Antimicrobial Effects Research Articles

Antimicrobial effectiveness of wild-type Bacillus spp compared to Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 against Escherichia coli isolated from bovine mastitis

Bovine mastitis, a condition significantly impacting dairy production, represents a significant source of spread for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial agents. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effectiveness of two strains of Bacillus, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 and wild-type Bacillus spp., against Escherichia coli, the causative agent of bovine mastitis. Using the agar well diffusion method and considering variables such as the type of Bacillus and the pathogenic bacteria, the results indicated that Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051, through direct diffusion, exhibited an average inhibition zone of 16.60 mm against E. coli, surpassing the filtrate diffusion method. In comparison, wild-type Bacillus spp. showed lower inhibition measures. The growth curve revealed that Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 has a more significant growth capacity in the exponential phase, attributable to differences in metabolic capacity. In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial capacity against the studied pathogen, suggesting its potential application in bovine mastitis control. Keywords: Mastitis, Kirby-Bauer, Diffusion, Bacillus, Escherichia coli.

Evaluation and comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of three commercially available denture cleansing agents against different microorganisms: An in vitro study

Heat cured poly methyl methacrylate denture base acrylic resins are most commonly used material for fabrication of complete dentures. In certain situations, denture hygiene is compromised both due to the constraints of the denture material and/or non-compliance from the patients owing to lack of manual dexterity. This leads to formation of microbial biofilm on the intaglio surface of the denture and if left untreated, it can cause denture stomatitis. Denture cleansing tablets are of great help in such cases.The primary goal of this in vitro experiment was to assess and compare the effects of commercially available and common household denture cleansing tablets viz. Polident, Fittydent and Clinsodent against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicansA total of 100 heat polymerized acrylic resin samples were divided into 4 groups of 25 each to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of commercially available denture cleansing agents.The results of this study showed that there was significant reduction in colony forming units in three commercially available denture cleansing agents (Clinsodent, Fittydent and Polident denture cleansing tablets) as compared to distilled water. All three commercially available denture cleansing agents used in the study were capable of reducing the colony forming units per ml of the heat cure acrylic resin denture base samples. The order of efficacy was Clinsodent tablets > Fittydent tablets > Polident tablets > Distilled water.

A Meta-Analysis on the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Ozonated Water Treatments for Fresh Produce Washing—Effect of Ozonation Methods

Due to the lack of a pathogen-killing process, foodborne outbreaks from contaminated fresh produce have been increasing worldwide. Hence, it is increasingly recognized that the washing step with sanitizers is important to control microbial contamination. Ozonated water is suggested as a substitute for chlorine-based sanitizers, addressing concerns about the effectiveness and environmental impact of chlorine-based sanitizers. However, using ozone as a sanitizer in the fresh produce washing process is still challenging because of its unstable and inconsistent antimicrobial effectiveness under various testing conditions. A meta-analysis was focused on the comparison of antimicrobial effectiveness between different ozonation methods commonly adopted in laboratory settings, including stationary pre-ozonated water, agitated pre-ozonated water, and sparging. The meta-analysis showed that the sparging method results in the highest microbial log reduction compared to other methods. We further developed meta-regression models based on three ozonation methods to identify key processing variables influencing the antimicrobial effectiveness of ozonated water. Attempts were made to link key processing variables to ozone stability and the mass transport phenomena involved in the washing process. This research will contribute to designing and developing a washing process to increase fresh produce safety by identifying key factors in each ozonation method and facilitate interlaboratory comparison studies.

Disinfection of dental root canals by cold atmospheric plasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of dental biofilm

