Effects Of Dietary Oil Source Research Articles

Effects of dietary oil sources and fat extraction methods on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of fat and fatty acids in growing pigs

BackgroundThere is a lack of data for the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of fat and fatty acids in national feed databases. In addition, it is important to specify the procedures used for fat analyses. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to 1) determine the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and SID of fat and fatty acids in ten different oil sources for growing pigs and to develop prediction equations for SID of fat based on fatty acid composition; and 2) compare the effect of the fat extraction methods on the calculated values for endogenous loss and digestibility of fat.MethodsTwenty-two barrows (initial body weight: 32.1 ± 2.3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum, and allotted to 1 of 11 experimental diets in a 4-period Youden Square design. A fat-free diet was formulated using cornstarch, soy protein isolate and sucrose. Ten oil-added diets were formulated by adding 6% of dietary oil sources to the fat-free diet at the expense of cornstarch. All diets contained 26% sugar beet pulp and 0.40% chromic oxide.ResultsThe endogenous loss of ether extract (EE) was lower than that of acid-hydrolyzed fat (AEE; P < 0.01). There were significant differences in the AID and SID of fat and saturated fatty acids across the dietary oil sources (P < 0.05). The SID of AEE for palm oil was lower than that of sunflower oil, corn oil, canola oil, rice oil and flaxseed oil (P < 0.01). The AID and SID of fat ranged from 79.65% to 86.97% and from 91.14% to 99.18%. Although the AID of EE was greater than that of AEE (P < 0.01), there was no significant difference in SID of EE and AEE except for palm oil. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U/S) had a positive correlation with SID of fat (P < 0.05), whereas C16:0 and long chain saturated fatty acids (LSFA) were significant negatively correlated with SID of fat (P < 0.01). The best-fit equation to predict SID of fat was SID AEE = 102.75 − 0.15 × LSFA − 0.74 × C18:0 − 0.03 × C18:1 (Adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.88, P < 0.01).ConclusionsWhen calculating the SID of fat, the EE content of the samples can be analyzed using the direct extraction method, whereas the acid hydrolysis procedure should be used to determine the AID of fat. Fat digestibility of dietary oils was affected by their fatty acid composition, especially by the contents of C16:0, LSFA and U/S.

Immune responses and acute inflammation in common carp Cyprinus carpio injected by E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as affected by dietary oils

Eicosanoids, resolvins, and lipoxins formed from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are the main lipid mediators in the inflammatory processes explaining the influence of dietary lipid sources on the immune system. The current study aimed to determine the effects of dietary plant oils instead of fish oil or LC-PUFA supplementation in these oils on fish immune and inflammatory responses under normal and LPS-stimulated conditions. Six iso-nitrogenous (ranging from 30.4 to 31.1%) and iso-lipidic (from 11.2 to 11.6%) diets were formulated using three oil sources: cod liver oil (CLO, as fish oil control); linseed oil (LO, rich in α-linolenic acid, ALA); sesame oil (SO, rich in linoleic acid, LA); a blend of LO and SO (SLO, v:v 1:1); and two pure plant oil diets supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid, DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or arachidonic acid, ARA (LO + ARA, LOA). Fish were fed the experimental diets to satiation for 42 days. On day 43, they were injected with E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 100 μg/fish. Fish plasma and tissues such as head kidney and liver were collected on day 42 and one day after LPS injection (day 44) for humoral immune variables and gene expression analyses, respectively. After 42 days of feeding, no influences of dietary oils were found on fish survival, growth, feed utilization, and humoral immune responses. On the other hand, LPS injection significantly stimulated immune responses and induced an acute inflammation in common carp through an increase of the complement activity and the up-regulation of genes involved in the innate immune system (c2), pro-inflammatory response (tlr-4, tnf-α, il-1, il-6, il-8, and cxc), eicosanoid metabolism (pla2, cox-1, 5-lox, and pge2), and anti-inflammatory response (tgf-β1 and nf-fki). Further, the expression of hsp70 was stimulated by LPS injection. The effects of dietary oil sources were observed after LPS injection, with a significant modification in the expression of almost all candidate genes. The highest pro-inflammatory responses induced by LPS were observed in CLO-fed fish while the mixture of plant oils (SLO) and LC-PUFA-supplemented diets induced significantly higher modulations in anti-inflammatory responses (il-10 and nf-kbi), general stress status (hsp70), and cytoprotection (gpx-1) compared to fish oil control and other pure plant oil groups. In conclusion, the immune response of common carp has been modified by the dietary fat sources. The fish oil-based diet supported an increase of the pro-inflammatory responses while the mixture of plant oil or LC-PUFA supplemented diets improved the anti-inflammatory responses and cytoprotection.

