue from each of the three different groups was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Increased blood levels compared to control group of rats validated the onset of diabetes in rats from SD and ED groups. Results: Significantly (P

Effect of Endurance Treadmill Training on mIGF-1 Expression and PAX 7 Satellite Cell in Rat Muscle Tissues

This study examined the effects of endurance exercise training on muscle Insulin Growth Factor-1 (mIGF-1) and PAX7 transcription factor of satellite cell activation in a tibialis anterior muscle of rat. Rat were subjected to treadmill, divided into three groups, each containing 6 rats. Groups of high, moderate and low doses of exercise received 28, 17 and 12 m/s of treadmill speeds respectively. Treadmill exercise training conducted in 5 days a week within 9 weeks. At the end of 9 weeks of the experiment, rat were sacrificed, tibialis anterior muscle tissues was removed and then subjected to immunohistochemistry examination. There were significant differences in intensity of training in mIGF-1 and PAX7 in muscle tissues (P < 0.05). These results suggested that endurance exercise training which high, moderate and low intensity able to increase mIGF-1 and PAX7 that associates with satellite cell development of muscle tissues.

The effects of endurance exercise training on chemerin, apelin, and visfatin in metabolically healthy obese young males

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

Endurance exercise training protects against the upregulation of nitric oxide in the striatum of MPTP/probenecid mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, caused by the gradual loss of cells in substantia nigra. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in a variety of signal transduction pathways that are crucial for maintaining the physiologic functions of nervous system. The aims of this study are: 1) To investigate the expression of the inducible form of NO (iNOS), and compare it to neuronal nitric oxide (nNOS) in the brain of a chronic mouse model of PD and 2) To study the effect of endurance exercise training on the expression of these markers.METHODMouse models of PD were obtained using 10 doses of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (25 mg/kg) and probenecid (250 mg/kg) over 5 weeks. Forty C57BL/6 albino mice were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC, N = 10), exercise control (EC, N = 10), sedentary PD (SPD, N = 10), exercise PD (EPD, N = 10). At the end of training program, nNOS and iNOS were evaluated in the striatum in all animal groups using immunohistochemistry.RESULTSnNOS showed significant increases in striatum (ST) of SPD mice compared to SC mice (P &gt; 0.03). There was also decreased expression of nNOS in EC group compared to SC mice, but this decrease was not significant (P &gt; 0.8). Exercise training significantly decreased the level of nNOS in the EPD compared to SPD, (P &gt; 0.04). Although, iNOS expression followed almost the same trend as nNOS, but exercise training did not significantly decrease the expression of iNOS in both EC and EPD groups, P &gt; 0.2 and 0.3 respectively.DISCUSSIONThe data from this study suggests that 4 weeks of treadmill exercise has a positive impact on the expression of nNOS and iNOS in the striatum of a PD model. This might clear in part the pathogenicity of the diseases and the positive impact of training on PD.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded from the Deanship of Scientific Research at Jordan University of Science and TechnologyThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.