Effects Of Dietary Menhaden Oil Research Articles

Effects of dietary menhaden oil on growth and reproduction in gilts farrowed by sows that consumed diets containing menhaden oil during gestation and lactation

In sows, n-3 fatty acids increase litter sizes, however, effects on gilt reproductive development have not been adequately studied. Moreover, not determined are effects of feeding n-3 fatty acids to sows on reproduction in offspring. The objective here was to determine effects of 4% dietary menhaden oil on growth and puberty in gilts farrowed by sows fed menhaden oil. Sows (n = 44) were assigned to: (1) control gestation and lactation diets, or (2) diets including menhaden oil. For primiparous sows only, total litter size and born alive were greater (P < 0.05) in females fed menhaden oil. Conversely, pigs from primiparous controls were heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs from primiparous sows fed menhaden oil (parity by diet interactions, P < 0.01). Diet did not affect (P > 0.20) other sow and litter characteristics. At weaning, 84 gilts from control- or menhaden oil sows were placed three gilts per pen and provided control diets or diets containing menhaden oil. Nursery and grow-finish feed intake and feed efficiency were similar (P > 0.21) for gilts from the different sows and weight gain was similar (P > 0.24) for gilts fed control or menhaden diets. Gilts fed menhaden oil tended to eat less in the nursery (1.18±0.08 kg v. 0.98±0.08 kg; P = 0.09) and overall (1.83±0.04 kg v. 1.72±0.04 kg; P = 0.06). Thus, overall feed to gain was greater (2.52±0.03 v. 2.33±0.03; P < 0.01) and nursery (2.12±0.04 v. 1.80±0.04; P = 0.10) and grow-finish (3.07±0.19 v. 2.58±0.19; P = 0.08) feed to gain tended to be greater, for control gilts. Age at puberty was greater (P = 0.02) for gilts from menhaden oil-fed sows (205.1±3.2 days) compared to gilts from controls (193.9±3.2 days) and tended to be greater (P = 0.09), for controls (203.5±3.2 days) compared to gilts fed menhaden oil (195.5±3.2 days). A tendency existed (P = 0.09) for greater follicular fluid in gilts fed menhaden oil, however, ovulation rate and ovarian, luteal and uterine weights were not affected by sow diet, gilt diet or the interaction (P > 0.23). Feeding gilts menhaden oil enhanced feed efficiency and hastened puberty onset. Gilts from sows consuming menhaden oil exhibited delayed puberty and retaining females from sows fed this feedstuff may be ill advised.

The protective effect of menhaden oil in the oxidative damage and renal necrosis due to dietary choline deficiency

Weanling rats fed a choline-deficient diet develop kidney oxidative damage, tubular and cortical kidney necrosis, renal failure and animal death. The effect of dietary menhaden oil was assayed on the mentioned sequence correlating oxidative stress with renal structure and function. Rats were fed ad libitum 4 different diets: (a) a choline-deficient diet with corn oil and sunflower hydrogenated oil as a source of fatty acids; (b) the same diet supplemented with choline; (c) a choline-deficient diet with menhaden oil as a source of fatty acids; and (d) the previous diet supplemented with choline. Animals were sacrificed at days 0, 2, 4 and 7. The histopathological study of the kidneys showed that renal necrosis was only observed at day 7 in choline-deficient rats receiving the vegetable oil diet, simultaneously with increased creatinine plasma levels. Homogenate chemiluminescence (BOOH-initiated chemiluminescence) and phospholipid oxidation indicate the development of oxidative stress and damage in choline-deficient rats fed vegetable oils as well as the protective effect of menhaden oil. Rats fed with the fish oil diet showed that oxidative stress and damage develop later, as compared with vegetable oil, with no morphological damage during the experimental period.

Effects of dietary menhaden oil, soybean oil and soybean lecithin oil at different ratios on growth, body composition and blood chemistry of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei

A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of menhaden oil (MO), soybean oil (SO) and soybean lecithin oil (SL) at different ratios (MO/SO/SL) in practical diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by determining their effects on survival, growth, blood chemistry and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Eight isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated using 3% MO(3/0/0), 3% SO(0/3/0), 3% SL(0/0/3), 1% MO + 1% SO + 1% SL (1/1/1), 1% SO + 2% SL (0/1/2), 1% MO + 2% SL (1/0/2), 2% SO + 1% SL (0/2/1) and 2% MO +1% SL (2/0/1), respectively. There were no significant differences in body weight gain among all treatments. However, shrimp fed diets with SL supplementation showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher survival than those fed diets without SL supplementation (3% MO and 3% SO diets). The fatty acid (FA) composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue reflected, to a certain extent, FA composition of the test diets. Shrimp fed the 3% SL diets showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher triglyceride (TG) concentration in serum than those fed the other experimental diets. Shrimp fed diets containing SL have relatively higher total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) concentration in serum than those fed the diets without SL (3% MO and 3% SO). The results of the present investigation are encouraging and confirmed soybean lecithin supplement in shrimp practical diets, when sufficiently high levels of phospholipid are present, survival is enhanced.

Effects of Dietary Menhaden Oil on Fertility and Sperm Quality of Broiler Breeder Males

To assess the effects of dietary fat source on semen quality and fertility, either poultry fat or menhaden oil (MO) was included in broiler breeder male diets. Males received diets containing either poultry fat or MO from 0 to 65 wk of age. When males were 47 wk of age, hens were inseminated every third week through 65 wk with 7.5 × 107 sperm. Fertility and hatch data were collected by incubating eggs laid during each 2-wk post-insemination (WPI) period. The approximate number of sperm that penetrated the perivitelline membrane of the ovum was determined from eggs laid on the eighth day post-insemination. Sperm mobility index was measured at 60 and 63 wk of age from all males producing semen.When males were provided MO, fertility and hatchability of eggs set from the second WPI were greater by 6.4 and 6.9%, respectively. Testis weight, sperm mobility index, sperm holes in the ovum, and the number of males producing semen were similar between treatments. Although most reproductive characteristics were similar, fertility during the second WPI was significantly enhanced by providing dietary MO. This suggests that sperm from males consuming MO may have persisted in sperm storage tubules for longer periods.

