Effect Of Different Application Techniques Research Articles

Effect of different deposition techniques of PCDTBT:PC71BM composite on the performance of capacitive-type humidity sensors

The performance and hence pragmatic use of organic humidity sensors requires various factors to be addressed outside of progress in high-performance organic-based sensing materials. While important, evaluation of fabrication techniques also requires attention to optimise performance. Herein we report the effect of different application techniques on the humidity sensing performance of poly[N-90-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(40,70-di-2-thienyl-20,10,30-benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) organic composites. Spin-coating, immersion and drop-casting techniques have been applied to prepare sensors. Field-emission scanning electronic microscopy (FESEM) analysis of the prepared films revealed different types of self-assembled nanorods and nanotubes to be formed. The morphological and self-assembled differences could be attributed to various crystallisation processes as a result of different deposition techniques. Capacitive responses of all three sensors have been studied as a function of relative humidity at room temperature. PCDTBT:PC71BM composites prepared through the immersion technique showed superior sensing performance including higher sensitivity (62.34 pF/%RH) than sensors prepared through the spin coating (0.2 pF/%RH) and drop-casting (7.5 pF/%RH) techniques. The superior sensing performance of the sensor prepared through the immersion technique can be ascribed to both the nanotube and porous morphology exhibited.

Investigation of the effect of different application techniques on microhardness in bulk-fill composite resins

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different application techniques on microhardness in one universal resin material and three different bulk-fill composite resin materials.
 Materials and Methods: In this study, one universal composite resin (Universal Restorative 200 [U], 3M-ESPE, USA) and three different bulk-fill composite resins (Filtek-One Bulk-Fill Restorative [F]; 3M-ESPE, USA: Tetric Evo-Ceram Bulk-Fill [E]; and Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein; Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill [N], Ivoclar-Vivadent, Liechtenstein) materials were used. A total of 60 disk-shaped samples, including 20 samples from each bulk-fill composite resin group, were prepared. The polymerization of the bulk-fill composite resins in one group was completed using a 2 mm (40 sec) + 2 mm (40 sec) incremental technique, and in the other group, it was completed using a 4 mm bulk technique (40 sec). The U composite resin (control group) polymerization was completed using a 2 mm + 2 mm (40 sec) incremental technique (n = 10). The Vickers microhardness (VHN) values ​​of the samples were calculated. The data were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests (p < 0.05).
 Results: Higher VHN values ​​were found in the U composite resin compared to those in the bulk-fill composite resins (p < 0.05). In the bulk technique, a lower VHN value ​​was observed in the N bulk-fill composite resin than in the control group (p < 0.05), while there was no difference between the N and E composite resin groups (p > 0.05). A lower N bulk-fill composite resin was observed in the groups in which the incremental technique was applied than in the control group (p < 0.05). When the techniques applied to the bulk-fill composite resins were evaluated within themselves, higher VHN values ​​were observed in the E composite resin in the group in which the incremental technique was applied but not in the group in which the bulk was applied.
 Conclusion: It was observed that the content differences of composite resins were effective at different VHN values. The U composite resin (control) group showed higher VHN values than all the bulk-fill composite groups.
 
 How to cite this article: Fidan M, Gönder HY. Investigation of the effect of different application techniques on microhardness in bulk-fill composite resins. Int Dent Res 2021;11(Suppl.1):32-7. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2021.vol11.suppl1.6
 
 Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

Evaluation of Ozone Therapy in Endodontic Treatment of Teeth with Necrotic Pulp and Apical Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of different application techniques of ozone on the prevalence of postendodontic pain in patients undergoing single-visit root canal treatment. Methodshundred eight patients with necrotic pulp in single-rooted teeth and apical periodontitis participated in the trial. A standard single-visit endodontics protocol was followed with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and rotary nickel-titanium files. After shaping and cleaning, patients were randomly allocated into the following groups: group 1 (n = 21), ozone treatment with no activation (NA); group 2 (n = 22), ozone treatment with manual dynamic activation (MDA); group 3, (n = 21), ozone treatment with passive ultrasonic activation (PUA); group 4 (n = 23), ozone treatment with sonic activation (SA); and group 5 (n = 21), no ozone treatment (the control group). Patient levels of discomfort were recorded at 6 different time intervals using the visual analog scale (VAS). Comparison of the mean difference between the groups and time intervals was performed using 2-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test. The level of significance was set at 5%. ResultsVAS scores were highest for the control > NA > MDA > SA > PUA groups. A statistically significant reduction in VAS scores was observed in the PUA and SA groups in comparison with the NA, control, and MDA groups. Timewise comparison showed a highly significant decline in VAS scores at all time intervals (P < .001). ConclusionsUltrasonic and sonic activation of ozone resulted in less pain in patients undergoing single-visit endodontics compared with no ozone treatment.

