Effect Of Electrode Type Research Articles

Effect of Electrode Type and Weld Current on Service Life of Resistance Spot Weld Electrode

HSLA steels are widely preferred in the automotive industry due to their advantages of high strength, lightening of vehicle weight and formability. The fact that a lot of welding processes are carried out during the creation of the vehicle body has made the welding operations of these steels an important topic. In this study, zinc coated HX340LAD+Z sheet material was welded by RSW application in factory conditions. The welding opera-tion was carried out with different current intensities and 300 spot welds for three different electrodes, keeping the weld duration constant. After the welding trials, the shortening of the electrodes was examined and information about the electrode lifetime was obtained. The weld core diameter was measured on the sheet metal also microstructure and micro-hardness investigations were made. As a result of the findings, information was obtained about weld hardness and collapse. Determination of splashing in the HX340LAD+Z ma-terial was provided by SEM imaging and EDX studies. It was determined that F type Copper electrode was more efficient.

The Effect of Electrode Types and Voltage on COD in Flavoring Industry Waste Using Electrocoagulation

The Effect of Electrode Types and Voltage on COD in Flavoring Industry Waste Using Electrocoagulation

Dramatic Effect of Electrode Type on Tunnel Junction Based Molecular Spintronic Devices

Dramatic Effect of Electrode Type on Tunnel Junction Based Molecular Spintronic Devices

Effect of electrode types and soil moisture on the application of electrical resistivity tomography and time-domain induced polarization for monitoring soil stabilization

There is a growing demand for an efficient noninvasive method for monitoring stabilization sites. Geophysical monitoring method was applied in a pilot site. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and time-domain induced polarization (TDIP) surveys showed that the topsoil and stabilized soil exhibited an electrical resistivity of 335.7 ± 251.8 and 74.8 ± 16.9 O-m, respectively, and a chargeability of 11.7 ± 7.6 and 6.0 ± 2.3 mV/V, respectively. Both methods distinguished the stabilized layer and topsoil, and 3D ERT and TDIP provided additional information related to the long-term stability of the stabilized site. The influence of the electrode type on electrical resistivity and chargeability noise was negligible. As the water content in the soil increased, the electrical resistivity and chargeability decreased in the stabilized soil, while chargeability increased at a water content of 20–30% in the topsoil. This study highlights the potential of geophysical methods for monitoring stabilized sites.

Preliminary Study on The Effect of Time on Hydrogen Production from Electrolysis of The Seawater

To know the effect of electrode type on the production of hydrogen gas through the electrolysis of sea water, this research was conducted. At a constant potential difference of 12 Volt, the electrolysis process is carried out by alternately using graphite and copper as electrodes. The electrolysis process time was varied from 10 to 55 minutes with increments every 5 minutes for each electrode. The results showed that the use of copper in the electrolysis of sea water produced a maximum of 82 ml of hydrogen gas better than 76 ml of graphite with a total processing time of 5 hours and 25 minutes. The results also show that the production of hydrogen gas in graphite has the largest hydrogen production rate in the first 10 minutes, but continues to decline, while the copper electrode has the largest hydrogen production rate at 220 minutes and decreases when the electrolysis process reaches 270 minutes when the electric current experiences drop. This can be understood due to the corrosion of the electrode by chlorine, which causes the electrode life to be limited. Meanwhile, the water displacement measurement method is used to determine the volume of hydrogen gas produced from the electrolysis of seawater in this study.

Effect of Electrode Type on Bacteria Removal and Chlorine and Radical Production in Electrochemical Water Disinfection

Formation and contamination of malicious microorganisms and viruses remain to be major problem of water resources. This is mostly due to the fact that, groundwater, which constitutes a large share of available fresh water content, is prone to contamination from urban and industrial wastes. In this work, electrochemical treatment is considered as a disinfection mechanism. The literature presents several cases of individual of electrochemical disinfection experiments. In this particular work, we aim to focus on the comparative disinfection efficiency of Boron-doped diamond electrodes, Iridium metal-oxide electrodes and Graphite plate electrodes at various electrochemical settings, whilst monitoring formation of toxic bi-products, such as chlorine and other radicals. Experiments of electrochemical water disinfection were carried out on real groundwater samples deliberately contaminated with E. coli culture. During the reaction, microorganisms die due to both direct physical damage and due to the electrochemically generated radicals. Therefore, there is a gentle balance of bacteria elimination versus avoiding excessive radical production in the treated water. Since the biological behaviour of the microorganisms and the chemical properties of the available groundwater cannot be changed, the research parameters boil down to experimenting through various popular electrode types and electrical current settings. In both continuous-flow and recursive systems, the Boron-doped diamond electrodes are observed to provide desirable level of disinfection (as good as Iridium metal-oxide), while yielding lower radicals (as low as those of Graphite-plate), making an ideal compromise for the process.