Effects of dietary oil sources (sunflower and fish) on fermentation characteristics, epithelial gene expression and microbial community in the rumen of lambs fed a high-concentrate diet

ABSTRACT The feeding of high-concentrate diets commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis which cause shifts in uptake dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and altered epithelial function. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation products, gene expression in the ruminal epithelium and the associated changes in ruminal microorganisms in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-six Afshari lambs adapted to a high-concentrate diet during a completely randomised design were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 100 g oil supplement (OS; 60 g sunflower oil and 40 g fish oil) for 10 (OS10), 20 (OS20) and 30 (OS30) d, respectively (n = 6). Lambs with no oil supplementation (OS0, n = 8) were considered as control and slaughtered at d 0 of the experiment, and the remaining lambs were slaughtered at 10, 20 and 30 d on feed. After slaughter, ruminal digesta was collected for evaluating fermentation and microbial community. Ruminal papillae were taken for assessment of epithelial gene expression. Compared with OS0 lambs, supplemental PUFA in OS30 lambs tended to decrease total SCFA concentration with decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations. Acetate:propionate ratios were decreased and ruminal pH was increased in OS20 and OS30 lambs compared to OS0. All groups with included OS had decreased concentrations of iso-valeric and valeric acids compared to OS0. Relative mRNA abundance of monocarboxylate transporter isoforms 1 and 4, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2 decreased with increasing OS duration. The relative abundance of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 mRNA transcript was higher for OS10 and OS20 lambs relative to OS0 lambs. OS20 and OS30 showed a decrease of lipopolysaccharide binding protein mRNA expression compared with OS0. Feeding supplemental PUFA decreased Ciliate protozoa and increased Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens in OS20 and OS30 lambs, whereas Megasphaera elsdenii was increased in OS30 lambs. In conclusion, combined supplementation of sunflower and fish oil to a high-concentrate diet affects the ruminal microbial community with prominent decreases in ruminal ciliate protozoa and increases in B. fibrisolvens and M. elsdenii. These results lead to a more stabilised ruminal pH and a fermentation shift towards more propionate generation. Consideration of nutrients digestion will help to fully understand the benefits of feeding PUFA with a high-concentrate diet.

Effects of dietary oil sources, calcium and phosphorus levels on growth performance, carcass characteristics and bone quality of broiler chickens

ABSTRACTThe study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. A total of 378, 1-day-old birds (Cobb 500) were fed either 6% palm oil, soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) in combination with three dietary levels of calcium (1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50%) for 6 weeks. Birds fed SO had higher body weight (BW) compared with those fed LO (p < .05). However, feed efficiency, carcass and bone quality were similar among the oil treatments. Regardless of the oil source, chicken fed diets containing 1.50% of Ca had lower BW compared with those fed 1.00% and 1.25% of Ca. In contrast, birds fed 1.25% of Ca had significantly higher (p < .05) bone quality than those fed 1% of Ca. It can be concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 1.25% improved bone quality regardless of the type of oil.

Effect of dietary oil sources on fatty acid composition of ruminal digesta and populations of specific bacteria involved in hydrogenation of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid in finishing lambs

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of fatty acid composition with specific bacteria involved in hydrogenation of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid in response to dietary oil sources. 28 finishing Bamei lambs were randomly allocated to 4 diets composed of dehydrated hay and concentrate mixture containing no additional lipid (CONT), supplemented with 40g/kg dry matter (DM) of fish oil (FO), 40g/kg DM of sunflower oil (SFO), or 10g/kg DM of fish oil plus 30g/kg DM of sunflower oil (FOSFO). After 120days of feeding, ruminal fluid and digesta were harvested from each lamb for FA composition and fermentation characteristic analysis, respectively. QPCR was undertaken for determining the relative contents of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus in ruminal fluid. Compared with CONT, both SFO and FOSFO did not influence the major ruminal fermentation parameters except for total volatile FA (TVFA), however FO fed alone shifted rumen fermentation toward propionate at the expense of acetate with no change in molar proportions of other individual volatile FA (VFA). Dietary oil supplements resulted in the accumulation of trans-11 C18:1 in ruminal digesta, and FO inclusion simultaneously induced a marked decrease in C18:0 concentrations. Sunflower oil inclusion resulted in a small decrease in the relative proportion of B. fibrisolvens, however, the relative proportion of B. proteoclasticus was substantially less for lambs fed fish oil supplements compared with CONT. QPCR analysis indicated that a weak relationship between the number of B. proteoclasticus and C18:0 concentrations (P<0.01, R2=0.3293). In general, unprotected FO, SFO, or FOSFO affected ruminal fermentation and produced series of bio-hydrogenation intermediates. Alterations in ruminal bio-hydrogenation were associated with changes in the abundance of B. proteoclasticus, but B. proteoclasticus was not the dominant bacterium in producing C18:0.

