Effects Of Different Treatment Protocols Research Articles

The effect of different treatment protocols with diode laser on regeneration in axonetmesis ınjuries of the ınferior alveolar nerve: an animal study.

The inferior alveolar nerve can be damaged during dental procedures, leading to symptoms, such as tingling, numbness, and reduced quality of life. Recovery depends on factors such as medications, surgery, and photobiomodulation therapy. Photobiomodulation therapy has shown the potential to improve nerve function and reduce regeneration time; however, there is no standard treatment protocol yet. This study aimed to examine the effect of diode lasers on nerve regeneration in patients with axonetmesis injuries. In this experiment on animals, Wistar rats' damaged sensory systems were treated with lasers to restore them. Animals were randomly divided into six groups: a sham group, a control group, and four laser treatment groups(1st group: performed every day, 10 sessions; 2nd group: performed every 2 days, 10 sessions; 3rd group: performed every day, 20 sessions; and 4th group: performed every 2 days, 20 sessions). Sensory function was determined using the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test, which was repeated after the surgical procedure. The results showed that the 20-session group had the best improvement, most closely resembling the group without sensory test damage. The histomorphometric results showed that the number of axons was significantly lower in the group that received 10 daily sessions and in the control group than in the undamaged nerve. Axon diameter was lower in all groups than in the sham group. In conclusion, the remarkable aspect of this study is that consecutive-day 20-session laser treatment showed better improvement than the over-the-day 20-session treatment protocol.

Comparison of the effects of different treatment protocols on mortality in patients presenting with an INR≥10 due to warfarin-associated over-anticoagulation

One of the most anticipated adverse effects of warfarin is over-anticoagulation. There is little to no evidence on the treatment that should be administered in patients with an international normalized ratio (INR)≥10. The primary outcome of this study is to analyze the effects of various treatments on 30-day mortality in patients with INR≥10 and without major bleeding on 30-day all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome is to propose a model that predicts 30-day all-cause mortality in the same patient group. Patients older than 18 years of age using warfarin and who had an INR≥10 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients with major bleeding on admission were excluded. Patients treated with only cessation of warfarin were named as "Group-1", patients who were treated with vitamin-K in addition to cessation of warfarin were named as "Group-2", and patients who were treated with cessation of warfarin and vitamin-K and fresh frozen plasma or prothrombin complex concentrate were named as "Group-3". 190 patients were included in the analysis. Seven (38.9%) patients in the first group, 3 (8.6%) in the second group, and 21 (15.3%) in the third group died within 30-days(p=0.015). In the post-hoc analysis, the difference between Group-1 and Group-2 was found to be significant(p=0.036, OR:0.147, 95%CI=0.032 to 0.671).The performance of the model in predicting 30-day all-cause mortality was high (AUC=0.818 (95%CI=0.716 to 0.920) and found to be compatible with the validation dataset 0.806 (95%CI=0.631 to 0.981). Administration of vitamin K in addition to the cessation of warfarin was found to be a strong contributor to the model and an independent predictor of survival within 30 days(p=0.006). Until randomized controlled studies are conducted, it may be reasonable to administer vitamin-K in addition to cessation of warfarin in non-bleeding patients with INR≥10.

A comparison of allocation strategies for optimising clinical trial designs under variance heterogeneity

Balanced allocation of patients across treatments is a widely adopted and practical strategy in clinical trials. Under the assumption of variance homogeneity, a balanced allocation is known to possess desirable properties in terms of commonly considered operating characteristics such as power, type I error rate, and estimation accuracy. When this assumption is violated, the balanced allocation strategy can perform suboptimally in terms of these (and other) metrics of interest, compared to alternative allocation rules. Such allocation rules are examined under the assumption of response variance heterogeneity across treatments and within an adaptive framework. A blocked design is proposed in order to account for additional sources of variability which are incorporated into the proposed design through a mixed effects model. For this setting, two allocation strategies are derived: an efficiency-oriented and an outcome-oriented strategy. These target two different and potentially conflicting objectives (estimation accuracy and within-trial patient response, respectively) that may be optimised in the presence of variance heterogeneity. A comparison of the resulting allocation strategies is provided in the context of a clinical trial studying the effect of different treatment protocols on the level of inflammation caused by Rheumatoid Arthritis. The interrelation of common clinical trial objectives under the examined allocation strategies is explored, demonstrating the benefits but also the costs in terms of objectives that are not formally incorporated into the optimisation criterion in each case.