Mitigating Electrode Fouling in Electrocoagulation by Means of Polarity Reversal: The Effects of Electrode Type, Current Density, and Polarity Reversal Frequency

One of the biggest issues in electrocoagulation (EC) water treatment processes is electrode fouling, which can cause decreased coagulant production, increased ohmic resistance and energy consumption, and reduced contaminant removal efficiency, among other operational problems. While it has been suggested that switching the current direction intermittently (i.e., polarity reversal, PR) can help mitigate electrode fouling, conflicting results about the utility of this approach have been reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate the effects of PR frequency and current density on the performance of Fe-EC and Al-EC. It was found that operating Fe-EC under the PR mode reduced neither electrode fouling nor energy consumption. Notably, the Faradaic efficiency (ϕ) in Fe-EC decreased with increasing PR frequency; ϕ was as low as 10% when a PR frequency of 0.5 minutes was employed. Unlike Fe-EC, operating Al-EC under the PR mode resulted in high coagulant production efficiencies, reduced energy consumption, and diminished electrode fouling. In addition to comparing PR-EC and DC-EC, a novel strategy to minimize electrode fouling was investigated. This strategy involved operating Fe DC-EC and Al DC-EC with a Ti-IrO2 cathode, whose fouling by Ca- and Mg-containing minerals could be readily avoided by periodically switching the current direction.

Dewaterability and degradability of municipal wastewater sludge by electrooxidation/electrocoagulation (EOx/EC) and ultrasound-assisted electrooxidation/electrocoagulation(US/EOx/EC) processes: Determination of operational conditions

In this study, the potential use of electrooxidation-electrocoagulation and ultrasound-assisted electrooxidation-electrocoagulation processes with hybrid electrodes to improve the dewaterability and degradability of active sludge was investigated. Effects of electrode type, current density, electrode connection mode, air injection flow rate, and electrode distance on sludge dewaterability and degradability were determined through measuring specific resistance to filtration (SRF), filtration time (s), degree of degradation (DD, %) and sludge moisture content (Mc, %). To determine the effects of the ultrasound-assisted electrochemical process, experiments were conducted in a different reactor under optimum conditions of the electrochemical process, constant frequency (40 kHz), and varying ultrasound powers (60–240 W). The experiments results showed that for all electrode materials, at high values of current density, the dewaterability of the sludge decreased while the degradability of the sludge increased. Besides, both filtration times and degree of degradation decreased with increasing air injection flow rates. Under the optimum operational conditions (TiPbO2-Fe-SS-SS hybrid electrode type, 100 A/m2 current density, MP-P connection mode, 1 L/min air injection flow rate, 1 cm electrode distance, and 20 min operation time), SRF value decreased from 50 × 1012 m/kg to 2.02 × 1012 m/kg, filtration times decreased from 132 s to 9 s, DD value was observed as 20.2% and Mc value was observed as 42.3%. Under the optimum operational conditions of electrooxidation-electrocoagulation process, sludge DD values in the ultrasound-assisted electrooxidation-electrocoagulation process increased, but SFR values decreased. The structural change in the sludge after each process was determined by SEM analysis.

Effect of electrode type on the characteristics of AISI 316 Stainless Steel

Effect of electrode type on the characteristics of AISI 316 Stainless Steel

An investigation into the effect of electrode type and stimulation parameters on FES-induced dynamic movement in the presence of muscle fatigue for a voltage-controlled stimulator

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) is very useful in Stroke Rehabilitation for rebuilding muscle strength, both in a clinical setting and for home-based rehabilitation, however it is limited in its usage due to the resulting FES-induced muscle fatigue, as well as a large variation in muscle response. This paper compares the effectiveness of e-textile electrodes with conventional hydrogel electrodes at a range of stimulation parameters. The e-textiles produced a stronger response at a lower voltage than the hydrogels (3–4 V difference for a stimulation intensity voltage range of 8–22 V) and offer more consistency across different FES sessions. A simple model was then developed which relates the variation of the stimulation parameters (voltage, pulse-width, and frequency) to a change in angle for the elbow joint (Bicep muscle) using the e-textile electrodes. Step responses for various combinations of FES parameters were measured for 8 different healthy subjects for a total of fifty 10 min long tests. Overall the model produced good predictions of the arm response and it was found that the model was more accurate and consistent for combinational parameter steps than for individual parameter steps. The R2 value for the measured step change compared with the predicted step change for FES-induced contractions for all step types and subjects combined was 0.76 for one of the methods using the model

