Effects Of Different Crops Research Articles

Variations in different preceding crops on the soil environment, bacterial community richness and diversity of tobacco-planting soil.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a major cash crop, and soil quality played a significant role in the yield and quality of tobacco. Most farmers cultivate tobacco in rotation with other crops to improve the soil characteristics. However, the effects of different previous crops on the soil's nutrient status and bacterial community for tobacco cultivation still need to be determined. Three treatments were assessed in this study, i.e., tobacco-planting soil without treatment (CK), soil with barley previously cultivated (T1), and soil with rapeseed previously cultivated (T2). The soil physical and chemical properties and the 16S rRNA gene sequence diversity of the bacterial community were analyzed. The effects of different crops on the physical and chemical properties of tobacco-planting soil and the diversity and richness of the bacterial community were comprehensively discussed. The results of this study showed that different previously cultivated crops altered the nutrient status of the soil, with changes in the ratio of NH4 +-N to NO3 --N having the most significant impact on tobacco. In CK, the ratio of NH4 +-N to NO3 --N was 1:24.2, T1-1:9.59, and T2-1:11.10. The composition of the bacterial community in tobacco-planting soil varied significantly depending on the previously cultivated crops. The richness and diversity of the bacterial community with different crops were considerably higher than without prior cultivation of different crops. The dominant bacteria in different treatments were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, and Chloroflexi with their relative abundance differed. In conclusion, our study revealed significant differences in nutrient status, bacterial community diversity, and the richness of tobacco-planting soil after the preceding cultivation of different crops. Suitable crops should be selected to be previously cultivated in tobacco crop rotations in near future for sustainable agriculture.

Organic Fertilizer: A Key Component of Organic Agriculture-A Review

Gradually the area under organic farming is increasing and farmers are more attracted to organic farming due to various negative impacts associated with chemical fertilizers on soil as well as human health. But, while promoting the area under organic farming the main constraints that the farmers use-to face is lack of proper source, availability of adequate quantity of organic fertilizers for better crop production. For ages, although FYM and compost is the predominant source of organic agriculture, but the bulk requirement of the same discourages the farmers many a times. Now lot of organic fertilizers including liquid organic fertilizers is in use which is very cost effective and easy to apply. Therefore, an attempt has been made to review the different organic source, their nutrient content and their effect of different crops as well as on soil health.

Variation of soil organic matter depends on light-fraction organic matter under long-term monocropping of different crops

Cultivating crops influences soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect of different crops remains unclear, particularly under long-term monocropping. The objective of this study was to identify how different crops influence the content and chemical structures of SOM under long-term monocropping. Here, soils were sampled (0–20 cm) under 27-year soybean and maize monocropping and separated into different physical fractions. The content and chemical structures of SOM in all fractions were determined. SOM contents were higher under soybean than maize in bulk soil and macroaggregates and their light-fractions instead of microaggregates and silt and clay. The difference in SOM chemical structure was observed in aggregates and density fractions rather than bulk soils and supported by the result of principal component analysis. The proportion of O-alkyl C in macro- and microaggregates and all free light fractions and that of aromatic C in mineral-associated fractions were higher, while that of carbonyl C was lower under maize than soybean. These results demonstrated that different crops monocropping influences the content and chemical structures of SOM, and the variations were mainly in the light-fraction SOM and highlight a higher sensitivity of physical fractions than bulk soil to different crops.

POTENTIAL OF MAIZE, MILLET AND RATTLEBOX TO BREAK THE CYCLE OF 𝘚𝘱𝘰𝘥𝘰𝘱𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘥𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘢 (CRAMER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

This study evaluated the effect of different crops grown during soybean offseason on the development and reproduction of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer). The experiment was conducted in laboratory at 25°C±1°C, relative air humidity of 70%±10% and a 12h photophase. The plants evaluated were cotton (FMT 701), sunflower (Embrapa 122-V2000), rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth), corn (Dekalb 370) and millet (DR-300). The less suitable hosts for the survival of S. eridania were rattlebox, corn and millet. Only cotton and sunflower the specie completed its development (egg to adult). Corn, millet and rattlebox were the crops that most affected the performance of S. eridania, and therefore they could potentially be used in the soybean offseason period to interrupt the life cycle of this species, and thus reduce population incidence during soybean season.