Prognostic effects of treatment protocols for febrile convulsive status epilepticus in children

BackgroundFebrile status epilepticus is the most common form of status epilepticus in children. No previous reports compare the effectiveness of treatment strategies using fosphenytoin (fPHT) or phenobarbital (PB) and those using anesthetics as second-line anti-seizure medication for benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). We aimed to examine the outcomes of various treatment strategies for febrile convulsive status epilepticus (FCSE) in a real-world setting while comparing the effects of different treatment protocols and their presence or absence.MethodsThis was a single-center historical cohort study that was divided into three periods. Patients who presented with febrile convulsive status epilepticus for ≥60 min even after the administration of at least one anticonvulsant were included. During period I (October 2002–December 2006), treatment was performed at the discretion of the attending physician, without a protocol. During period II (January 2007–February 2013), barbiturate coma therapy (BCT) was indicated for FCSE resistant to benzodiazepines. During period III (March 2013–April 2016), BCT was indicated for FCSE resistant to fPHT or PB.ResultsThe rate of electroencephalogram monitoring was lower in period I than period II+III (11.5% vs. 85.7%, p<0.01). Midazolam was administered by continuous infusion more often in period I than period II+III (84.6% vs. 25.0%, p<0.01), whereas fPHT was administered less often in period I than period II+III (0% vs. 27.4%, p<0.01). The rate of poor outcome, which was determined using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category scale, was higher in period I than period II+III (23.1% vs. 7.1%, p=0.03). The rate of poor outcome did not differ between periods II and III (4.2% vs. 11.1%, p=0.40).ConclusionsWhile the presence of a treatment protocol for FCSE in children may improve outcomes, a treatment protocol using fPHT or PB may not be associated with better outcomes.

Influence of the application methods of iron/anticoccidial products on the behaviour and associated stress factors of suckling piglets

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different treatment protocols for the control of iron-deficiency anaemia and coccidiosis, one combination injection versus injection of iron and oral application of toltrazuril, on the general behaviour of piglets. Piglets were divided into three experimental treatment groups: 24 piglets were left untreated; (control group, C); 24 piglets received an oral administration of generic anticoccidial agent (20 mg/kg BW) plus intramuscular administration of iron dextran (200 mg/ml; 1 ml/piglet) in the same handling (oral + parenteral group, O+P) and 24 piglets received an intramuscular application of the combination product (parenteral group, P). As expected, the handling time was higher in the oral + parenteral group than in the parenteral group. Regarding the behaviour of piglets, the time spent suckling after treatment was variable in the control and oral + parenteral groups, while piglets from the parenteral group spent more time suckling, and hence, their time spent resting was decreased. A statistical trend of lower concentration of cortisol was observed in P compared to O+P after processing. Regarding productivity indices, the average daily gain of piglets during lactation and, subsequently, their weaning weight were higher in P compared to O+P, and similar to the control. In conclusion, administering a combination product injection decreases the time of administration compared to individual treatments.

Optimizing Methods for Bovine Dental Pulp Decellularization

IntroductionThis study aimed to characterize the decellularization effects of different treatment protocols on the bovine dental pulp extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue regeneration. MethodsSeven different decellularization protocols consisting of trypsin/EDTA (for 1 hour, 24 hours, or 48 hours), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, for 24 hours or 48 hours), Triton X-100 (for 1 hour), and deoxyribonuclease treatments were tested on bovine dental pulp tissue. The posttreatment samples were evaluated for remaining DNA and cellular contents, structural durability, immunofluorescence analysis, and in vivo immune responses. ResultsA complete decellularization process in all of the experimental groups was observed. The protocol that included 1 hour of Triton X-100 treatment and 12 hours of trypsin/EDTA treatment with no SDS treatment (P7 [12E-0S-1T]) showed the highest retention of glycosaminoglycan and the absence of nuclei in 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. All groups showed significantly lower DNA content compared with native pulp tissue (P < .05), whereas compared with other protocols, protocols 1 (1 hour of EDTA/trypsin, 24 hours of SDS, and 1 hour of Triton X-100) and 4 (1 hour of EDTA/Trypsin, 48 hours of SDS, and no Triton X-100) resulted in the highest DNA contents (P < .05). Based on these results, P7 was further evaluated by immunofluorescence and in vivo immunogenicity. P7 specimens preserved collagen type I, whereas mononuclear cell infiltration along with neovascularization was observed in vivo. ConclusionsAll tested treatments displayed the potential ability to decellularize pulp tissue and are viable options for a xenogeneic dental pulp ECM scaffold. The P7 (12E-0S-1T) protocol resulted in decellularized ECM with minimal organic matrix/ultrastructural detriments and an acceptable host immune response.