Improvement on sintering property of the face coat of yttria mould shells for investment casting

In order to explore methods for improving the sintering property of yttria face coat to prevent the thermal spalling phenomenon during investment casting, without significantly increasing the cost，the effects of electrode types in the vacuum furnace and the doping of oxides on the sintering character of yttria face coat at high temperature have been investigated. By contrast with the results of traditionally sintered pure yttria face coat at 1700 ℃, the promotion in densification of the yttria face coat of the mould shells by doping La2O3 + ZrO2 is the most efficacious, whereas doping CeO2 + ZrO2 can impede the densification of the yttria face coat. After sintering at 2000 ℃ in a vacuum furnace with graphite electrodes, the yttria face coat can get complete densification, while the yttria face coat shows incomplete densification in a furnace with tungsten electrodes, whatever doped or undoped. But yttria grains in the face coats doped with oxides are larger than those in the un-doped one. Both CaO + ZrO2 doping and MgO + ZrO2 doping can make greater acceleration of the yttria grain growth than La2O3 + ZrO2 doping and CeO2 + ZrO2 doping.

Effects of electrode type and anchoring group on transport properties of a single molecule electronic device

In present work, we have studied the electronic transport properties of a single diketopyrrolopyrrole molecule connected to the gold electrode or the zigzag graphene nanoribbon electrode via the benzene or the pyrene by performing first-principle quantum transport calculations. The results show that the conductance of the single diketopyrrolopyrrole molecular device can be modulated by changing the electrode. Remarkable negative differential resistance behavior can be found in the single diketopyrrolopyrrole molecular device with zigzag graphene nanoribbon electrode. In addition, we find that the anchoring groups play an important role in the magnitude of the device's current.

Effects of Electrode Types on the Microstructure, Tensile and Hardness Properties of 304 L Austenitic Stainless Steel Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ)

Submerged arc welding (SAW) has been well utilised for the production of weld joints in 304 L ASS for various industrial application. However, effective performance of the material in service has been hampered by improper choice of electrode. Therefore, in this study, effects of different types of electrode on the microstructure and tensile property of type 304 L austenitic stainless steel heat-affected zone (HAZ) were studied. Chemical composition of the as-received sample was determined. A number of samples were cut from the as-received sample. Afterwards, two half were joined together with 308 L, 312 L and 316 electrodes at a controlled welding speed, current and voltage of 4.6 mm/s, 160 A and 30 V to produce a constant heat input of 626.09 J/mm. An automatic SAW machine with Model Type: DX3-301, and Frequency: 50 Hz was used. And based on ASTM standard, tensile and hardness samples were prepared from the as-received and HAZs. Tensile and hardness measurements were made. Also, specimens for microscopy studies were prepared from the HAZ and as-received samples. From the results, microstructures of the HAZs revealed varied volume fraction of austenite and ferrite phases and grain sizes, and at austenite and ferrite grain boundaries, chromium carbide formation and precipitation were observed. The weld joint produced with 308 L electrode revealed optimum UTS value and YS value of 475 and 325 respectively. While weld joint produced with 316 L electrode has superior ductility of value 41%. Irrespective of the types of electrode used, the as-received sample revealed superior tensile properties over the weld joints. Also, optimum hardness value of 45.7 HRA was obtained with 308 L. Hardness value of the as-received sample was higher than that of HAZ samples.

Effect of Electrode on Electrical and Ferroelectric Behavior of Modified BNT Lead-Free Ceramics

In this research, the effect of electrode type on electrical i.e. dielectric and ferroelectric behavior of 0.94BNT-0.06BT ceramics was studies. The ceramics were prepared by conventional mixed oxide method. The sample exhibited a pure perovskite structure with rhombohedral phase. For dielectric measurement, the ceramics with Ag pasted electrodes exhibited very high dielectric constants and good responding with low frequency than Au sputtered electrode.

