Effects Of Different Distances Research Articles

VolCID: A MATLAB-based GUI for the detection of volcanic vent clusters

In this work, a MATLAB Graphic User Interphase (GUI) is presented to support the identification of a clustered structure of eruptive centers for which only their spatial coordinates are known. The GUI, called VolCID (Volcano Cluster IDentification), combines an unsupervised classification scheme with user approval at various stages of the analysis. It is not necessary to make any assumption about the total number of clusters expected or about other characteristics of the clusters (as, for example, minimum cluster size) at the beginning of any analysis. Due to its flexibility, VolCID allows exploration of the effect of different distances of reference and to assess the possibility of chaining effects in a systematic and reproducible form. The combination of objective calculations and subjective choices therefore helps the operator to bring forward underlying assumptions (e.g., the expected number of clusters, general shape of each cluster, number of volcanoes per area of specific clusters) that often remain unstated in these types of studies. VolCID also incorporates the possibility of completing the analysis superimposed to an image of geologic significance, as well as to complete analysis of volcanic features on other planets. By facilitating the exploration of distribution schemes, VolCID might be a helpful tool that can be used to further our understanding of volcanic phenomena (or any other geologic feature that can be represented by point-like features) on Earth and other planets as well.

Estimation of the error factors in irradiance measurements of electromagnetic sources inside disinfection cabinets.

Periodically testing the performance of any biological safety cabinet or other sterilization chambers is mandatory; hence, the importance of evaluating the effects of error factors on this performance arises. Until now, despite the necessity of disinfection against many microorganisms, particularly protection against the current pandemic, international standards for the manufacturing and evaluation of safety cabinets did not recommend testing the ultraviolet C performance inside these safety cabinets. The main aim of this paper is to use the sensitivity coefficient as one of the essential terms in uncertainty evaluation, to study the effect of different distances and tilt angles on the irradiance and, hence, the uniformity inside the cabinet or chamber. It was found that the homogeneity of the distribution of irradiance levels along the irradiated area was significantly affected by the distance and angle. The results obtained utilizing the sensitivity coefficient indicated that a simple increase in distance will result in a considerable loss in the irradiance value reaching around 30%. Every 5° increment in the tilt angle causes a decrement in the irradiance value by about 14% compared to the original value (0°); hence, the uniformity decreased significantly by around 45%. These effects may reflect on the sterilization performance of the cabinet as an essential process. At the end of this paper, due to the importance of considering these measurements and the effect of the two parameters on irradiance and, hence, the uniformity, the author recommends that these measurements be added to international standards for safety cabinets manufacturing and evaluation. The recommendation may help to focus more on evaluating the ultraviolet C homogeneity performance inside biosafety cabinets.

The effect of the distance between the end point of the osteotomy and the lateral cortex on the lateral cortical hinge fracture in medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different distances between the end point of the osteotomy and the lateral cortex on the risk of lateral cortical fracture in the medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) procedure. Methods Eighteen synthetic tibia models were used. Saw cuts were performed on the test models (n=6 for all groups). Wedge gap distance and wedge opening load were evaluated using compression tests. Findings The mean maximum gap distance without a lateral cortical fracture was 19.90 mm in Group 5, 15.49 mm in Group 10, and 11.23 mm in Group 15. The differences between Group 5 and Group 10, Group 5 and Group 15, and Group 10 and Group 15 were statistically significant. The mean load just before the fracture was 13.24 N in Group 5, 18.31 N in Group 10, and 26.16 N in Group 15. The difference between Group 5 and Group 15 was statistically significant. No significant difference was observed between Group 10 and both Group 5 and Group 15. Interpretation As the end point of the osteotomy is brought gradually closer to the lateral cortex, wider gaps can be opened without a lateral cortical fracture. Thus, higher angle corrections can be achieved more safely by bringing the end point of the osteotomy closer to the lateral cortex, which should be preferred to reduce the risk of a lateral cortical hinge fracture during the MOWHTO procedure, from a clinical viewpoint.