AimThe intricate structure of the tooth root canals has a role in the colonization and biofilm formation in hidden areas that are hardly reached by standard endodontic treatments. This review aims at summarizing data from in vitro and ex vivo studies for a better understanding of the application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for the disinfection of dental root canals.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were screened. Characteristics of the included studies were extracted, and a meta-analysis on ex vivo studies was carried out to evaluate the effect of CAP on colony forming unit assay of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The study was performed following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines.ResultsA total of 31 studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Only 2 investigations reported an indirect plasma treatment, 28 trials used direct CAP administration, while 1 study applied both methods. Most of the studies were conducted on E. faecalis using as carrier gas Helium or Argon alone or in combination with Oxygen as well air. A considerable heterogeneity among studies was found regarding treatments which varied for source type, settings, and protocols of application. Despite this, CAP showed effectiveness in reducing E. faecalis colony forming unit with a standardized mean difference of 4.51, 95% C.I. = 2.55–6.48, p-value < 0.001.ConclusionThe data demonstrated the antimicrobial effect of direct CAP application against microorganisms. In-vitro studies showed an effect that depended on the time and distance of treatment, while the meta-analysis performed on ex vivo studies showed that the effect of CAP was independent of time and distance.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/BJ59V, identifier OSF registries.

Biodegradable Janus sonozyme with continuous reactive oxygen species regulation for treating infected critical-sized bone defects

Critical-sized bone defects are usually accompanied by bacterial infection leading to inflammation and bone nonunion. However, existing biodegradable materials lack long-term therapeutical effect because of their gradual degradation. Here, a degradable material with continuous ROS modulation is proposed, defined as a sonozyme due to its functions as a sonosensitizer and a nanoenzyme. Before degradation, the sonozyme can exert an effective sonodynamic antimicrobial effect through the dual active sites of MnN4 and Cu2O8. Furthermore, it can promote anti-inflammation by superoxide dismutase- and catalase-like activities. Following degradation, quercetin-metal chelation exhibits a sustaining antioxidant effect through ligand-metal charge transfer, while the released ions and quercetin also have great self-antimicrobial, osteogenic, and angiogenic effects. A rat model of infected cranial defects demonstrates the sonozyme can rapidly eliminate bacteria and promote bone regeneration. This work presents a promising approach to engineer biodegradable materials with long-time effects for infectious bone defects.

Essential Oils Against Spoilage in Fish and Seafood: Impact on Product Quality and Future Challenges

The preservation of fish and seafood represents a significant challenge for the food industry due to these products’ high susceptibility to microbial spoilage. Essential oils (EOs), classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), have become a natural alternative to synthetic preservatives due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This review aims to analyze the specific potential of EOs in extending the shelf life of fish and seafood products, offering a natural and effective preservation solution. It provides a detailed overview of EOs applications and mechanisms, highlighting their role in controlling spoilage microorganisms while maintaining product quality. The main methods of EOs application include immersion, spraying, and pipetting, with antimicrobial effectiveness influenced by factors such as concentration, exposure time, and food characteristics like chemical composition and biofilms. Direct EOs application shows challenges that can be countered by exploring nanoemulsion technology as an effective strategy to enhance EOs stability and controlled release, maximizing their preservation impact. Additionally, coatings made from chitosan, gelatin, Farsi gum, and carrageenan, combined with EOs such as oregano, clove, and thyme have shown efficacy in preserving species like rainbow trout, mackerel, and shrimp. However, the commercial feasibility of using EOs in fish preservation depends on consumer acceptance and regulatory compliance. This review offers valuable insights for the industry and researchers by highlighting the practical applications and commercial challenges of EOs in seafood products, underscoring the importance of consumer acceptance and regulatory adherence for market viability.

Gelatin-reduced graphene oxide-azithromycin biocomposite coating on baghdadite scaffolds

A critical bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategy is fabricating porous scaffolds using simple and straightforward techniques. However, all porous structures share a common drawback, reduced strength due to porosity. Furthermore, bone scaffolds are vulnerable to bacterial infections when implanted, especially in compromised bone conditions. In this study, baghdadite (BAGH) scaffolds were developed and coated with gelatin (Gel)-reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-azithromycin (AZM) with suitable porosity (75–80%) and pore size (600–800 μm) using the space holder method, combined with a dip coating process in a low vacuum condition. The outcomes revealed that incorporating the Gel-RGO layer increased the compressive strength from 0.8 to 2.9 MPa for the Gel-RGO-AZM scaffolds. The scaffolds coated with Gel-RGO-AZM demonstrated improved bioactivity compared to their uncoated counterparts, showcasing the ability to generate hydroxyapatite (HA)-like crystals after a 28-day soaking period in simulated body fluid (SBF). In vitro studies validated the antimicrobial effectiveness of co-released RGO and AZM from Gel-RGO-AZM coated scaffolds against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. Moreover, the coated scaffolds exhibited significantly improved cellular responses. In conclusion, the research results show that the developed BAGH scaffolds coated with Gel-RGO-AZM are promising materials for BTE, offering enhanced compressive strength, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial performance.