Corrigendum to “Effect of electrode types on simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal in microbial fuel cell” [Sep. Purif. Technol. 134 (2014) 20–25

Corrigendum to “Effect of electrode types on simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal in microbial fuel cell” [Sep. Purif. Technol. 134 (2014) 20–25

Effect of Electrode Types on the Solidification Cracking Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal

The effect of electrode types on the solidification cracking susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel weld metal was studied. Manual metal arc welding method was used to produce the joints with the tungsten inert gas welding serving as the control. Metallographic and chemical analyses of the fusion zones of the joints were conducted. Results indicate that weldments produced from E 308-16 (rutile coated), E 308-16(lime-titania coated) electrodes, and TIG welded joints fall within the range of 1.5≤Creq./Nieq.≤1.9 and solidified with a duplex mode and were found to be resistant to solidification cracking. The E 308-16 weld metal had the greatest resistance to solidification cracking. Joints produced from E 310-16 had Creq./Nieq. ratio < 1.5 and solidified with austenite mode. It was found to be susceptible to solidification cracking. E 312-16 produced joints having Creq./Nieq. ratio > 1.9 and solidified with ferrite mode. It had a low resistance to solidification cracking.

Effect of electrode types on simultaneous anaerobic sulfide and nitrate removal in microbial fuel cell

The effect of electrode types on simultaneous sulfide and nitrate removal were studied in two-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Graphite rod and graphite felt as electrodes were compared and evaluated in terms of substrate removal and electricity generation. When the influent sulfide concentration elevating from 60mgL−1 to 780mgL−1 gradually, the MFCs both showed good capacities to remove substrate, no matter what material used as electrodes. Nitrogen and sulfate were the main end products. The steady current densities of the MFC with graphite felt as electrodes were nearly twice as large as that with graphite rod. It could be explained by the linear relationship between the electrons released by substrates and the accepted by electrodes. The CV curves also showed that the graphite felt has a higher catalytic activity than the graphite rod. The graphite felt was more suitable as electrodes for the MFCs treating sulfide and nitrate simultaneously.

Effects of electrode type on the mechanical properties of weldments of some steel samples produced in Nigeria

The effects of electrode types on the mechanical properties of weldments produced from three steel samples made locally in Nigeria have been investigated. Oerlikon, Santan, Power Master and Magnum electrode samples were separately used to join Homus, Universal and Spanish steel samples. The chemical compositions of the steel samples, electrodes core and coating were obtained using spectrometer before using them for the research. Mechanical properties of the weldment produced were determined and compared to the unwelded samples. This was done in order to provide information on which combination of steel and electrode type will produce weldment with optimum mechanical properties. Oerlikon electrode produces weldments with optimum tensile strength of 508.25 N/mm2 and impact energy of 152.76J for Homus Steel, it also produced highest tensile strength of 449.92 N/mm2 and impact energy of 103.042J for Spanish Steels while Power Master Electrode produced weldment with highest tensile strength of 482.96N/mm2 and impact energy of 137.033J for Universal Steel. The results show that single electrode type cannot produce weldment with highest properties for all the selected steel samples.

Effect of Electrode Types on the Resistive Switching Behavior of Titania Thin Films

The resistive switching or memristive behavior of sputtered titania thin films sandwiched in between of three types of metal electrodes (Au, Pt and Ti) was investigated. The active region of the device consisted of two titania thin films, in which, the first layer was exposed to a plasma treatment to create the oxygen vacancies, before the deposition of the second layer. The whole active layer sputtering deposition process was conducted in a one-flow process without exposing the sample to the room ambient. From the I-V measurements, titania thin films in between Ti and Au did not show any resistive switching, but those sandwiched between Pt electrodes exhibit a noticeable memristive behavior. This may due to the metal work function of the platinum itself.

Effect of electrode type in the resistive switching behaviour of TiO2 thin films

The influence of the electrode/active layer on the electric-field-induced resistance-switching phenomena of TiO2-based metal–oxide–metal devices (MOM) is studied. TiO2 active layers were fabricated by the reactive rf-sputtering technique and devices were made by sandwiching between several metal electrodes. Three different MOM devices were made, according with the junction type formed between the electrode and the TiO2 active layer, those where Ohmic–Ohmic, Ohmic–Schottky and Schottky–Schottky. The junction type was tested by electrical I–V measurements. It was found that MOM devices made with the Ohmic–Ohmic combination did not show any resistive switching behaviour in contrast with devices made with Ohmic–Schottky and Schottky–Schottky combinations. From a detailed analysis of the I–V curves it was found that transport characteristics are Ohmic for the low-resistance state for all the contacts combinations of the MOM devices, whereas in the high-resistance state it depends on contact combinations and can be identified as Ohmic, Schottky and Poole–Frenkel type. These conduction mechanisms in the low- and high-resistance states suggest that formation and rupture of conducting filaments through the film oxide is the mechanism responsible for the resistance switching.