Effect Of Different Reinforcements Research Articles

Evaluation of Interlayer Reinforcement Effectiveness in Road Pavement Rehabilitation Using FEM Modeling and Fracture Mechanics Analysis

In this paper, the effectiveness of reinforcements for flexible pavements is evaluated through an analysis of reflective cracking. Different stiffness and thickness reinforcements are considered for the rehabilitation of an already cracked pavement. The effect of the reinforcement is assessed from two different perspectives: (i) the ability to reduce stresses in the rehabilitated pavement layers, and (ii) the capacity to mitigate the crack propagation from deeper layers. A finite element model (FEM) is adopted to study the stress and strain state of the pavement layers. The pavement model has been properly validated, transitioning from a simply supported beam scheme to an elastic multilayer model. In addition, to represent crack propagation, fracture evolution is analyzed using Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFMs) and Paris’ law. The effect of different reinforcements on the pavement is then simulated. The results show that the reinforcement performance is strictly dependent on the interlayer thickness and stiffness. In particular, high stiffness reinforcements (geomembranes) show increasing effectiveness with stiffness, both in terms of reflective cracking and stress reduction. Conversely, low stiffness reinforcements (SAMIs) show a variable trend with the stiffness modulus. In fact, extremely low stiffness is effective in slowing down crack propagation but is detrimental to the wearing course’s stress condition. However, as the stiffness increases, the likelihood of cracking in the wearing course decreases, though only a small beneficial effect is registered for crack propagation in the base layer.

Experimental free vibration and tensile test results of a five-layer sandwich plate by comparing various carbon nanostructure reinforcements with SMA

Considering to need for the sensitive and destructive industries for high stiffness and low weight, an experimental free vibration and tensile test results of a five-layer sandwich plate by comparing various carbon nano structures reinforcements with SMA is discussed. The effect of various reinforcements, including carbon nanostructures (carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon nanorods (CNRs), Graphene platelets (GPLs)) and nitinol shape memory alloy (SMA) wire on the vibration behavior of a five-layer sandwich plate with a foam core is investigated. The purpose and novelty of this work are to compare the effect of different reinforcements on the vibrations of a five-layer plate so that by using this comparison, one can choose the best reinforcements according to the needs of the desired industry and more suitable economic conditions. Considering a 1 % weight fraction of epoxy resin, GPLs, CNTs, and CNRs increase Young's modulus of face sheets by 30 %, 25 %, and 5.8 %, respectively. In this work, a five-layer sandwich structure model can be suggested, and numerically analyzed. The special advantage novelty of this research compared to previous research is the construction of this five-layer model. This is a simple modeling structure for the construction and preliminary examination of structures with five layers experimentally. Also, the composite structure is made by the vacuum pump method, which does not have the disadvantages of the manual method, and the method is completely optimal. At first, the Young's and shear moduli of unidirectional glass fiber (UGF) are calculated by performing a tensile test. To examine all aspects of the construction of five-layer structures during construction, in this article first, the face sheets are made separately using resin, UGF, and various reinforcements, and then the layers of face sheets and the cores are connected using glue. In the following, the equations of motion for the sandwich plate are derived using refined first-order shear deformation theory (RFSDT) by employing Hamilton's principle. Using the Halpin-Tsai equation and the extended rule of mixture, the mechanical properties of the reinforced composite face sheets are obtained. According to the Brinson model, the constitutive equations of the SMA are presented. The influence of various parameters such as side ratio, thickness ratio, weight fraction of CNRs, CNTs, GPLs and SMA wire, fiber angle, and temperature changes on dimensionless fundamental frequency is also represented. Also, the natural frequency of orthotropic plates by considering reinforcements is higher than that without considering reinforcements. By increasing the aspect ratio (a/h), the dimensionless natural frequency increases, while the natural frequency decreases. For two-layer square angular asymmetric laminated sheets (-θ/θ), the minimum dimensionless natural frequency occurred at the fiber placement angle approximately equal to 26 and 64°. The highest frequency is related to the sandwich plate in that its face sheets have higher strength and stiffness because it is placed further from the middle plane. Also, the highest frequency is related to the sandwich plate, whose face sheets are reinforced with GPLs.