Effect of Different Application Techniques of Universal Bonding System on Microtensile Bond Strength of Bulk-Fill Composites to Primary and Permanent Dentin.

Objectives:This study aimed to determine the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of a bulk-fill composite to permanent and primary coronal dentin using a universal adhesive in self-etch and total-etch modes.Materials and Methods:This in-vitro study was performed on 52 occlusal dentinal surfaces of human primary and permanent teeth. The crowns were cut to the gingival level. The 48 prepared dentin sections were randomly assigned to the following groups (n=13): A: Primary/Total-etch, B: Primary/Self-etch, C: Permanent/Total-etch, and D: Permanent/Self-etch. In groups A and C, after etching for 15 seconds, two layers of a universal bonding (Futurabond U) were applied and cured for 10 seconds. All samples were filled with a bulk-fill composite (x-trafil; VOCO) and cured for 40 seconds. The samples were cut to a bar-shaped dentin block with the dimensions of 1×1×1 mm3, and after 10,000 thermocycles, the μTBS test was accomplished at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of μTBS were calculated, and the data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s exact test.Results:The mean μTBS was as follows: A: 15.03±2.0279, B: 11.11±2.4423, C: 23.50±4.8165, and D: 16.26±6.3200 MPa. Futurabond U showed a higher μTBS in the total-etch mode (P<0.001). The permanent teeth had greater μTBS than the primary teeth (P<0.001). Similar percentages of failure modes were observed in the total-etch groups but in the self-etch groups, most failures were in the form of adhesive and mixed.Conclusion:Greater μTBS was observed in the permanent teeth with the total-etch technique.

Effect of different application techniques on microshear bond strength of self-etch adhesives to dentin

Objectives: To investigate the effect of different self-etch adhesive systems application techniques: active or passive in a single or double layer on adhesive–dentin microshear bond strength.Methods: Occlusal surfaces of 48 extracted human molars were ground to expose flat superficial dentin surfaces. Specimens were randomly divided into two main groups according to the tested self-etch adhesive system either: One-step self-etch (AdperTM easy-one) or two-step self-etch (AdperTM SE Plus). Each adhesive system was applied on the prepared dentin surfaces followed one of these techniques: (1) Passive application of a single layer, (2) Active application of single layer, (3) Passive application of double adhesive layer (with light curing in between), and (4) Active application of double adhesive layers. Resin composite was packed inside micro-tubes fixed on the bonded dentin surfaces and light cured for 40 s. All specimens were stored in artificial saliva either for 24 h or 3 months before testing. Microshear bond strength test was employed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min.Results: AdperTM SE Plus showed higher significant microshear bond strength in compared with AdperTM easy-one. For both adhesive systems active application showed higher significant microshear bond strength to dentin than passive application. Double application of adhesive systems showed lower microshear bond strength than single application.Conclusion: Active application of self-etch adhesives could improve the dentin microshear bond strength. Double application with curing in between the layers did not improve the bond strength to the tested adhesive.

Seismic strengthening of infilled reinforced concrete frames by CFRP

Abstract The objective of the presented research was to investigate seismic strengthening of non-structural brittle masonry infill walls of reinforced concrete (RC) frames by Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). The contribution of CFRP strengthening to the overall behaviour in terms of lateral strength and stiffness, effects of different application techniques and connection details were investigated experimentally and analytically. Experimental work consisted of two parts. The first part included diagonal tension tests of 26 masonry wall panel specimens. These tests were conducted to observe the effects of different CFRP types and applications over the initial stiffness, shear strength and failure modes. In the second part, five one story-one bay RC frames were tested under cyclic in-plane lateral loads. Lateral load-top displacement hysteresis curves and failure modes were obtained. Initial stiffness, peak-to-peak stiffness, equivalent displacement ductility, strength reduction factors, energy dissipation and hysteretic damping values of specimens were evaluated comparatively. A damage table was built for strengthened specimens using experimental observations. In the analytical part, structural models of the CFRP strengthened one story-one bay RC frames were established in order to achieve the generalization of a number of test results. Experimental results and observations were also utilized in this process. Analytical results complied well with the experimental results in terms of lateral load capacity and initial stiffness.