Effect of endodontic treatment on periodontal healing of grade 3 endo-periodontal lesions without root damage in periodontally compromised patients\u2014a retrospective pilot study

ObjectivesThere is little evidence about the effect of different treatment protocols for grade 3 endo-periodontal lesions without root damage in patients with periodontitis according to the new classification of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of endodontic treatment on the achievement of periodontal healing.Materials and methodsTeeth with the initial diagnosis endo-periodontal lesion without root damage grade 3, treated with a standardized endodontic treatment protocol, were included in this study. A retrospective analysis was performed to assess the impact on periodontal healing by evaluating probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment gain (CAL), and periapical index score (PAI).ResultsNineteen teeth and 13 patients were included. A mean reduction of 3.19 ± 3.41 mm in PPD was recorded. The mean CAL gain was 2.33± 3.75 mm. Five teeth (45.4%) showed an improvement of PAI and were classified as treatment success.ConclusionsThe results failed to show a highly predictable treatment outcome for endo-periodontal lesion grade 3 without root damage in patients with periodontitis. However, endodontic therapy alone resulted in treatment success for some of the teeth, which would otherwise have had a poor prognosis.Clinical relevanceEndo-periodontal lesions can often be challenging for dentists in daily clinical practice. To date, there is not much evidence for practitioners to rely on. Therefore, this study aims to strengthen the evidence for the management and treatment of endo-periodontal lesions. Although the outcome is not highly predictable yet, teeth with the initial diagnosis endo-periodontal lesion without root damage grade 3 can benefit from an endodontic treatment.

Investigation of the Impact of QEEG-Based Biofeedback on Attention and Behavioral Features in Young Male Adolescents with ADHD

Introduction: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of neurobiological behavioral system. This disorder includes features such as attention deficit, impulsivity, and chronic, disproportionate-with-growth hyperactivity which reduce the child's ability to regulate, control, organize his behavior and cause attention deficit in activity of daily living (ADL). ADHD is one of the most common childhood disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of QEEG-based biofeedback on behavioral and attention factors of 7 to 14 year-old boys diagnosed with ADHD. Method: 40 boys diagnosed with ADHD were randomly assigned into the experimental and control groups. Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) test and Children's Behavioral Check List (CBCL) were used before the treatment and after 8 intervening weeks of treatment in both groups. Moreover, the brain mapping (QEEG) of the experimental group was used to design a treatment protocol. The experimental group received 24 sessions of neurofeedback therapy three times a week. The acquired data was analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance (ACNOVA). Results: Our findings demonstrated a significant difference in test results between the experimental and control groups upon IVA and CBCL tests following the neurofeedback intervention. Moreover, there was a significant difference between pre- and post-tests in the neurofeedback group. Interaction effect was insignificant at the time. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that neurofeedback can bring significant improvements in attention factors especially, sustained attention and children's externalizing behaviors. As such, neurofeedback may be considered as one of the therapeutic modalities used along with core therapies and medication, though, more research is needed to compare the clinical effects of different treatment protocols with one another.

Clinical effect of different treatment protocols for osteoporotic hip fractures in senile patients

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of different treatment protocols for osteoporotic hip fracture in senile patients. Methods Clinical data of 156 senile patients with osteoporosis hip fracture admitted to our hospital from Jan. 2012 to Jan. 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical effects of different treatment protocols for osteoporosis hip fracture were compared and analyzed. Results 32 cases were treated with conservative treatment, 15 cases with total hip replacement, 45 cases with artificial femoral head replacement, 16 cases with intramedullary fixation, 10 cases with extramedullary fixation, 38 cases with skeletal traction, and the excellent rate was 56.2%, 93.3%, 91.1%, 62.5%, 60.0% and 63.2%, respectively. Conclusions An appropriate surgical treatment should be selected based on patient's self-conditions and fracture characteristics, while combining with drugs treatment and functional exercise so as to increase the clinical effect in senile patients with osteoporotic hip fracture. Key words: Hip fractures; Osteoporosis