High-temperature oxidation behavior of ceramic particles-reinforced TiAl composites with multilayered structure

To investigate the effect of different reinforcements on high-temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl alloys, ceramic particles-reinforced (graphene oxide (GO), SiC, BN) TiAl composites with a multilayered structure were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) using high throughput concept. The TiAl composite was fully lamellar structure, including GO, SiC and BN reinforcements each layer respectively. The effect of different reinforcements on oxidation layer of TiAl composites was observed directly after cyclic oxidation testing at 950 °C. The mass gain of TiAl composites was 2.09 mg/cm2 lower than that of 2.81 mg/cm2 for TiAl alloy oxidized 100 h, corresponding to a lower oxidation rate. The oxidation layer of TiAl composites was composed of TiO2 and Al2O3, and presented a multi-layer structure. The results showed that SiC and GO reinforcements improved the high-temperature oxidation resistance of TiAl alloy, while BN reinforcement played a negative role. The effect of different reinforcements on oxidation mechanism of TiAl alloys was mainly attributed to the ceramic particles-inhibited oxygen diffusion and ceramic particles-indued the nitridation susceptibility.

Effect of different reinforcements in wire electric discharge machining of various geometrical profiles in metal matrix composites

Effect of different reinforcements in wire electric discharge machining of various geometrical profiles in metal matrix composites

Insights into the friction stir processing of fused filament fabricated polymers with multiple reinforcements

ABSTRACT Friction stir processing (FSP) is a most widely used severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique used for enhancement of mechanical properties and refinement of microstructure in metals, alloys and also in surface alteration, surface composites, and metal matrix composites. This work deals with the integration of FSP with fused filament fabrication (FFF), a popular additive manufacturing (AM) method. The research work comprises of four parts, first being 3d printing of poly lactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) parts through FFF, then multiple reinforcements like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) are filled into the grooves, then in the third step FSP is performed on the 3D specimens with variations in rotational and travel speed of the tool with threaded pin profile. Finally, tensile strength is examined and the effect of different reinforcements is studied. The results indicate that MWCNTs reinforced PLA is found to have the highest strength (37.41 MPa) which is 72.6% more than the lowest strength (21.67 MPa) obtained for SiO2 reinforced PLA. However, in the case of other polymer, SiO2 reinforced ABS exhibited maximum strength (14.71 MPa) amongst other reinforcements for ABS. The ductility is decreased for all the FFF specimens after FSP and PLA composites exhibited improved surface profiling parameters as compared with ABS composites after FSP. Also, fractography is performed to understand the failure modes of specimens filled with different reinforcements.

The effects of different types and ratios of reinforcement, and machining processes on the machinability of Al2024 alloy nanocomposites

In the presented study, aluminum metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with SiC and B4C, with different reinforcement ratios (0–4 wt%), have been prepared using the powder metallurgy method. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of different reinforcements and reinforcement amounts on the machinability of metal matrix nanocomposites using different machining processes (WEDM and CNC milling). The surface morphologies of the samples were investigated before and after machining using scanning electron microscopy and chemical analysis of the samples was obtained using EDX and X-ray diffraction. The surface hardness, roughness, and metal removal rate (MRR) before and after machining were examined to investigate the effect of the machining process on the surfaces of the samples. According to the results of the study, the hardness value of the nanocomposite containing 4% B4C by weight (195.6 HB) increased by approximately 90% compared to the hardness value of the pure Al2024 alloy (101.6 HB). After both machining processes, the hardness values of all nanocomposites decreased. In addition, the tensile strength values of the nanocomposites containing 2% B4C and SiC by weight are 392.8 MPa and 377.7 MPa, respectively, while the tensile strength value of the pure Al2024 alloy is 201.7 MPa. After both machining processes, the hardness values of all nanocomposite samples decreased. While the MRR values decreased with the increase in the reinforcement amount of the nanocomposites after machining, the SR values decreased.

Study of severe plastic deformations of metallic materials:- A move towards Amorphization

This review highlights one of the amorphization processes of metals, alloys as well as metal matrix composites (MMCs) and its benefits towards strength enhancements. The need for material properties such as low weight, improved strength, enhanced wear, and corrosion resistance along with sensible ductility instigated the researchers to investigate the effect of different reinforcements as well as processing techniques on light metals. Developments in different primary, as well as secondary processing techniques, partly resulted in the enhancement of material properties. Different severe plastic deformation (SPD) technologies consequence the formation of ultra-fine grain structures as well as even nano-crystalline materials hence resulting in alteration of material properties. The numerous techniques are high-pressure torsion (HPT), accumulative roll bonding (ARB), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), repetitive corrugation and straightening (RCS), etc. The operational principles of different SPDs, microstructural revolutions, mechanical properties are reported here. Implementation of the SPD techniques for the property enhancement of aluminium matrix composites (AMC) is the limelight here. Furthermore, this article highlights the recent achievements and current developments in determining the deformation mechanisms.