Plant Species with Antimicrobial Effects and the Importance of a Standardization of Protocols for Antimicrobial Agents

In modern times, microbial resistance is a global threat to health and development. The misuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials is the main cause of developing drugresistant pathogens. It requires multiple areas in direction to attain sustainable advance goals. As a result of microbial resistance, the necessity for costly medications and expenses are obstructed worldwide. Due to rising attention in the research of new antimicrobial medicaments from a variety of natural or synthetic sources to fight microbial resistance. Thus, natural antimicrobial agents have been used to a great extent nowadays because plant-derived antimicrobial agents are considered to be safer alternatives for health as compared to those synthetic antimicrobial agents. Overall, the active ingredients, water, essential oils, and ethanolic extracts from selected plants and the mixture of a variety of these natural extracts have been used for centuries, because they possess antimicrobial activity which inhibits the growth of microbes. Natural plants as an antimicrobial agent, like extracts of Curcuma longa L., Piper nigrum L., Vachellia leucophloea, Eclipta prostrata, Ocimum sanctum L., Terminalia arjuna, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Lawsonia inermis L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, and many others have been preferred and used for ages because they are easily available worldwide. They are usually of low cost and have little or no side effects. Several antimicrobial screening approaches like the disk-diffusion method, well diffusion method, micro broth dilution assay, sterile disk method, and agar diffusion method are generally cast off for measurement of reproducibility and standardization of these antimicrobial agents. This review article is a comprehensive description of natural plants like Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, etc., containing those extracts used as antimicrobial agents listed, and numerous in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods are reported. These identified plant species and antimicrobial screening techniques hold the potential for formulating these plants into antimicrobial drugs, warranting further study and exploration in the field of medicine.

Dose the Omission of Cefazolin in Irrigation Solution Affect Outcomes in Prepectoral Direct-to-Implant Breast Reconstruction?

The widely used triple-antibiotics irrigation solution, comprising cefazolin, gentamycin, and povidone-iodine solution, has been employed for preventing infection and capsular contracture in implant-based breast reconstruction. However, potential overlapping in the coverage of such antimicrobial effects and the recent emergence of cefazolin-resistant gram-positive bacteria has prompted concerns regarding the efficacy of routine use of cefazolin in irrigation solutions. This study aims to evaluate clinical safety of omitting cefazolin from the traditional triple-antibiotic irrigation solution. Patients who underwent immediate prepectoral direct-to-implant breast reconstruction between September 2020 and April 2022 were reviewed. They were divided into two groups: cases using the traditional triple-antibiotics for the former third and those using dual-antibiotics (omitting cefazolin) for the latter. Development of postoperative complications were compared by the type of irrigation solution and its independent associations with the adverse outcomes were evaluated. In total, 445 cases (126 using triple- and 319 using dual-regimen solution) were analyzed with a mean follow-up period of 12months. The two groups had generally similar baseline characteristics. Overall complications developed in 126 cases (28.3%), including 12 (2.7%) of infection and 32 (7.2%) of capsular contracture. The complication profiles did not differ between the groups. Multivariable analyses exhibited that the type of irrigation solution was not associated with the development of overall and any kind of complication including infection and capsular contracture. Omission of cefazolin from the irrigation solution may not elevate the risks of infection and capsular contracture in prepectoral direct-to-implant reconstruction. Further long-term studies would be warranted. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Inhibiting potential of selected lactic acid bacteria isolated from Costa Rican agro-industrial waste against <i>Salmonella</i> sp. in yogurt

This study aimed to characterize lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Costa Rican agro-industrial waste and explore their bioprotective potential against Salmonella in yogurt. A total of 43 LAB isolates were identified using the 16S rRNA region. In vitro inhibition of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli was determined. 15 of the 43 isolates showed a good to strong antimicrobial effect against at least two pathogens. 14 selected isolates were evaluated for antibiotic resistance, gelatinase, and hemolytic activity. The bioprotective effect of the most promising strain, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, was assessed against Salmonella sp. during yogurt fermentation. All the isolates were resistant to vancomycin and showed variable degrees of susceptibility to other antibiotics. All of the isolates were negative for gelatinase, and 5 isolates had no hemolytic activity. A significant inhibitory effect of L. pentosus_58(6)-2I (p<0.05) against Salmonella during fermentation was found, but pathogen reduction was limited to 0.611 log CFU/mL.