Core Neuromuscular Training; a Physical Activity Intervention for Individuals with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is a common musculoskeletal disorder affecting a large population of clinical patients, with a higher prevalence among women. Patellar maltracking may lead to inappropriate timing of quadriceps muscle activity. In addition, core neuromuscular control especially hip muscles appears to be impaired in patients with PFPS, which may decreases neuromuscular system efficiency and dynamic stability. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of core neuromuscular training on pain, balance and performance in women with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). METHOD: This parallel, single-blinded randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed to compare the effects of different treatment protocols on balance, function and pain in patients with PFPS. A convenience sample consisting 28 women with unilateral PFPS participated in this trial. Pain intensity, functional ability, functional performance and balance were evaluated before and after the intervention with a VAS, Kujala questionnaire, step-down test and Y balance test. All participants were assigned randomly to the intervention and control group. Control group’s intervention was merely focused on lower extremity strengthening exercises, while interventional group received core neuromuscular training in addition to control group exercises. All data were analyzed with SPSS software (version 16), and the alpha level was set as 0.05. Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney tests were used respectively for within-group and between-group comparisons. RESULTS: In both groups the pain score decreased significantly after treatment (P=0.001). The slope of this trend was greater in the intervention group. The Kujala and step-down scores improved significantly after treatment in both groups, although the improvements were greater in the intervention group. The Y balance score improved in all three directions after therapy in both groups; improvement was greater in the intervention group only in the posteromedial direction (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Core neuromuscular training exercises may be beneficial in improving pain, function and balance in women with PFPS. Because of the importance of core muscles in the control of loads imposed on the lower extremities, core training may be essential for rehabilitation in these patients.

New approach for the strategic control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazed beef cattle during the growing phase in central Brazil

We evaluated the effect of different treatment protocols against gastrointestinal nematodes in Nelore beef cattle during the growing phase in the municipality of Terenos, MS, in central Brazil from May 2013 to April 2014 and from May 2014 to April 2015. Ninety-six Nelore calves were kept on Brachiaria brizantha grass during each trial period and were distributed into six experimental groups (replicate paddocks for each group) based on live weight and the number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG): T1 (control)—treated in May, July and September with a saline solution; T2—treated in May and November with 700μg/kg doramectin; T3—treated in May (doramectin), July (4.7mg/kg levamisole phosphate) and September (doramectin); T4—treated in May (doramectin), July (200μg/kg moxidectin) and September (doramectin); T5—treated in May (doramectin), August (levamisole phosphate) and November (doramectin) and T6—treated in May (doramectin), August (moxidectin) and November (doramectin). The calves were weighed and feces were collected (for faecal culture and EPG counts) from calves every 28days, concomitantly with the collection of forage samples. The efficacies of doramectin, moxidectin and levamisole were low, at 69.2, 65.9 and 69.4% in the first and 13.8, 92.6, and 76.5% in the second experimental periods, respectively, but only the untreated animals lost weight during the dry season. Final weight gains did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among the animals in T2 (120.8kg), T3 (131.4kg), T4 (131.2kg) and T5 (134.4kg). T6 was the only group with a significantly higher final weight gain (140.9kg) compared to the protocol with two annual dosages (T2). The weight gain was 31.9% higher in T6 than in the untreated animals (T1). None of the protocols affected the number of larvae on the pasture. Body weight was significantly and negatively (r=−0.65) correlated with EPG counts, which were significantly lower in June (T2, T3, T4 and T6), August (T3), September (T5 and T6), October (T5) and November (T5 and T6). Haemonchus, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum were identified. Treatments in May and November, the most common practice in Brazil, did not increase the final weight gain, so an additional and intermediate treatment during the dry season (August) is recommended.

Outcome of Adolescents with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated by Pediatrics versus Adults Protocols.