Effect of different reinforcements on aluminium composite properties – a review

In the automotive and aerospace industries, there has been a growth in demand for light-weight materials with high strength, good wear, and thermal qualities in recent years. Although traditional metals such as aluminium are preferred, aluminium alloys are unable to meet all requirements. To achieve the desirable qualities, composites are employed. To increase the material characteristics, the Aluminium Metal Matrix (AMM) is reinforced with other materials. To achieve the necessary qualities, more than one reinforcement might be added. Simple composites and hybrid composites can be employed in these applications according to their requirements. The impacts of different reinforcements added to an aluminium metal matrix, such as SiC, fly ash, Aloe Vera, rice husk, and so on, are discussed in this article. The reinforcements considered are low-cost and readily available, and they have a significant impact on the metal characteristics of composites. The composites are made using simple manufacturing techniques.

Mechanical and tribological characteristics of Si3N4 reinforced aluminium matrix composites: A short review

Abstract The aluminium matrix composite (AMCs) plays a significant role in enhancing the properties of the material that are applicable in automotive industries, marine, aerospace, etc. Whereas these AMCs were further researched with the integration of reinforcing particulates in different percentages with the aim of enhancing the characteristics of parent aluminium matrix. Introducing ceramic particulate reinforcements into aluminium matrix produces a composite with better physical, mechanical and tribological properties in comparison to the traditional engineering materials. The main purpose of producing aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) is to develop lightweight materials having high stiffness and high specific strength. There are different effects observed with subsequent addition of reinforcements on the aluminium matrix composite. This paper attempts to present a review concerning the mechanical and tribological characteristics of aluminium matrix composite synthesized via stir casting route. This literature review provides an insight to the effects encountered after incorporating hard Si3N4 particulates in aluminium matrix along with its performance. It also attempts to highlight the impact of addition of silicon nitride (Si3N4) in AMCs, as this ceramic possesses superior wear and mechanical characteristics. Moreover, the effect of different reinforcements upon minimizing the resultant friction as well as wear for attaining superior lubrication will also be discussed in detail.

To study the effect of different reinforcements on various parameters in aluminium matrix composite during CNC turning

Metal matrix composites are catching the eyeballs of various industries because of their enhanced properties like higher strength value over lesser weight, good stiffness and satisfies wide applications throughout. But to bring composite to use, always necessitate some machining process which remain a challenge for its user. In current research work, three Aluminum Metal Matrix composite (AMC) have been prepared by stir casting technique-AMC with eggshell (6% wt, 104 μm), AMC with boron carbide (6%wt, 104 μm) and hybrid AMC(6%wt egg shell+6%wt B4C, 104 μm). After preparation of composites, CNC turning is conducted at fixed process parameters of cutting speed 500 rpm, feed rate 0.1 mm/rev and depth of cut 0.5 mm. After the experiments, the responses such as material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness, residual stress and temperature between tool-work piece interfaces are recorded and evaluated. The experimental study revealed that MRR of hybrid and eggshell AMC's are found 43.24% more than the base alloy. It has also been observed that minimum surface roughness (Ra) of 2.2252 μm has been recorded for hybrid AMC. Base alloy shows the highest value of residual stress both, normal residual stress with value equal to (−) 48.5 MPa as well as shear residual stress with value (+)20.5 MPa whereas maximum average temperature of 51.1 °C recorded for hybrid composite among all the AMC's and base alloy.

Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites – A Review

Light weight Aluminium alloys are extensively used in aircraft, supercars, and marine applications owing to its corrosion resistance and density. However, the mechanical properties like stiffness, tensile properties and tribological characteristics are far inferior than steels and titanium alloys. The tribomechanical properties of existing Aluminium alloys can be improved by adding suitable reinforcement agent and heat treatment techniques. In this review, effect of different reinforcement on mechanical properties and tribological characteristics of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMC) were discussed in detail. Also, various fabrication processing techniques like solid state processing, liquid state processing and in-situ processing on tribological behavior of AMMC is discussed.