Effects of different crops on rhizosphere bacterial diversity under immature soil conditions

ABSTRACT Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum var. compactum, and Chenopodium quinoa have strong stress resistance, allowing adaptation to poor environments. The study of the stress resistance mechanisms of these crops has important significance for humans. The microbial diversity and metabolic pathways in soil collected from the rhizospheres of S. italica, P.miliaceum var. compactum, and C.quinoa were investigated using high-throughput sequencing. The taxonomic composition analysis of the flora indicates that during seedling and flowering stages, compared with immature soil samples, the main differential genera were Brachybacterium (p < 0.05), Pimelobacter (p < 0.05) and Candidatus Nitrososphaera (p < 0.05) for C. quinoa rhizosphere soil samples; Glycomyces for S. italica rhizosphere soil samples (p < 0.05); and Pseudomonas for P.miliaceum var. compactum rhizosphere soil samples (p < 0.05). Functional prediction analysis showed that, in two different samples, the calcium signaling pathway in S. italica soil microbes was enriched. For P.miliaceum var. compactum and C. quinoa, the enriched metabolic pathways were clavulanic acid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of the type II polyketide backbone, respectively (all, p < 0.05). This study indicates that crop species and sampling times have significant effects on the diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms under immature soil conditions.

The effect of different crops and slopes on runoff and soil erosion

Abstract Runoff and soil erosion are serious environmental issues in farmland management. In a field experiment in Xingmu, China, data from nine plots with different slopes and crops were collected, and the crops' leaf area index (LAI) used to represent the impact of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion. The results show that slope and crop both have significant effects on runoff and soil erosion, and that the LAI can indicate the effects of different crops.

Runoff and Soil Erosion on Slope Cropland: A Review

Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice.

Smothering effect of different crops on weed Malva neglecta Wallr.

Field study was conducted at experimental farm of Punjab Agricultural University ,Ludhiana (India) during rabi seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with fourteen treatments having combination of seven different crops viz. bread wheat, durum wheat, six - rowed barley, two-rowed barley, raya, gobhi sarson, linseed and two weed control treatments i.e. hand weeded and unweeded. The study was planned with an objective to find out the most suitable Rabi crop that can suppress the weeds to maximum extent with minimum reduction in yield as there was no herbicide available which can control the weeds in an effective manner. Minimum weed dry matter accumulation was observed in raya (0.97qha-1 in the weeded plot) whereas maximum dry matter accumulation was observed in bread wheat (8.3qha-1), followed by durum wheat (6.1qha-1), linseed(5.0qha-1), barley (6-row) (4.9qha-1), barley (2-row) (2.6qha-1) and gobhi sarson (2.4qha-1). Raya (Brassica juncea) showed maximum suppressing poten-tial as minimum per cent reduction in crop yield of unweeded over weeded (7.4%) and minimum per cent increase in weed dry matter of unweeded over weeded( 44%) was observed in this crop. Gobhi sarson (Brassica napus) was the next best smothering crop followed by barley (2-row), barley (6-row), linseed, durum wheat and bread wheat, respectively in suppressing the M. neglecta. Two hand weedings treatment proved better in controlling the weeds as compared to unweeded treatment.