Auxiliary Coil Based Square Coupler for Wireless Power Transfer System

The transfer of energy with higher efficiency is the primary requirement in wireless power transfer systems. In this article, a single-sided flux-generated coupler structure suitable for loosely coupled wireless power transfer systems is introduced. Here, the achievable efficiency is decided by the coupling factor and mutual inductance between the transmitter and receiving coils. In this article, an auxiliary coil of a few turns is employed to enhance the mutual inductance with an improved coupling factor. The auxiliary coil is connected in series with the main coil in both the transmitter and receiver. The electrical and geometrical design considerations are brought out for the proposed auxiliary coil-assisted structure. Finite-element method (FEM) electromagnetic field simulations are carried out in the Ansys-Maxwell platform. The proposed auxiliary coil assisted coupler's efficacy is compared with the existing coil structures (circular, square, double DD) in terms of coupling factor, mutual inductance, and self-inductance through FEM simulations. With the proposed work, an improvement in flux density distribution toward the receiver together with higher mutual inductance and coupling factor is achieved. These improvements are verified through field simulations and experiment. Detailed design steps for the proposed coupler are given. For concept demonstration, a prototype WPT system with a power output close to 150 W is constructed. An input dc supply voltage is 48 V and the inverter is switching at 100 kHz. Enhanced features (improved mutual inductance profile together with the coefficient of coupling) of the proposed coupler are demonstrated through experimental measurements. The effect of different distances on power transfer and efficiency of the system is also measured. Measurement observations are in close agreement with analytical predictions.

THE COMBUSTION ENGINE INTAKE MANIFOLD CFD MODELING DEPENDING ON THE AIRBOX CONFIGURATION

The aim of the article is to present the possibilities of application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to modelling of air flow in combustion engine intake manifold depending on airbox configuration. The non-stationary flow occurs in internal combustion engines. This is a specific type of flow characterized by the fact that the variables depend not only on the position but also on the time. The intake manifold dimension and geometry strongly effects intake air amount. The basic target goal is to investigate how the intake trumpet position in the airbox impacts the filling of the combustion chamber. Furthermore, the effect of different distances between the trumpet neck and the airbox wall in this paper will be compared.

Effect of Plant Spacing and Spraying With Zinc in The Growth and Yield of The Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare)

A field experiment was carried out during the 2020-2021 winter season, in Al-Alam district, east of Tikrit, to determine the effect of plant spacing and spraying with zinc in the growth and yield of the fennel. The experiment study of the effect of different distances are (10,15 and 20 cm) and three concentrations are (0,15 and 20 g/l). The experiment carried out within the system of testing the factorial experiment has been used according to random complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three blocks. Considered statistically analyzed the data according to the design of and experience and compared to averages of transactions based on test least significant difference (L.S.D) 5% Level of moral study results showed. The planting distance of 10 cm gave the highest rate of plant height reached 71.41 cm, and the planting distance of 20 cm showed a significant increase in the two characteristics of the number of flowers in the main flower and the number of flowering inflorescences in the plant with the increase in planting distance reached 197.75/flower and the highest rate of the number of flowering reached 16.89 inflorescences/flower. The result showed the spray treatment with a concentration of 15 g/liter was superior in the characteristic of the number of flowers in the main inflorescence and the number of flowering inflorescences in the plant, respectively.

Effect of different curing times and distances on the microhardness of nanofilled resin-based composite restoration polymerized with high-intensity LED light curing units

PurposeThis study examined the effect of different distances and curing times on the microhardness (VHN) of nanofilled resin-based composite (RBC) restorations polymerized with high-intensity LED LCUs. Materials and methodsSeventy-five RBC specimens (2 mm thickness and 5 mm diameter) were fabricated from Tetric-N-Ceram (Ivoclar Vivadent). Each of the 25 specimens was polymerized by means of one of three types of high-intensity LED LCUs: (B) Blue-Phase-G2 (polywave LED, Ivoclar Vivadent), (E) Elipar S10 TM (single-peak, 3 M ESPE), and (P) Planmica Lumion (single-peak, Mectron) at three different distances (0 mm, 2 mm, and 4 mm) at 20 sec, 40 s, and 60 sec. A microhardness tester (NOVA, Innovatest, The Netherlands) was used to measure the VHN from the top and bottom surfaces. Data for VHN were analyzed using mixed ANOVA, followed by post hoc analyses with p-values < 0.05. ResultsA significant difference was found in VHN between all three LED LCUs, where (B) specimens had the highest means, followed by (E) and (P). Bottom surface VHN values were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) compared to top surface values in all LCU types. With increasing distances up to 2 mm and 4 mm, VHN values with (E) and (P) were significantly reduced on the top and bottom surfaces (p < 0.05). When the curing times were increased for 40 and 60 sec, the VHN values were significantly improved (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, increasing the distance with (B) did not significantly reduce the VHN. Moreover, increasing the curing times did not significantly improve the VHN of the bottom surfaces. ConclusionHigh-intensity LCUs have variable effects on the surface (top/bottom) hardness of Tetric-N-Ceram nanofilled RBC restoration. With increasing distance, VHN was reduced; therefore, compensation with more curing time (2 mm/40 sec and 4 mm/60 sec) is highly recommended with Elipar S10 and Planmica Lumion LCUs to improve the material surface hardness.