Preparation and properties of calcium oxide and calcium peroxide from eggshell waste for enhanced antimicrobial activity

Calcium peroxide (CaO2), which releases hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) upon contact with water, has garnered attention as a potential alternative to liquid H2O2. Researchers have explored various methods to enhance the production of CaO2 with reduced environmental impact. This study focuses on the preparation of two potent antimicrobial agents, calcined calcium oxide (C-CaO) and synthesized calcium peroxide (S-CaO2) from eggshell waste. These agents were then incorporated into ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) composite films for antimicrobial packaging. The synthesized CaO and CaO2 were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results confirmed the successful synthesis of high-purity CaO and CaO2 from eggshell waste. Compared to CaO (a well-known antimicrobial agent), CaO2 exhibited approximately 1.6 to 2 times higher antimicrobial activity, which is attributed to its release of H2O2. EVOH films containing 3% of CaO2 demonstrated significant microbial growth deactivation, reaching 99.99% and 97.24% for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, while EVOH films containing 3% of CaO exhibited relatively low deactivation ability of 79.01% and 48.82, respectively. This study underscores the potential of eggshell waste as a valuable resource for producing high-value materials. Moreover, CaO2 emerges as an effective antimicrobial agent, particularly in antimicrobial packaging applications, showcasing its versatility across various sectors.

Green-Synthesis of CuO and Ce-Doped CuO Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Extract of Yam Peel and their Antimicrobial Properties

The rise of drug-resistant microbes presents a critical global health challenge in the 21st century, necessitating the development of potent antimicrobial agents with broad-spectrum activity. Therefore, in this study, we explored the antimicrobial activity of copper oxide (CuO) and cerium-doped CuO (Ce-doped CuO) obtained through a facile green synthesis approach. The nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extract of Dioscorea spp (yam peel) and characterized for their physicochemical properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Their antimicrobial efficacy was tested against three bacterial strains—Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes—and three fungal strains—Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The results demonstrated that cerium doping significantly altered the physicochemical properties of CuO, leading to enhanced antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial zone of inhibition ranged from 7.50 to 16.55 mm for CuO and 11.80 to 19.50 mm for Ce-doped CuO. For antifungal activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged from 0.25 to 0.30 mg/mL for CuO and 0.025 to 0.03 mg/mL for Ce-doped CuO. Notably, the Ce-doped CuO nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial effects comparable to standard antibiotics. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized Ce-doped CuO nanoparticles as effective antimicrobial agents. By leveraging green synthesis and elemental doping, this study offers a promising solution to combat a wide spectrum of infectious pathogens.

UVC light as a strategy for disinfection of hospital air and surfaces

Objective: To evaluate a fixed UV-C light emitting device for its antimicrobial effectiveness in the disinfection of distinct surfaces and its antifungal effectiveness on air quality in the hospital environment. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in a hospital inpatient unit, in which a six-stage air Biosampler (Andersen®) was used for air analysis. In the evaluation of surfaces, three suspensions of microorganisms (Acinetobacter sp. multidrug-resistant, Escherichia coli, and KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae) were used to contaminate the environment. In both evaluations, pre- (control) and post-activation of UV-C light (test) collections were made. Results: In the air evaluation, an important reduction was observed in the colony count after irradiation with UV-C light, and pathogenic or toxigenic fungi were not found in either of the two moments. Regarding the disinfection of surfaces, no bacterial growth was observed after the application of UV-C light, showing 100% bacterial inactivation under the tested conditions. Conclusion: The use of fixed UV-C light emission technology was effective and can be considered a promising intervention for hospital surface disinfection protocols.