Effects of farming practice on populations of threatened amphibious plant species in temporarily flooded arable fields: implications for conservation management

Intensification of land use has led to a severe decline of arable plants in the past decades, particularly among species of marginal habitats, such as temporarily flooded fields. Few studies have focused on the factors controlling the population dynamics of these species, and on suitable strategies for more effective conservation. To investigate the effects of farming practice on plant populations of temporarily flooded fields, we determined above-ground and below-ground densities of four annuals (Elatine alsinastrum, Limosella aquatica, Myosurus minimus and Peplis portula) in a 3-year on-farm experiment. A fully-factorial experiment combined the treatments soil tillage, presence of crops, fertilisation and herbicide application. Soil tillage had a positive effect on plant establishment, whereas herbicide application had a negative effect on the establishment of all study species. Plant densities were controlled by application of fertilisers and herbicides, with the most significant effects on L. aquatica and M. minimus. Soil seed densities were mainly affected by environmental factors, but tillage also significantly reduced the seed densities of E. alsinastrum and P. portula. Other farming practices had a minor impact. Thus, reduced management can help in maintaining populations of rare amphibious plant species. The effect of different crops, crop rotation and the timing of management will help in developing the most appropriate management strategies for conservation of these plant species.

Assessing the Fluctuation Characteristics of Grain Output in China

The characteristics of gross grain output between 1949 and 2012 and the effects of different crops and production regions on fluctuations between 1978 and 2012 in China were analysed using empirical mode decomposition and variance decomposition methods. Grain output has shown a tendency to increase since 1970. Rice, wheat and corn were the primary crops contributing to gross grain output fluctuation, with rice playing the most significant role. The middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River contributed most to output fluctuation, followed by the northeast and Huang-Huai-Hai regions. The findings provide important evidence concerning trends in grain production in China.

Effect of Different Cropping Conditions, Depth of Burial, Age of Seeds, and Allelopathic Effect of Different Crops on the Germination Behavior of Little Seed Canary Grass (Phalaris Minor Retz.) Seeds

AbstractPot culture experiments were conducted to find out the effect of different cropping conditions, depth of burial and age of seeds on the survival of little seed canary grass (Phalaris minorRetz.) seeds. The results indicated that the soil temperature modifications through the flooding or filed capacity moisture status of the soil influenced the germination and viability of the buried weed seeds rather than the cropsper se. It was observed that the seeds lost their viability because of the anaerobic conditions and high temperatures and through increased membrane permeability of the seeds. TheP. minorRetz. seeds were found to be sensitive to anaerobic conditions. The longevity of seeds buried in rice-wheat system and Flooding-wheat system was found low when compared to those buried under soybean-wheat and field capacity-wheat conditions. Thein situeffect of rainy season (kharif) crops was found to confine to influencing the initial germination (vigor) of the little seed canary grass with cowpea, groundnut, soybean and sunflower inhibiting the initial germination of little seed canary grass. This inhibition was absent at the end of germination counts taken after twenty days after keeping for germination. The residual effect of cowpea, rice, soybean and sunflower was observed. The application of pearl millet and rice residues has considerably reduced the little seed canary grass germination, plant height, seedling fresh weight and leaf area at thirty days after sowing.

Crop evapotranspiration, arable cropping systems and water sustainability in southern Hebei, P.R. China

The effects of different crops and cropping systems on agricultural water use were explored for the region of Handan, Hebei province, P.R. China, with the goal of achieving more water-sustainable crop production and to ensure regional food security. The evapotranspiration of different crops and cropping systems was estimated using the FAO Penman–Monteith approach from 2000 to 2010 and compared with the natural precipitation amounts. Sown areas of individual crops were used to calculate regional water estimates and to identify crops with the highest need for irrigation water in Handan. Additionally, the number of people who were being sustained from the current and water-sustainable crop production was calculated by comparing the total crop energy produced in Handan with the energy intake of its population. Regional water-sustainability was achieved during simulation by balancing excessive evapotranspiration of croplands with the water-retention from year-round fallowed land. Several options that would lower agricultural water consumption while maintaining the current output of food energy were assessed based on the demands of individual crops for irrigation water. The present investigation determined that none of the tested single- or double-cropping systems were water-sustainable on a hectare scale, as evapotranspiration always exceeded the amount of natural precipitation. Nearly 30% of all evapotranspired water was irrigation water, which was mainly consumed by winter wheat, cotton and vegetables. The average crop production in Handan sustained 15 million people. Conversely, water-sustainable agriculture supplied food for only 5 million people from the available arable land, as approximately 60% of the arable land was a necessary compensation area designed to offset excessive crop evapotranspiration from the remaining croplands. The most effective ways to reduce agricultural water consumption were to allocate cotton areas to summer-grain crop production and to limit grain-based meat production.