Analysis of velocity and temperature fields inside an air solar collector – A numerical approach

The numerical study is performed on a glazed transpired solar collector, investigating the effect of different distances between the glazing and the absorber (30 and 50 mm) for different airflow rates. The results show that the best solution among the tested configurations is using the 30 mm distance between the glazing and absorber, no matter what the air flow rate is. The efficiency of the glazed transpired solar collector (GTC) in this case is between 50%-61% for the range of airflow rates studied and higher with around 15% compared to configurations with larger distance between the glazing and absorber. The purpose of this study is to prove the efficiency increase due to pass-through elements disposals complementary with the passive components implementation, underlining the benefit of passive solar systems.

Experimental study of heat transfer inside a real scale innovative air solar collector

The study is performed on a glazed transpired solar collector, investigating the effect of different distances between the glazing and the absorber (30, 50, 70, and 100 mm) for different airflow values. The results show that the best solution among the tested configurations is with 30 mm distance between the glazing and absorber, no matter what the air flow rate is. The efficiency of the GTC in this case is 16-19% higher for air flow rates around 100 m3/h, m2 and even 30-40% higher for air flow rates around 150-200 m3/h, m2 – compared to configurations with larger distance between the glazing and absorber.

The detectability of Wolf–Rayet stars in M33-like spirals up to 30 Mpc

ABSTRACT We analyse the impact that spatial resolution has on the inferred numbers and types of Wolf–Rayet (WR) and other massive stars in external galaxies. Continuum and line images of the nearby galaxy M33 are increasingly blurred to mimic effects of different distances from 8.4 to 30 Mpc, for a constant level of seeing. We use differences in magnitudes between continuum and He ii line images, plus visual inspection of images, to identify WR candidates via their ionized helium excess. The result is a surprisingly large decrease in the numbers of WR detections, with only 15 per cent of the known WR stars predicted to be detected at 30 Mpc. The mixture of WR subtypes is also shown to vary significantly with increasing distance (poorer resolution), with cooler WN stars more easily detectable than other subtypes. We discuss how spatial clustering of different subtypes and line dilution could cause these differences and the implications for their ages, this will be useful for calibrating numbers of massive stars detected in current surveys. We investigate the ability of ELT/HARMONI to undertake WR surveys and show that by using adaptive optics at visible wavelengths even the faintest (MV = –3 mag) WR stars will be detectable out to 30 Mpc.

Rotating Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters as Microdevices for Drug Delivery.

BackgroundMagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) hold promise for enhancing delivery of therapeutic agents, either through direct binding or by functioning as miniature propellers. Fluid-filled conduits and reservoirs within the body offer avenues for MNP-enhanced drug delivery. MNP clusters can be rotated and moved across surfaces at clinically relevant distances in response to a rotating magnet. Limited data are available regarding issues affecting MNP delivery by this mechanism, such as adhesion to a cellular wall. Research reported here was initiated to better understand the fundamental principles important for successful implementation of rotational magnetic drug targeting (rMDT).MethodsTranslational movements of four different iron oxide MNPs were tested, in response to rotation (3 Hz) of a neodymium–boron–iron permanent magnet. MNP clusters moved along biomimetic channels of a custom-made acrylic tray, by surface walking. The effects of different distances and cellular coatings on MNP velocity were analyzed using videography. Dyes (as drug surrogates) and the drug etoposide were transported by rotating MNPs along channels over a 10 cm distance.ResultsMNP translational velocities could be predicted from magnetic separation times. Changes in distance or orientation from the magnet produced alterations in MNP velocities. Mean velocities of the fastest MNPs over HeLa, U251, U87, and E297 cells were 0.24 ± 0.02, 0.26 ± 0.02, 0.28 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.03 cm/sec, respectively. U138 cells showed marked MNP adherence and an 87.1% velocity reduction at 5.5 cm along the channel. Dye delivery helped visualize the effects of MNPs as microdevices for drug delivery. Dye delivery by MNP clusters was 21.7 times faster than by diffusion. MNPs successfully accelerated etoposide delivery, with retention of chemotherapeutic effect.ConclusionThe in vitro system described here facilitates side-by-side comparisons of drug delivery by rotating MNP clusters, on a human scale. Such microdevices have the potential for augmenting drug delivery in a variety of clinical settings, as proposed.