Effect of different reinforcement on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA2024-based metal matrix nanocomposites

Abstract In this study, AA2024-B4C and AA2024-SiC nanocomposites were successfully produced by hot pressing and consolidation methods. The effects of different SiC and B4C contents on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the nanocomposites were investigated. The bending and tensile strength of AA2024-2 wt.% B4C nanocomposites reached up to 1286.7 MPa and 392.9 MPa, respectively. The bending strength of 676.7 MPa and tensile strength of 377.7 MPa were obtained for AA2024-2 wt.% SiC nanocomposites. The addition of the reinforcement can increase the bending strength of the nanocomposites even if porosity increases. Comparing the experimental results showed that B4C reinforced nanocomposites exhibited better mechanical properties than those of SiC reinforced nanocomposites. The type of Al2Cu phase plays a major role in the improvement of mechanical properties of the composites.

Effect of different reinforcement on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AA2024-based metal matrix nanocomposites

Abstract In this study, AA2024-B4C and AA2024-SiC nanocomposites were successfully produced by hot pressing and consolidation methods. The effects of different SiC and B4C contents on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the nanocomposites were investigated. The bending and tensile strength of AA2024-2 wt.% B4C nanocomposites reached up to 1286.7 MPa and 392.9 MPa, respectively. The bending strength of 676.7 MPa and tensile strength of 377.7 MPa were obtained for AA2024-2 wt.% SiC nanocomposites. The addition of the reinforcement can increase the bending strength of the nanocomposites even if porosity increases. Comparing the experimental results showed that B4C reinforced nanocomposites exhibited better mechanical properties than those of SiC reinforced nanocomposites. The type of Al2Cu phase plays a major role in the improvement of mechanical properties of the composites.

Experimental and analytical assessment of RC joints with varying reinforcement detailing under push-down loading before and after fires

This paper examines the behaviour of RC beam-column joints with different reinforcement detailing arrangements under pushdown loading before and after fires. The thermal responses of the RC joint specimens are firstly described, including the development of the temperature fields and the horizontal reactions as well as the deflections during the heating and cooling phases. Subsequently, displacement-controlled push-down tests are performed, and the vertical load, horizontal reactions as well as detailed deformations are monitored. The bending moment-rotation relationships are derived from the test results, together with an account of the observed failure modes. The mechanical behaviour is also discussed in detail, including the rotational capacity, with emphasis on the effect of different reinforcement detailing arrangements as well as the post-fire condition. Particular attention is given to comparing the experimental axial-moment strength interaction curves and theoretical predictions under ambient conditions so as to examine the underlying mechanisms. In order to support practical application, a simplified analytical method is proposed for simulating the push-down response, based on the combined loading states and idealised constitutive relations, taking into consideration the restraint effect due to horizontal restraint or fire conditions. The suggested analytical procedure is shown to be a reliable and effective approach for representing the behaviour. Based on the findings of this investigation, practical considerations for enhancing the rotational capacity of RC joints are highlighted.

Effect of Fabrication Methods on Mechanical Properties and Machining Parameters of Aluminium Matrix Composites-A Review

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) are potential material for numerous applications due to their excellent mechanical and physical properties. The stiffness, specific strength, wear, creep and fatigue properties can be enhanced by the addition of the reinforcements in to metallic matrix compared to the conventional engineering materials. Improvement in strength and stiffness has been observed in most metal systems and lowering of the coefficient of friction and the wear rates have been observed by addition of CNTs in Ni, Cu and Al based composites. This paper presents the overview of the effect of addition on various reinforcements in Aluminium highlighting their merits and demerits. Effect of different reinforcement on AMCs on the machining parameters and mechanical properties like tensile strength, strain, hardness, wear and fatigue is discussed in this paper. Major issues like agglomerating phenomenon, fiber-matrix bonding and the problems related to distribution of particles are also discussed in detail. Major applications of different AMCs are also highlighted in this review.