Development of soil physical parameters in agricultural reclamation after brown coal mining within the first four years

In Lusatia, Eastern Germany, the largest German brown coal (lignite) mining area is located. We study agricultural reclamation of open cast brown coal mining areas over the reclamation period of seven years which is in Germany by law the fixed time after which the agricultural areas are resold to farmers and agricultural cooperatives. This paper shows the development of selected soil physical parameters within the first three and four years of reclamation in dependence of organic fertilization, soil tillage and crop rotation.The sandy substrate which is used to reconstruct the post mining landscape is of Saaleian origin, free of recent organic matter and characterized by a homogeneous fabric. During excavation, deposition on stockpiles and levelling, the substrate becomes partly severely compacted due to extensive mechanical stresses. The extent of induced stresses depends on the contact area pressure and on the number of wheel passes of the levelling machinery during these processes.In this context we investigated the effect of different organic soil additives in combination with different crop rotations on the development of soil structure. The experimental area was reconstructed in 2006 and 2007. Directly after site construction, undisturbed soil samples were taken to characterize the initial mechanical and hydraulic properties of the substrate. Three and four years later again undisturbed samples on selected sub plots were taken. In 2010 samples from plots where Alfalfa had been cultivated for three years were collected. The Alfalfa plots were wheeled only twice per year, once for fertilization and once to cut and chaff the biomass. In 2011 samples from plots with annual ploughing and seedbed preparation were taken to show the effects of different crops and tillage intensities in combination with varying soil organic fertilizers on soil structure development. Furthermore, we evaluated the persistence of the loosening effect of subsoiling in dependence on the reclamation practice. First results of our on-going experimental study indicate that initial soil physical properties are very variable on the sub plots. After three and four years, no loosening effect of deep loosening was found anymore. The comparison of the minimum tilled plots (Alfalfa) with the plots of medium tillage intensity showed that with decreasing soil tillage intensity the functionality of the pore system (saturated hydraulic conductivity, air permeability) is improved.

Wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.) interference in lentil and chickpea crops and its management through competitive cropping

The interference of wild onion with various densities of lentil and chickpea and its management through competitive cropping were studied under field conditions from 2001–2002 and 2002–2003 at Jabalpur, India. The observed yield loss and predicted yield loss related to wild onion indicated that wild onion was less competitive with chickpea than with lentil. As a result of intraspecies competition, the dry weight and number of seeds per plant for wild onion were reduced with increasing density. The suppressing effect of different crops on the seed rain of wild onion was in the order of pea &gt; mustard &gt; wheat &gt; chickpea &gt; linseed &gt; lentil &gt; French bean. Wheat, pea, and mustard were the most competitive crops against wild onion. The high shading ability of these crops was thought to contribute to the suppression of wild onion. French bean offered the least suppression while chickpea, linseed, and lentil showed moderate weed suppression.

Persian Darnel (Lolium persicum) Fecundity Response to Spring Wheat, Canola, and Sunflower Interference

Persian darnel control options are limited and unmanaged populations can cause substantial crop yield loss. Integrating crop diversification and higher crop seeding rates into a cropping system might improve Persian darnel management. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different crops and increased crop seeding rates on Persian darnel fecundity. Persian darnel produced up to 2,800 seeds per plant and 53,000 seeds/m2when grown without competition. Increasing crop density reduced Persian darnel tillers per plant, seed weight, and fecundity. Increasing crop density reduced Persian darnel fecundity 0.4 to 0.2% per spring wheat plant, 0.6 to 0.1% per canola plant, and 16 to 8% per sunflower plant. Persian darnel fecundity was impacted the greatest by reduced weed seedling establishment, which was caused by crop competition and seeding sunflower late in the spring preceded by a nonselective herbicide application. Results indicated delaying the seeding of spring crops or including a late-seeded warm season crop, like sunflower or safflower, in the cropping system is an effective weed management tool for reducing Persian darnel fecundity.