Effect of different application techniques of adhesive bonding agents on shear bond strength

Effect of different application techniques of adhesive bonding agents on shear bond strength

Effect of Different Application Techniques of All-in-One Adhesives on Microtensile Bond Strength to Sound and Caries-Affected Dentin

The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of two all-in-one self-etch adhesives applied to sound and caries-affected dentin with four different application techniques. Forty extracted third molars with occlusal caries were randomly divided into four groups for G-Aenial Bond and S3 Bond: (1) according to manufacturer's instructions; (2) with acid etching before applying adhesives; (3) doubling adhesive application time; and (4) doubling adhesive coating. Teeth were sectioned to obtain 1-mm- ± 0.2-mm-thick dentin sticks and subjected to a tensile force. For G-Aenial Bond, doubling the time and application of two consecutive coats produced significantly higher strength than that obtained by following manufacturers' instructions and acid etching application to sound dentin. Prior acid etching and application of two consecutive coats to caries-affected dentin generated significantly higher bond strength than that using other techniques. For S3 Bond, there was no significant difference between application techniques in caries-affected dentin. For sound dentin, double-time application of S3 Bond produced significantly higher strength than application according to the manufacturers' instructions. Compared to the application according to manufacturer's instructions, acid etching before applying adhesives, doubling application time, and doubling the coating had a positive effect on bond strength to caries-affected dentin for all-in-one adhesives.

Comparison of the effect of two application methods of self-adherent wrap (Coban™) on range of motion in the hands of healthy subjects

Introduction Coban™ (3M, Berkshire, UK) is a self-adherent dressing frequently used to control oedema in hands. There is a paucity of evidence investigating the effect of different application techniques of Coban™ on range of motion (ROM) of the hand. Method A within-subject design was used to evaluate the effect of two methods of application of Coban™ on the hand ROM of 25 participants. Each participant was tested at baseline, during the two methods of application and after removal of Coban™. Assessments were taken of finger flexion using a goniometer and of thumb ROM using the Kapandji's scale. Results The application of Coban™ reduced active range of joint flexion within the digits. There was also statistically significant difference active joint range of flexion between cylindrical and spiral Coban™ applications at the index finger proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint (5.2°, P = 0.033), and the middle finger PIP (3.8°, P = 0.003) and distal interphalangeal joints (3.6°, P = 0.018). Discussion The study findings suggest that both cylindrical and spiral Coban™ application to the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and the index and middle fingers reduce range of finger flexion. The cylindrical application limits to a lesser degree than a spiral application. Although the differences were statistically significant, the extent of change may not be of clinical importance.

Influence of slurry and mineral fertiliser application techniques on N2O and CH4 fluxes from a barley field in southern Finland

Abstract The application of livestock manure and mineral fertilisers is an important source of greenhouse gases in agriculture. Currently there is a lack of knowledge about the effects of different application techniques on nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes from agricultural soils. In this study, the effects of different application techniques on emissions of these gases from a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) field were compared. The study was conducted in Vihti, southern Finland. During a 5-month period, slurry injection combined with sowing produced the most N2O, with a cumulative N2O flux (±S.D.) of 1100 ± 293 g N2O-N ha−1. When slurry was injected and mineral fertiliser placed in combination with sowing, the cumulative N2O emissions were 660 ± 122 g N2O-N ha−1. Cumulative N2O flux was 400 ± 64 g N2O-N ha−1 from slurry incorporated 1 h after band spreading followed by combined placement of mineral fertiliser and sowing. N2O emissions were the lowest (290 ± 47 g N2O-N ha−1) when mineral fertiliser without slurry was placed in combination with sowing. The proportion of applied N lost as N2O during the 5-month period was highest (0.7%) in the treatment where only slurry was injected, and lowest (0.3%) when mineral fertiliser was placed. Cumulative CH4 fluxes ranged from −290 to 50 g CH4-C ha−1 in the treatments and no significant effect of the application technique was detected. The results suggest that separate emission factors should be developed for N2O emissions resulting from different application techniques.

The Effects of Different Application Techniques and Orifices on the Amount of Dentifrice Dispensed

The purpose of this study was to evaluate three different methods (ST: Standard technique; PS: Pea-size; TT: Transverse technique) for dentifrice use in children between 5-7 years of age, as well as to compare the amount of dentifrice dispensed by using tubes with different orifices (cresent or round shaped). One hundred children who dispensed the dentifrice themselves were asked to apply the quantity of dentifrice they usually used (ST or TT) (Phase-I). In Phase-II they were instructed to apply a PS amount, and in Phase III the TT was demonstrated. Statistical analysis was obtained by using Anova and t-test. Most of the children (82 patients) preferred to use the ST rather than the TT (18 patients). A decrease in the dentifrice amount was obtained with both of the shaped orifices after the instruction of PS or demonstration of the TT (p< 0.05). It was observed the amount of dentifrice dispended decreased when a cresent-shaped orifice was used. Children usually preferred to use the ST rather than the TT before the instruction or demonstration by the operator. The amount of dentifrice dispensed generally decreased when a dentifrice tube with a crescent-shaped orifice was used.