The effect of the modified starch with side chain on the morphology of copper particles and the antibacterial properties of starch/copper composite material

In this paper, corn starch was modified by acetylation, esterification and amination, and the effects of different modifications on the structure and physicochemical properties of starch were investigated. And starch/copper composite materials were prepared by adding copper salts to the different modified starch, and the influence of modified starch and their additive amount on the morphology of copper and the antimicrobial properties were discussed. The results showed that: the contact angle of the modified starch was about 50° and exhibited hydrophilic-hydrophobic transition; the esterified starch had the smallest heat weight loss; the different modifications caused damage to the structure of the starch, which changed from the original smooth surface to a rough and wrinkled surface; hexahedral morphology copper particles were obtained by replacing them with the modified starch; the antimicrobial effect of the prepared starch/copper composite materials were related to the modification mode of starch, in which aminated starch show the best antimicrobial effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for the selection of starch type in the preparation of starch/copper composite materials in the future, which can also be used as antimicrobial components in other applications.

Smart chitosan-based nanofibers for real-time monitoring and promotion of wound healing

Timely healing of acute wounds and stopping wound chronicity are current and future priorities in wound therapy. It is urgent and relevant to develop a wound dressing that has antimicrobial and monitors the wound microenvironment in real time. In this study, quaternary ammonium chitosan (HTCC) was selected as the antimicrobial agent and CS/PEO/HTCC nanofiber membranes (CPHs) were prepared by electrostatic spinning technique. The nanofiber membrane (CPH91) with the best antimicrobial performance was screened by the disk diffusion method and drug susceptibility testing by dilution method, and its antimicrobial effect on S. aureus was better than that of E. coli. Subsequently, functional carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized by solvothermal method and doped into CPH91 nanofibers by electrospinning. A good linear relationship between pH value (5.0–8.0) and the fluorescence intensity of CDs was observed. In addition, the nanofibers (CPH91@CDs) had good morphology, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility. Changes in fluorescence intensity of CPH91@CDs at different pH (5.0–8.0) were monitored and converted into RGB values that were linearly fitted to pH value. Finally, the potential of CPH91@CDs of improving wound healing and instantaneously controlling wound healing process was confirmed by an infected wound model (S. aureus) on the back of SD rats.

Integrated omics profiles for exploring the potential mechanism underlying aroma formation in the terpenoid-rich aromatic plant Opisthopappus taihangensis and the bioactivity of its leaf essential oil

Opisthopappus taihangensis (Anthemideae, Asteraceae), which is rich in bioactive components, produces flowers and leaves with robust fragrances. In this study, we conducted comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to identify changes in terpenoid metabolites and associated gene expression across various O. taihangensis tissues (leaves, buds, and inflorescences at the exposure, initial-bloom, and full-bloom stages). We identified 1,370 metabolites using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS), 308 of which were terpenoid metabolites. The expression of terpenoid synthesis-related genes was relatively consistent with the synthesis of terpenoid metabolites at each examined developmental stage. An analysis of gene networks governing terpenoid synthesis revealed that MCT genes (OtMCT1, OtMCT2, and OtMCT3), TPS genes (OtTPS5, OtTPS9, and OtTPS10), and OtISPS1 may be crucial for synthesizing specific metabolites in different tissues. Additionally, the essential oil extracted from leaves by water distillation showed thatthujone and camphor were the predominant components. The considerable antioxidant activity of the leaf essential oil was comparable to that of vitamin C (16 μg/mL). Notably, its antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli growth were greater than those of ampicillin and vancomycin at the same concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the leaf essential oil significantly disrupted bacterial cell structures. This study thoroughly analyzed the network of genes regulating terpenoid metabolites in different O. taihangensis tissues, and elucidated the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the leaf essential oil, thus providing valuable insights for breeding, molecular characterization, and the potential application of O. taihangensis in developing useful essential oil-based natural products.