Effects of droplets in the air on light transmission in target optical detection

Rays hit droplets in the transmission path on severe weather conditions such as rain and fog during the target optical detection process. The presence of droplets causes the directions of rays and the amount of energy to change after rays pass through droplets, leading energy that eventually enters the detector to change, affecting target detection. This study establishes an energy distribution model of the receiving surface affected by droplets in the air based on the basic principle of light radiation transmission. The results of single and planar droplets in the air on the transmission of light are calculated by the Monte Carlo ray tracing method combining the physical properties of droplets and air. The effects of different distances between the droplets and receiving surface on the energy distribution of the receiving surface are analyzed. Droplets in the air have a similar effect on the parallel light with convex lens. The energy distribution is related to the distance between the receiving surface and droplets in the air. The energy recorded on the receiving surface and affected by droplets first converges to a point and then diverges. There are almost no rays corresponding to the droplets on the receiving surface when the distance between the receiving surface and droplets is sufficiently large. This study provides new ideas and methods for obtaining the influence of droplets in the air on the energy distribution of the receiving surface in target optical detection, which provides an effective reference for detection.

The research of time-frequency characteristics of buried mine of seismic waves in shallow sea

To study the variation of the wave field of seismic waves in shallow sea of buried mines, the wave field of buried mine was simulated by employing LS-DYNA software. The effects of different distances ( R), rock density ( ρ2), buried depth ( h), and seawater height ( H) on the variation of wave field were obtained. The time-frequency analysis of the simulation results was carried out by using wavelet transform, and it was determined that the frequency domain of shallow sea is mainly concentrated below 25 Hz. To get the propagation characteristics of shallow sea seismic wave, the wave field below 25 Hz on the surface of buried mine was filtered by the low-pass filter. The buried depth has the greatest influence on the wave field of buried mine. The underwater target can be identified by the propagation characteristics of shallow sea seismic wave. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. The research results can provide an important reference for development of buried mine fuse.

Effect of interface distance on the electronic properties and optical properties of GaAs/BN novel two-dimensional materials: First-principle calculation

The effect of different distances on the electronic and optical properties of GaAs/BN heterostructure is investigated by using first-principles calculations based on the density functional theory. Our results show that the distance of 3.0 Å is the most stable structure of GaAs/BN heterostructure. It had smaller band gap as compare with other GaAs/BN pattern with different interlayer distances (h2.6, h2.8, h3.2, h3.4, h3.6 and h3.8). In addition, we find that the electronic properties of GaAs/BN heterostructure can be altered by tuning the interface distance, strain and electric field strength. The absorption coefficient, conductivity and loss spectroscopy of GaAs/BN heterostructure show a strong peak in the ultraviolet light region, demonstrating that GaAs/BN has evident enhancement under the ultraviolet light region and outstanding ultraviolet absorption capability. The present work may provide a novel material that has potential application in nanodevices.

Experimental and Numerical Studies of Ice Accretion on Atmospheric Icing Laboratory at Different Icing Pattern and Time

The purpose of this paper was to explore a suitable icing test method which can achieve the requirement of the experimental conditions better and faster in atmospheric Icing Laboratory. So, the effects of varying the spray method and spray time of different conditions were studied in experiment. The ice shape and profile of ice accretion obtained in atmospheric icing laboratory were investigated with variable air temperature. The icing object was exposed to the one aerosol cloud------freezing rain. In addition, the heat balance model of dynamic process of single droplet would be set up, the experimental condition of distance between nozzles and icing object was analysed by simulation calculation for the model. At the same time, appears the effects of different distances on the mass, ice shape and ice accreted of profile under different conditions in experiment.

Numerical study on the hydrodynamic interaction between two floating platforms in Caspian Sea environmental conditions

In this paper, the hydrodynamic interaction between Amirkabir semi-submersible and a Mono column FPSO floating platforms in Caspian Sea Conditions was studied. Dynamic responses of the floating platforms in the second-order Stokes incident wave was investigated using the boundary element method in ANSYS/AQWA software for both time domain and frequency domain. In this numerical simulation, the hydrodynamic loads acted on the hull body were determined by 3D radiation/diffraction theory, while the mooring line forces were estimated by the Morison Elements Method. The main purpose of the research is to study the effects of different distances between centers of platforms and different wavelengths on semi-submersible hydrodynamics motions, hydrodynamic forces, and mooring line tension. The numerical results show that as the platforms come closer, the values of diffraction force, motions and the oscillation of mooring line tension for the semi-submersible platform decrease. In addition, increase of wave length results in increase of the motions of semi-submersible platform. In this process the hydrodynamic forces and the oscillation of mooring line tension demonstrate a peak in wave length of about 55–60 m.