Effects of dietary oil sources and calcium : phosphorus levels on growth performance, gut morphology and apparent digestibility of broiler chickens

The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) levels and sources of oil on performance of broiler chickens. A total of 378 one-day-old birds were fed 6% palm oil (PO), soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) in combination with three levels of Ca, 1%, 1.25% and 1.5%, for six weeks in a 3 x 3 factorial experiment. Birds fed diet supplemented with SO and PO had higher average daily gains, more abdominal fat and greater villi height compared with those fed LO. However, feed efficiency, apparent digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein and ash were similar across treatments. Regardless of oil source, the chickens fed diets containing 1.5% Ca had a lower bodyweight and apparent digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and phosphorus (P) than those fed 1% and 1.25% Ca. In contrast, the birds fed 1.25% Ca had higher ash, Ca and P digestibility than did the 1% Ca birds. Interaction between source of oil and Ca level on mineral digestibility was significant. It can be concluded that palm oil could be used as an alternative to soybean and linseed oils to improve growth performance in broiler chickens. Moreover, increasing the level of Ca to 1.25% can improve broiler performance and apparent nutrient digestibility, regardless of the type of oil used in the current study. Keywords: Broiler performance, dietary calcium levels, linseed oil, nutrient digestibility, palm oil, soybean oil, villus height

The Effects of Dietary Oil Sources on Performance, Serum Corticosterone Level, Antibody Titers and IFN-γ Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of addition of fish oil, soybean oil and olive oil to diet on performance and immune response in broiler chickens. In a completely randomized design, 320 broiler chickens (Ross 308, 7 days old) were allocated to four dietary treatments (control and three vegetable oils), four replicates with 20 chicks per each. The results showed that body weight gain of chicks fed soybean oil was higher and feed conversion ratio was better than the other treatments in the total period (P 0.05). Chicks fed fish oil had higher relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and there were no significant differences in relative weights of spleen among treatments. It was concluded that the source of oils in the diet may be affect the performance and immune response, the addition of fish oil and soybean oil to the diet resulted in significant improvement of performance and immune response in broiler chickens, respectively.

Effect of dietary oil sources on growth performance, body composition, the serum biochemical indices, fatty acids composition and lipid metabolism of Carassius auratus gibelio

This study focused on evaluating the effects of different dietary lipid sources on growth,body composition,serum biochemical indices,and activities of lipometabolism enzymes of Carassius auratus gibelio.The growth experiment was conducted to test four dietary lipids(soybean oil,rapeseed oil,linseed oil,and fish oil) on C.auratus gibelio.The fish with initial body weight(14.33±0.02) g were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group,fed with 5.4% of each lipid included in basic diet in a recirculation system for 63 days.The results showed that the weight gain rate and the specific growth rate of fish fed both soybean oil and rapeseed oil were significantly(P0.05) higher than that of fish fed fish oil,while the condition factor of fish that fed soybean oil was significantly(P0.05) lower than that of fish fed fish oil and linseed oil,and not different from that of other groups.However,the muscle moisture,the crude lipid,the crude protein,and the ash content in different tissues of C.auratus gibelio did not showed significant difference among the groups(P0.05).Fatty acid composition of muscle in fish generally reflected the composition of the diet.There was close correlation between the fatty acid composition of fish muscle and those of experimental diets.The activities of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT),glutamic-oxalacetic transaminease(GOT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in the plasma of fish oil group were significantly higher than the other groups(P0.05),while no significant difference was found among all treatments in insulin,cortisol,total protein(TP),albumin(ALB),globulin(GLB),A/G,glucose(GLU),cholesterol(CHOL),and triglyceride(TG) in the plasma.Furthermore,enzyme activities related to lipid metabolism(carnitine palmityl transferase-I,carnitine palmityl transferase-II,acetyl-coa carboxylase,lipoprotein lipase and so on) of crucian carp were not significantly different among all treatments.These results indicate that the diet supplemented with rapeseed oil or linseed oil in feeding C.auratus gibelio can also achieve good growth and provide theoretical basis for the replacement of fish oil and soybean oil,which can economize the production cost in the future.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Different Oils on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Quail