A Review Paper on Machining of Metal Matrix Composite and Optimizing Methods used in Electrical Discharge Machining

Electric discharge machining is a non-conventional thermal erosion process. In this article investigation has been done on the effect of different reinforcement (carbides, oxides and nitrides), dielectric (kerosene, distilled water and PMEDM) and methods (RSM and GRA) for machining of MMC materials and optimizing the responses. Variation in responses due to all these factors are properly examined and depicted in figures. Result shows that there are various reinforced materials available and different methods have been developed effectively and many more can be. These information and methods can be used to optimize the result according to their requirement

The effect of reinforcement type on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and wear resistance of A356 matrix composites produced by FSP

Fabrication of particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites has been pursued with a keen interest recently. However, a comparison of the effect of different reinforcements on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of A356 matrix composites fabricated by FSP is of great interest to be considered. In the present work, the microstructural, mechanical, and wear properties of A356 matrix composites reinforced by SiC, TiC, ZrO2, and B4C particles are investigated. Moreover, the effect of pin profile on distribution of reinforcing particles in the stir zone of the FSPed specimens is investigated. Hardness and wear tests are performed in order to investigate mechanical and wear properties of the composites. The composite reinforced by TiC particles exhibits higher hardness value compared with other reinforcements due to the excellent bonding between TiC and metal matrix as well as higher hardness value of reinforcement itself than other reinforcements. Moreover, wear test results show that the wear resistance of the composite is significantly improved compared with that of the base metal.

Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite – An Insight into Solid State and Liquid State Processes

Aluminium metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are being considered as a group of superior material for its lightness, strength, high specific modulus, low coefficient of thermal expansion and good wear resistance properties. Solid state and liquid state processing methods are used to fabricate AMMCs. Achieving a uniform distribution of reinforcement within the matrix is one such challenge, which affects directly on the properties and quality of composite material. Powder metallurgy route, one of the solid state processing methods can be effectively used to get uniform dispersion of reinforcements with aluminium metal matrix. This paper presents the summary of the ball milling and stir casting processes to fabricate the AMMCs and its applications. Major issues like ball milling time, dispersion of reinforcements, grain size, the stirring time and speed are discussed. Also the effect of different reinforcement for AMMCs on the mechanical properties is discussed in detail.

The effect of different reinforcements on the fracture toughness of materials for interim restorations

Fracture of an interim fixed partial denture (FPD) may jeopardize the success of the interim prosthodontic treatment phase and cause patient discomfort. The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture toughness of a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin and a bis-acryl composite (BAC) resin reinforced with stainless steel wire, glass fiber, and polyethylene fiber. Four groups (n=13) of each of the 2 materials were prepared for the single-edge notch 3-point-bending test. Three groups had the different reinforcements, and the group without reinforcement served as the control. Using a universal testing machine, peak load to fracture was recorded and fracture toughness (K(IC)) was calculated in MNm(-1.5). Median K(IC) values were compared by means of nonparametric ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test, alpha=.05). For the controls, the fracture toughness for PMMA resin (K(IC)=27.9) was significantly lower (P<.01) than for BAC resin (K(IC)=31.2). Glass fibers and stainless steel wire reinforcements produced significantly higher fracture toughness for both PMMA (K(IC)=34.4, P<.01, and K(IC)=39.0, P<.001, respectively) and BAC resin (K(IC)=42.3, P<.001, and K(IC)=44.0, P<.001, respectively), but the polyethylene fibers did not (K(IC)=25.8, P>.10, for PMMA resin and K(IC)=33.1, P>.10, for BAC resin). There was no significant difference between the fracture toughness of the wire and glass fiber reinforcements for both interim materials (P>.10 in both instances). Of the 3 reinforcement methods evaluated, wire and glass fiber reinforced the PMMA and BAC resin materials best.

Effect of different reinforcements on composite-strengthening in aluminium

In the development of metal-matrix composites, reinforcements of aluminium and its alloys with ceramic materials has been pursued with keen interest for quite sometime now. However, a systematic comparison of the effect of different reinforcements in powder-processed aluminium and its alloys is not freely available in the published literature. This study examines the influence of SiC, TiC, TiB2 and B4C on the modulus and strength of pure aluminium. B4C appears slightly superior as a reinforcement when comparing the effect of SiC, TiC, B4C and TiB2 on specific modulus and specific strength values of composites. However, TiC appears to be a more effective reinforcement, yielding the best modulus and strength values among those considered in this study. The differences in thermal expansion characteristics between aluminium and the reinforcements do not seem to explain this observation. The other advantage of TiC is that it is economically a more viable candidate as compared to B4C and TiB2 for reinforcing aluminium alloys. It is suggested that the superior effect of TiC as a reinforcement is probably related to the high integrity of the bond at the Al-TiC interface.