Objective. Several studies showed better outcome in adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with pediatrics protocols than similarly aged patients treated with adults protocols, while other studies showed similar outcome of both protocols. We conducted this study to compare the outcome of our pediatrics and adults therapeutic protocols in treatment of adolescents ALL. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed files of 86 consecutive adolescent ALL patients aged 15–18 years who attended to outpatients clinic from January 2003 to January 2010. 32 out of 86 were treated with pediatrics adopted BFM 90 high risk protocol while 54 were treated with adults adopted BFM protocol. We analyzed the effect of different treatment protocols on achieving complete remission (CR), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). Results. The 2 patients groups have almost similar characteristics. The CR was significantly higher in pediatrics protocol 96% versus 89% (P = 0.001). Despite the fact that the toxicity profiles were higher in pediatrics protocol, they were tolerable. Moreover, the pediatrics protocol resulted in superior outcome in EFS 67% versus 39% (P = 0.001), DFS 65% versus 41% (P = 0.000), and OS 67% versus 45% (P = 0.000). Conclusion. Our study's findings recommend using intensified pediatrics inspired protocol to treat adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

E67 To assess the effects of different treatment protocols on the degree of renal injury in patients with renal stones receiving shockwave lithotripsy

E67 To assess the effects of different treatment protocols on the degree of renal injury in patients with renal stones receiving shockwave lithotripsy

Lamb eimeriosis: Applied treatment protocols in dairy sheep production systems

The effect of different treatment protocols using the triazinone compounds diclazuril and toltrazuril on Eimeria oocyst excretion, diarrhoea and weight gain was evaluated in the present study. The protocols were designed in order to best fit to common management practices in dairy production systems as applied in Greece. During the first two trials comparative preventive (11 days after birth) and therapeutic (18 days after birth) single treatments using either drug were performed on an intensive farm. In Trial 3 the efficacy of a repeated diclazuril treatment after weaning (at the start and 4 weeks later) of the animals in a semi-intensive farm was tested. The last trial was performed in order to assess the effect of a single oral dose of toltrazuril after weaning of the animals on the same farm. During an observation period of 6–7 weeks after treatment animals in all trials were clinically examined for diarrhoea and faecal samples were regularly monitored for Eimeria oocysts at weekly intervals. Body weight was also determined at the start and end of each trial. A single treatment with toltrazuril resulted in a significant reduction of oocyst excretion over the study period compared to the control, with very high efficacy values during the first 2–3 weeks after treatment, irrespective of the treatment protocol and the management system applied. This in general could not be confirmed in the protocols using diclazuril, which showed a much lower and mostly variable efficacy pattern.

Defining an Adequate Dose of Acupuncture Using a Neurophysiological Approach – a Narrative Review of the Literature

Many different styles of acupuncture practice exist, and lack of agreement on the optimal acupuncture treatment for any particular condition may mean that some patients do not receive the best treatment. This uncertainty also makes the negative results of sham controlled trials difficult to interpret. Unless we can be sure that both adequate acupuncture and an inactive sham were used in a particular trial, then that trial should not be interpreted as dismissing acupuncture for that condition. Acupuncture practice clearly involves much more than needling procedures, but there is a strong argument for elucidating the role of those needling procedures first. The components of acupuncture needling procedures have been described in the STRICTA document, but it is also clear that the patient's perception of needling is relevant for the outcome of treatment. We therefore recommend the concept of 'dose' of acupuncture needling, which should include both the stimulus given to the patient, and certain aspects of the patient's perceptions and response that are known to be linked to the subsequent therapeutic response. We propose the following definition of dose: the physical procedures applied in each session, using one or more needles, taking account of the patient's resulting perception (sensory, affective and cognitive) and other responses (including motor). The dose may be affected by the state of the patient (eg nervous, immune and endocrine systems); different doses may be required for different conditions. The constituents of an adequate dose can be established initially by clinical opinion and subsequently by empirical evidence from experimental studies, which may be either clinical or basic research studies. Systematic reviews which do not consider the adequacy of the acupuncture treatment may have unreliable conclusions. Out of 47 recent systematic reviews, only six have applied some criteria for adequacy. Five used a rating system or conducted a subgroup analysis, and one excluded studies from the analysis altogether if they did not meet criteria for adequacy. Research into what constitutes an adequate dose of acupuncture has long been neglected and is now urgent. Clinical studies that compare the effects of different treatment protocols are probably the most reliable source of evidence, and may also demonstrate a dose-response relationship.