To assess the effects of dietary oil source on productive and reproductive traits, sunflower oil, flax oil, corn oil or fish oil were induced in quail diets. One hundred and sixty eight 7 weeks old Japanese quail were randomly assigned to 4 groups (12 males and 30 female each) with 3 replicates per group containing 4 males and 10 f emales each and fed for 13 weeks (including one week as adaptation period) on a commercial diet supplemented with 3% of sunflower oil (T1), Flax oil (T2), corn oil (T3), or fish oil (T4). The birds received water and feed ad libitum during the study. Results of experiment revealed that dietary supplementation with different sources of oil had no significant effect on male body weight, female body weight and feed consumption of quails. Dietary fish oil at the inclusion level of 3% (T4) recorded the best results (p<0.05) in regard to egg weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, cumulative egg production, feed conversion ratio, fertility, hatchability of eggs set, hatchability of fertile eggs and embryonic livability, followed by the results of flax oil (T2), whereas the lowest values for these traits recorded for corn oil (T3) followed by the results of sunflower oil (T1) which recorded the lowest means with relation to characteristics included in this study. However, there was no significant difference between T2 and T3 in respect to feed conversion ratio during the entire period of experiment. In general it can be recommended that use of fish oil (T4) and flax oil (T2) at levels of 3% in Japanese quail diet during the laying period get higher economic efficiency without adverse effects on productive and reproductive performance. Therefore, providing fish oil or flax oil to quail throughout their laying period may be a simple means to enhance reproductive efficiency of these birds.

Effects of dietary oil sources on egg quality, fatty acid composition of eggs and blood lipids in laying quail

This study was performed to investigate the effects of different oils in the diets of laying quail on their performance, egg quality, serum lipids and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. One hundred and ninety two 12-wk old Japanese quail were allocated to eight groups with two replicates containing 12 quail each. They were fed for 10 weeks on diets containing 4% oil from different sources, viz. either sunflower, sesame, cottonseed, olive, hazelnut, maize, soyabean or fish oil. The dietary oils affected egg weight and its specific gravity, the egg yolk index and the Haugh unit but had no effect on live weight of the birds, eggshell thickness and albumen index. The highest egg weights were recorded in the groups fed olive and sunflower oil. Eggs from the soyabean oil group had the highest specific gravity. Serum triglyceride concentrations were lower in the birds receiving diets containing sunflower and hazelnut oil than in the other treatments. Serum total cholesterol levels were higher in the groups fed hazelnut and cottonseed oil than in those receiving the other oils. Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were lower in the groups fed soyabean and olive oil than the other oil sources. The results of this study demonstrated that olive oil improved egg weight and egg shell quality compared to the other oils tested; fish and soyabean oil increased the omega-3 fatty acid level of egg yolk, and soyabean oil had positive effects on serum lipid concentrations. Incorporation of these oils into the diets of Japanese quail may have practical value in manipulating egg yolk quality. Keywords : Blood lipids, egg, fatty acid, oils, performance, Japanese quail South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 38 (2) 2008: pp. 91-100

Effect of Dietary Oil Sources and Levels on Growth, Feed Utilization and Whole-Body Chemical Composition of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Fingerlings

Effect of Dietary Oil Sources and Levels on Growth, Feed Utilization and Whole-Body Chemical Composition of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Fingerlings

Muscle lipid storage pattern, composition, and adipocyte distribution in different parts of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) fed fish oil and vegetable oil