Medicinal Herbs for the Treatment of Peptic Ulcers

: Peptic ulcers are common gastrointestinal disorders characterized by the erosion of the stomach lining, duodenum, or esophagus. Conventional treatments, such as proton pump inhibitors and antibiotics for Helicobacter pylori eradication, have been the mainstay of therapy. However, the emergence of drug resistance and potential side effects have led to the exploration of alternative and complementary approaches, including medicinal herbs. This comprehensive review examines the potential use of medicinal herbs in the management of peptic ulcers. Ten herbal remedies, including Liquorice, Slippery Elm, Marshmallow Root, Aloe Vera, Chamomile, Ginger, Turmeric, Meadowsweet, Fenugreek, and Cabbage, are analyzed for their therapeutic properties and scientific research findings. These herbs have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucoprotective effects that may support ulcer healing and symptom relief. Herbal formulations, such as teas, capsules, tablets, and extracts, offer convenient delivery methods for patients seeking herbal remedies. However, safety considerations and potential herb-drug interactions must be carefully monitored. Integrating herbal remedies with conventional treatments presents a comprehensive approach to peptic ulcer management. By combining these therapies, patients may experience enhanced therapeutic outcomes and improved quality of life. Dietary recommendations also play a crucial role, with the inclusion of soothing and beneficial foods, while avoiding trigger foods that may exacerbate symptoms. As the evidence base grows, collaborative efforts between traditional herbal medicine practitioners and mainstream medical professionals are vital to ensure safe and effective integration.

Ferulic Acid: A Review of Mechanisms of Action, Absorption, Toxicology, Application on Wound Healing.

This work aims to make a bibliographic survey on studies of the use of ferulic acid in the treatment of wounds. The studies found show that ferulic acid acts through different mechanisms of action such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, collagen production, angiogenic, and reepithelialization effects. These properties act synergistically in different stages of healing, which differentiates it from conventional treatments. In addition, ferulic acid has dermal absorption, low skin metabolism, and low toxicity. Studies in this area are recent and further research is needed to expand the possibilities and therapeutic efficiency of ferulic acid in wound healing.

Comparative Studies of Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Juniperus Communis L. Essential Oil From Different Localities in the Republic of Serbia

Abstract This work aims to determine the chemical composition of Juniperus communis (J. communis) essential oil from different localities in the Republic of Serbia and examine its antimicrobial and antioxidative effects together with chemometric analysis and principal component analysis. Essential oils were extracted via hydro distillation from the fruits of J. communis gathered from four different habitats in Serbia. Extraction yields ranged from 1.56 % in the sample from Bavanište to 1.98% in the sample from Mačkat. A total of 23 compounds in the four essential oil samples were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The dominant compounds were α-pinene (32.68–51.10 %), β-phellandrene (6.43–24.77 %), and β-pinene (9.84–14.09 %). Compared with the other ecological factors, precipitation showed a strongly positive correlation (0.871) with essential oil yields. The four samples could be classified into two clusters based on the variance in their components. All the essential oils samples showed bioactivities. Among them, the essential oil from the Mačkat sample showed the best ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50=237.74 μg/ml), DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50=308.83 μg/ml) and antimicrobial activities. Consequently, the essential oil extracted from Mačkat has the potential for commercial viability in the food, cosmetic, or medical fields.

Thermosensitive Hydrogels for Periodontal Regeneration: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.

Thermosensitive hydrogels are now among the most commonly used biomaterials in tissue engineering. Due to their unique characteristics, this review aimed to evaluate the suitability of thermosensitive hydrogels in periodontal regeneration. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched until March 25, 2024, to retrieve relevant articles. The eligibility criteria for the included studies were determined by the designed PICO elements. Results from each included study were extracted, focusing on the three main areas: thermosensitivity, cellular characteristics, and in vivo characteristics. Nineteen studies were included in our study. The thermosensitivity assessment of the hydrogels indicated a range of sol-gel transition times from 40 s to 20 min based on the type of polymers and the fabrication process. The cellular characterization was assessed based on three main cellular behaviors: cellular viability/proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The in vivo characterization was performed based on two main approaches: radiographic and histologic evaluation. The results indicated that the addition of bioactive agents could enhance the in vivo efficacy of thermosensitive hydrogels in periodontal regeneration through three main areas: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative effects.