The effect of different distance of curing light and ceramic materials on microhardness of the resin

The effect of different distance of curing light and ceramic materials on microhardness of the resin

Interval Confinement in Compression Zone to Evaluated Beams Performance Subjected Monotonic Loads

Confinement is one way that can be used to improve the performance of reinforced concrete structures, mainly related to ductility. The parameter of the distance between the confinement becomes an important thing that must be studied its effect on ductility produced by a structural element. This study aims to study the effect of different distance between the confinement in compression zone in the beam at the plastic hinge area to the displacement and the behavior of the beam when it was given monotonic loading. The specimen model which is a simplified form of the plastic hinge area up front column will be fitted with a confinement in the compression zone which is attached to the shear reinforcement with different distances of 0, 70, 125 mm. Also made a beam with a crossties confinement spaced 125 mm for comparison. The presence of a centralized load in the middle of the span is intended to obtain the largest moment and shear areas in the plastic hinge. The test results showed that the installation of 125 mm intervals for confinement in the compression zone resulted in a higher ductility of 11-18% against the beam without confinement than the 70 mm interval which only increased by 2.78%. The hoops confinement produces higher ductility than crossties confinement for the same confinement interval. The increased confinement interval from 70 to 125 mm not yet significantly affect the moment capacity of the beam and the collapse was still dominant in the bending collapse although the distance between the stirrups and the confinement was slightly widened.

Injuries sustained in falling fatalities in relation to different distances of falls

BackgroundFalling from a distance is an important issue worldwide, which happens in different ages, genders and circumstances. It is usually not considered a medicolegal case in many countries hence no autopsy is performed. This study focused on analyzing injuries sustained in victims of falling in relation to different distances of fall. MethodsRetrospective study of 352 autopsy reports of falling victims brought to the forensic pathology department at Jordan University Hospital during the period from January 1990 to March 2016. ResultsAmong 352 cases, 256 (72.7%) were males and 96 (27.3%) were females. 303 (86.1%) cases showed accidental fall, 31 (8.8%) were suicidal, 2 (0.6%) were homicidal and un-clarified death in 16 (4.5%). Time of death was directly proportionate with the distance of fall. Victims fell from distances less than 3 m were 123 (35%), most of them were children less than 7 years 50 (40.5%) and unemployed adults more than 45 years were 48 (39.1%). They showed multiple abrasions (62.6%), few contusions (64.2%) and absent laceration of the skin (84.5%). Victims fell from distances of 3–9 m were 123 (35%), most of them were male workers 56 (60.2%). They showed multiple abrasions (63.5%), few contusions (71%) and few lacerations of skin (50.5%). Victims fell from distances more than 9 m were 136 (38.6%), most of them were male workers 71 (52.2%) and female servants 23 (17%). They showed few abrasions (80.9%), multiple contusions (64.7%) and few lacerations of skin (48.5%). The number of fractured limbs increases obviously with distances more than 3 m. Skull vault fractures were found in all distances, while skull base fractures showed in distances of 3–9 m and more than 9 m. Head injury was the most common fatal injury in all distances. Chest injuries were prominent mainly in distances more than 3 m. While abdominal injuries were mainly prominent in distances more than 9 m. ConclusionsThis study showed the effect of different distances of fall in causing different types of injuries in falling fatalities. Internal injuries were in a direct proportion with distances of fall, while external injuries showed a great importance in interpretation of the way of fall.

Electromagnetic and thermal analysis of underground power solid‐conductor cables under harmonic and unbalancing currents based on FEM

AbstractIn this paper, electromagnetic and thermal analyses are performed on underground power solid‐conductor cables under harmonic and unbalancing currents. The loss, life time, and produced magnetic field are calculated. Different balanced and unbalance load currents and also sinusoidal and harmonic profiles are considered. Moreover, the effects of different distances between cables are analyzed. Power cable losses and produced magnetic fields around power cables are computed based on electromagnetic analysis by using finite element method. Furthermore, finite element method thermal simulations are conducted to determine the cable life time based on Arrhenius model. Underground medium‐voltage cables with metallic sheaths in flat and trefoil formations are considered. Metallic sheaths are bonded together and grounded in the single point or both ends. So, the effects of eddy and circulating currents of sheaths on power cable parameters are studied. Simulation results show the important effects of unbalancing and harmonic currents on the power cables parameters. Also, the effects are dependent on the harmonic frequency orders, installation method, and grounding system types.