The effects of dietary oil source on lipid storage were evaluated in harvest size Atlantic salmon fed fish (FO) or vegetable oil (VO) based diets from start-feeding. Final weight and fat content were not significantly different for salmon fed FO and VO diets over a 27 month period. Fish fed these diets were scanned by computerized X-ray tomography (CT) and the whole body scans partitioned into two equal sections according to distance in longitudinal direction. Visible depot fat (area % of soft tissues) and mixed tissue fat levels were significantly higher in the anterior compared to posterior sections, but longitudinal fat distribution was not affected by diet. Differences in the fatty acid (FA) composition of the FO and VO diets were reflected in the tissues (white muscle, red muscle, white muscle myosepta, belly flap and visceral fat) of Atlantic salmon fed these diets. Lipid levels in these tissues were not significantly different for salmon fed FO and VO diets. No obvious differences were observed histologically in the lipid storage patterns of these tissues for salmon fed FO and VO diets. Visceral fat and belly flap tissues were predominated by adipocytes and contained the highest levels of total lipid and triacylglycerol (TAG) per g wet weight for the tissues tested. The red muscle contained higher lipid levels than the white muscle (> 4 fold for salmon fed the same FO or VO diet). Intracellular lipid droplets were observed by light microscopy in oil red O stained frozen sections of the red muscle but not observed to any extent in the white muscle (dorsal, lateral and ventral) for salmon fed FO and VO diets. Observations at higher magnifications, however, revealed small lipid droplets located in close association with mitochondria in the cytoplasm of white muscle cells. High densities of adipocytes were observed in the myosepta of red and white muscle for salmon fed FO and VO diets. White muscle myosepta had a significantly higher total lipid content and proportion of TAG than the white muscle. The belly flap, myosepta and visceral fat, (adipocyte-rich, lipid storage tissues) contained a higher proportion of TAG and monounsaturated FA as well as a lower proportion of polar lipid and n-3 polyunsaturated FA compared to the muscle tissues.

Effects of dietary oil source on growth and fillet fatty acid composition of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii peelii

The Murray cod, an Australian native freshwater fish, supports a relatively small but increasing aquaculture industry in Australia. Presently, there are no dedicated commercial diets available for Murray cod; instead, nutritionally sub-standard feeds formulated for other species are commonly used. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the suitability of two plant based lipid sources, canola oil (CO) and linseed oil (LO), as alternatives to fish oil for juvenile Murray cod. Five iso-nitrogenous, iso-calorific, iso-lipidic semi-purified experimental diets were formulated with 17% lipid originating from 100% cod liver oil (FO), 100% canola oil, 100% linseed oil and 1 : 1 blends of canola and cod liver oil (CFO) and 1 : 1 blends of linseed and cod liver oil (LFO). Each of the diets was fed to apparent satiation twice daily to triplicate groups of 50 Murray cod with initial mean weights of 6.45 ± 1.59 g for 84 days at 22 °C. Final mean weight, specific growth rate and daily feed consumption were significantly higher for the FO and LFO treatments compared to the LO treatment. Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios were not significantly different amongst treatments. Experimental diets containing vegetable oil and vegetable oil blend(s) had significantly higher concentrations of n-6 fatty acids, predominantly in the form of linoleic acid (LA), while n-3 fatty acids were present in significantly higher concentrations in LO and LFO treatments. The fatty acid composition of Murray cod fillet was reflective of the dietary lipid source. Fillet of fish fed the FO was highest in EPA (20:5n-3), ArA (20:4n-6) and DHA (22:6n-3). Fish fed the CO diet had high concentrations of oleic acid (OlA) (192.2 ± 10.5 mg g lipid − 1 ), while the fillet of Murray cod fed the LO diet was high in α-linolenic acid (LnA) (107.1 ± 6.7 mg g lipid − 1 ). The present study suggests that fish oil can be replaced by up to 100% with canola oil and by up to 50% with linseed oil in Murray cod diets with no significant effect on growth.

Flesh quality of raw and smoked fillets of Atlantic salmon as influenced by dietary oil sources and frozen storage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary oil source and frozen storage on flesh quality characteristics of Atlantic salmon. Four diets containing either 100% of Peruvian fish oil (PO), capelin oil (CO), soybean oil (SO) or low-erucic acid rapeseed oil (RO) as supplemental oil were fed to triplicate groups of salmon for 135 days. After slaughter, half of the fish were smoked while the rest were analysed when raw. For smoked and raw fish, the left fillet was analysed as fresh fillet while the right fillet was frozen and stored at −20 °C for two or four months before analyses. Fish fed SO and PO diets had firmer texture than fish fed RO diet. Liquid holding capacity (LHC) and colour evaluation were influenced by dietary oil source. Colour of fish fed fish oil-diets had significantly higher colour than fish fed vegetable oil-diets. Frozen storage decreased the firmness of raw fillets and the LHC of raw and smoked fillets. Colour evaluation was affected by frozen storage by increasing L *, a * and b * values whereas muscle carotenoid concentrations slightly decreased. Lipid oxidation was more pronounced in fish fed high levels of n-3 fatty acids and increased with frozen storage.