Application technique and slurry co-fermentation effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions after spreading: II. Greenhouse gas emissions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different application techniques on greenhouse gas emission from co-fermented slurry. Ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions were measured in two field experiments with four different application techniques on arable and grassland sites. To gather information about fermentation effects, unfermented slurry was also tested, but with trail hose application only. Co-fermented slurry was applied in April at a rate of 30 m3 ha(-1). Measurements were made every 4 h on the first day after application and were continued for 6 wk with gradually decreasing sampling frequency. Methane emissions were <150 g C ha(-1) from co-fermentation products and seemed to result from dissolved CH4. Only in the grassland experiment were emissions from unfermented slurry significantly higher, with wetter weather conditions probably promoting CH4 production. Nitrous oxide emission was significantly increased by injection on arable and grassland sites two- and threefold, respectively. Ammonia emissions were smallest after injection or trail shoe application and are discussed in the preceding paper. We evaluated the climatic relevance of the measured gas emissions from the different application techniques based on the comparison of CO2 equivalents. It was evident that NH3 emission reduction, which can be achieved by injection, is at least compensated by increased N2O emissions. Our results indicate that on arable land, trail hose application with immediate shallow incorporation, and on grassland, trail shoe application, bear the smallest risks of high greenhouse gas emissions when fertilizing with co-fermented slurry.

Laboratory Estimates of Trace Gas Emissions following Surface Application and Injection of Cattle Slurry

AbstractApplying cattle slurry to soil may induce emissions of the greenhouse gases N2O and CH4. Our objective was to determine the effects of different application techniques (surface application and slit injection) of cattle (Bostaurus) slurry on the decomposition of slurry organic matter and the emissions of N2O and CH2. The effects of slurry application (43.6 m3 ha−1) were studied for 9 wk under controlled laboratory conditions using a soil microcosm system with automated monitoring of the CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes. The soil used was a silty loam (Ap horizon of a cambisol) with a constant water‐filled pore space of 67% during the experiment. About 38% of the organic matter applied with the slurry was decomposed within 9 wk. Production of CO2 was not affected by the application technique. Emissions of N2O and CH4 from the injected slurry were significantly higher than from the surface‐applied slurry, probably because of restricted aeration at the injected‐slurry treatment. Total N2O‐N emissions were 0.2% (surface application) and 3.3% (slit injection) of the slurry N added. Methane emission occurred only during the first few days following application. The total net flux of CH4‐C for 2 wk was −12 g ha−1 for the control (CH4 uptake), 2 g ha−1 for the surface‐applied slurry, and 39 g ha−1 for the injected slurry. Slurry injection, which is recommended to reduce NH3 volatilization, appears to increase emissions of the greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 from the fertilized fields.

In Vitro Effects of Citric Acid Application Techniques on Dentin Surfaces

The present study evaluated the in vitro effects of different application techniques of citric acid on dentin root surfaces. Ten freshly extracted, periodontally involved teeth were obtained and 4 dentin slabs, approximately 4 x 6 x 2 mm, were obtained from the roots of each tooth, for a total of 40 slabs. These slabs were identified by tooth and preserved in 1:1 anhydrous glycerol/absolute alcohol solution. Citric acid pH 1 was applied to 32 of the slabs for 5 minutes with one of 4 different techniques: 1) immersion; 2) placed with a saturated cotton pellet with no rubbing; 3) placed and burnished with a saturated cotton pellet; or 4) applied with a camel hair brush. The remaining 8 dentin slabs were used as negative control specimens, root-planed and non-acid treated. Following the various treatments, the slabs were fixed, dehydrated, critical point dried, and coated for scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluation. Scanning photomicrographs were obtained at 2,000, 6,000, and 40,000 magnifications. The surface characteristics of the treated dentin slabs were evaluated descriptively regarding the degree of fiber exposure; the number of exposed tubules and the surface area occupied by tubule orifices were also measured. Friedman's 2-way analysis for block designs was employed. Results demonstrated that root-planed, non-acid treated specimens had an amorphous, irregular surface which corresponded to a smear layer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)