Alternate Method for Characterizing Nitrifier Activity in Soil

The method for studying short-term nitrifier activity (SNA) of soils described by Schmidt and Belser (1982) was evaluated and an alternate method is proposed. Effects of different soil treatments such as drying, liming, enrichment with NH+4, and cropping were studied using the alternate method for evaluating SNA. Several soils were selected varying in SNA values to study transformation of nested urea prills (0.1 g) or large urea granules (2.0 g) under controlled temperature conditions. Short-term nitrifier activity measurements made by the method described by Schmidt and Belser were quite variable, often negative, and filtration of slurries with high clay content was difficult. An alternate method is proposed which involves leaching 25-g soil in a Buchner funnel with 100 mL 0.01 M CaCl2 solution initially and then with 100 mL of a buffered phosphate solution containing 100 mg NH+4-N L−1 as nitrifier substrate under 67-kPa suction. Following incubation (usually 16 h) at 25°C, the soil is leached with 100 mL 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and (NO-2 plus NO-3)-N production determined as an estimate of SNA. This method gave larger and more consistent SNA values than the Schmidt and Belser method. Nitrifier population enrichment of alkaline soils with NH+4 increased the SNA values, while it resulted in lower SNA values in acid soils. Both liming (3 g CaCO3 kg−1 oven-dry soil) and liming plus enrichment with NH+4 increased SNA values in acid soils. Air drying resulted in decreased SNA values. The effect of different crops on SNA values was not readily apparent, as SNA was related to amounts of NO-3 present in soil. However, there was some evidence of inhibition of the nitrifier population under alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis) turf. The percent nitrification of a nested placement of 0.1 g of urea prills or 2.0 g urea granules gave highly significant relationships with SNA values. Percent nitrification was greater with soils varying in textural class from loamy sand to silt loam than for clayey soils at similar SNA levels. During the nitrification of large urea granules in soils with a relatively active nitrifier population, only small amounts of NO-2 were measured.

Factors Affecting the Accumulation and Loss of Nitrogen and Organic Carbon in Cropped Soils1

Data are presented showing the changes that have occurred in the nitrogen and organic carbon contents of fertility plat soils devoted to both continuous and rotative cropping at the Ohio Experiment Station. These data are analyzed and inferences drawn regarding the comparative effects of different crops and the influence of the size of crop. An attempt is made to differentiate between the effects of cultural practices and those of crop residues. The effects of manure are divided into those arising from the residues of the larger crops grown and those representing residues from the manure itself. It is estimated that a single year's cropping to the various crops has increased or decreased the organic carbon content of the soil by the following percentages of the total amount present in the soil: corn, -3.12; wheat, 1.44; oats, -1.41; hay in 5-year rotation (timothy predominating), +1.36.; hay in 3-year rotation (clover), + 3.25. The corresponding values for nitrogen are: corn, -2.97; wheat, -1.56; oats, -1.45; hay in 5-year rotation, +0.64; hay in 3-year rotation, +2.87. The amounts of both organic carbon and nitrogen in fertilized plats of the 5-year rotation experiment were found after 32 years cropping to be highly and positively correlated with the total crop production of these plats. The regressions were apparently linear and from the corresponding equations the amounts of nitrogen and carbon calculated for zero crop production were interpreted as the quantities that would have been found had the same cultural practices been employed but no residues whatever returned. The data of White for fertility plats of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station were found to show a similar relation, indicating a fairly constant contribution of organic matter per unit of crops produced irrespective of the yield. By comparing the composition of fertilized and unfertilized plat soils of the Ohio experiments, it is concluded that residues from the corn crop were of little value in conserving soil nitrogen or organic matter, those from oats were notably effective, and those from wheat intermediate in value. Of the nitrogen and organic carbon conserved during 32 years in the soil of a liberally manured plat in the 5-year rotation, it was estimated that about one-half on the limed end and three-fifths on the unlimed end was attributable to residues from the larger crops grown, the remainder being residual from the manure itself.