Clinical outcomes of different regimens for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with bone marrow involvement: analysis of 148 cases

To investigate the effects of different treatment protocols on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with bone marrow involvement (BMI). The clinical data of 148 patients of NHL with BMI, 108 undergoing CHOP regimen, 51 undergoing dose-intensive CHOP regimens, 13 undergoing CHOP regimen + rituximab, and 27 undergoing hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after CHOP protocol with remission. The curative effects were retrospectively analyzed. (1) The response rate (RR) for the whole group was 80.4%, with a complete remission (CR) rate of 60.7%. The response rate of the patients treated with the dose-intensive regimens (dose-intensive group) was 84.3%, significantly higher than that of the patients treated with standard CHOP regimen (64.1%, P < 0.05). (2) The 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates and progress-free survival (PFS) of the B-cell NHL patients who underwent HSCT + Rituximab treatment (Rituximab combined with chemotherapy) were significantly higher than those of the dose-intensive group and CHOP group, and the 3- and 5-year OS rates and PFS of the dose-intensive group were all significantly higher than those of the CHOP group (all P < 0.05). (3) The 3- and 5-year OS rates, and PFS of the T-cell NHL patients who underwent HSCT group and dose-intensive CHOP were all significantly higher than those patients who underwent CHOP regimen (all P < 0.05). Superior survival may benefit from Dose-intensive regimens and HSCT, may be good choices for the patients with NHLBMI, a group of heterogeneous malignancies with poor prognosis. And combined chemotherapy with Rituximab treatment remarkably raises the effect for CD20(+) B-cell NHLBMI.

Ultrasound assessment of early clubfoot treatment: a comparison of the Ponseti method and a modified Copenhagen method

The purpose of this study was to sonographically compare the early anatomical outcome of a group of clubfeet treated with the Ponseti method (group A, nine clubfeet) with a group treated with an adjustable plexidur splint, the Copenhagen method (group B, 19 feet). The clinical severity was assessed using the Diméglio-Bensahel classification. The need for complementary surgery was clinically assessed at the age of about 2 months. Ultrasound investigation was made in the neonatal period, after 2-3 months of non-surgical treatment and 1-2 months post-surgically. After 2 months of non-surgical treatment the correction obtained at the talo-navicular joint, expressed as the distance between the medial malleolus and the navicular (MM-N distance), was significantly greater in group A. After surgery, tenotomy of the Achilles tendon for all group A feet, and posterior or posteriomedial release for 13 feet in group B, the correction at the talo-navicular and calcaneo-cuboid joints was similar for the two groups. Anatomical correction of the displacement in these joints can be achieved without extensive interventional procedures. Ultrasound may be a valuable tool to assess the effects of different treatment protocols quantitatively.

Condylar pathway changes following different treatment modalities.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of extraction and non-extraction approaches on the condylar pathways in subjects treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. The study was carried out on 70 patients (47 female, 23 male) who had undergone orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The mean age for the total group was 16.3 years (16.5 years for the females and 16 years for the males). Forty-seven patients were treated non-extraction and 23 with extractions. None of the patients had any temporomandibular joint (TMJ) problems before orthodontic treatment and all were treated with standard edgewise mechanics. The condylar pathway recordings were taken before and after treatment with an axiograph. The maximum opening capacity was measured and the right and left condylar pathways of each patient were recorded in protrusion and during opening movements. During treatment the left opening angle (LOA) only decreased significantly in the upper premolar extraction group. The left opening distance (LOD) decreased in all groups during treatment but was only statistically significant in the non-extraction and upper and lower extraction groups. In the small overjet group (OJ < or = 4 mm), the LOA, right opening distance (ROD) and LOD decreased significantly while there was no significant change in axiographic parameters in the large overjet group (OJ > 4 mm). In the latter group, overjet and overbite decreased while mouth opening (3 mm P < 0.05) significantly increased. These results indicate that there is no difference between the effect of different treatment protocols on the condylar pathways.

Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels in Patients With Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and the Effects of Different Treatment Protocols

Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Levels in Patients With Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis and the Effects of Different Treatment Protocols

082 Interleukin-1β IL-1 receptor antagonist levels in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients and effects of different treatment protocols

082 Interleukin-1β IL-1 receptor antagonist levels in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients and effects of different treatment protocols