Protective effect of menhaden oil on renal necrosis occurring in weanling rats fed a methyl-deficient diet

Weanling rats fed a lipotropic-deficient diet (LDD) may develop acute renal failure with morphological features that vary from focal tubular necrosis to widespread cortical necrosis and eventually reparative changes. The type of lipid in the diet influences the development of renal necrosis. The aim of this work was to study the effect of dietary menhaden oil on the development of acute renal failure induced in weanling rats fed a methyl-deficient diet. Experiment I: 40 weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats were allotted to 4 different groups and fed as follows: group 1, LDD with hydrogenated vegetable oil and corn oil as lipids; group 2, LDD with menhaden oil as lipid; group 3 and 4, similar to groups 1 and 2 plus choline. Rats were fed ad libitum until they died; surviving animals were killed on day 21. Mortality in the 4 groups was 60, 0, 0, and 10% respectively. Rats from groups 2, 3 and 4 did not show renal damage. Rats from group 1 showed tubular or cortical necrosis in dead rats and reparative changes in those killed on the 21st day. Experiment II was similar to experiment I, except that 45 weanling Wistar male rats were used and they were killed on the 7th day. All rats from group 1 showed renal necrosis; no renal damage was found in rats from groups 2, 3 and 4. Urea and creatinine alterations corroborated the renal changes. We conclude that menhaden oil displays a protective effect for renal necrosis induced by methyl-deficient diets in weanling rats.

Effects of dietary menhaden oil on mucosal adaptation after small bowel resection in rats

Adaptive hyperplasia of the small intestine is important in the outcome of short bowel syndrome. Previous studies have shown that long-chain fats stimulate this process. In the present study, the trophic effects of dietary menhaden oil, a highly unsaturated fat source, on mucosal adaptation following small bowel resection in rats was evaluated. Thirty weanling Sprague-Dawley rats and their controls were fed diets containing fats provided primarily as menhaden oil, safflower oil, or beef tallow. After 4 weeks, animals underwent a 70% jejunoileal resection. Mucosal mass, DNA, protein, and sucrase levels were assessed 14 days after a 70% jejunoileal resection or control feeding. Serum fatty acid composition and several gastrointestinal hormone levels were measured. Resected animals fed menhaden oil showed a marked increase in mucosal weight, DNA, and protein levels compared with rats fed the other fat sources. Enteroglucagon level was increased in all resected groups, but least increased in the menhaden-fed animals. In contrast, peptide YY concentrations were most increased in animals fed menhaden oil. Menhaden oil appears more effective in inducing intestinal adaptation than less highly unsaturated fats. Analysis of gastrointestinal hormones revealed no clear-cut explanation for this finding, other than a modest but associated increase in peptide YY levels.

Effect of dietary menhaden oil on growth and muscle fatty acid composition of hybrid striped bass, Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis

Hybrid striped bass were fed four diets in triplicate containing 0, 4, 8 and 12% menhaden fish oil (MFO) for 18 weeks to determine uptake of n−3 fatty acids and its effect on body composition and fish health during growth to market size. Fish (X = 624 ± 26 g) were stocked in 12 circular flow-through tanks (2000 liters) with 9 ppt salinity and temperature at 22°C. Fish fed the 4 and 8% MFO diets had significantly better growth compared to fish fed the 0 or 12% MFO diets. Survival ranged from 89 to 96% and did not appear to be diet-related. Fatty acid profiles in muscle tissue reflected the diet concentrations with significant increases ( P ≤ 0.05) in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in fish fed the 8 and 12% MFO diets. Other fatty acids demonstrating significant ( P ≤ 0.05) muscle concentration increases of 1% or greater in fish fed the MFO diets were: 14:0,16:1 n−7, 22:6 n−3, as well as total polyunsaturates, total n−3 fatty acids, and the n-3 n-6 ratio. Fatty acids showing significant decreases ( P ≤ 0.05) of 1% or greater were 16:0, total saturates and monounsaturates. Fish fed the 0% MFO diet had a decline in both EPA (6.1 to 5.4%) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (12.5 to 8.6%). Thus, a dietary source of n−3 fatty acids is important in maintaining EPA and DHA levels during intensive culture. Fish fed the 8 and 12% MFO diets had twice as much n−3 fatty acids (1.0 g/100 g tissue) as those without MFO (0.5 g/100 g tissue). There were no significant ( P ≤ 0.05) differences in muscle composition except lipid content which increased from 3.2% in the 0% MFO, to 3.5%, 3.9% and 4.4% in the 4, 8 and 12% MFO treatments, respectively. No significant changes were observed in serum triglyceride concentration, hepato-somatic index, and hepatic structure.

Effect of dietary menhaden oil on normal growth and development and on ameliorating mucosal injury in rats

We evaluated the effects of menhaden oil on growth and development of the small intestinal mucosa in growing rats and on the progression and resolution of methotrexate-induced mucosal injury in the rats. One study compared effects of diets containing 10% safflower oil(SO), 9% SO and 1% menhaden oil (MO), 10% MO, or 9% MO and 1% SO on mucosal growth and development for 125 d. In another study, animals fed the 10% MO or the 10% SO diet for 5 wk were subjected to subcutaneous methotrexate injections for 3 consecutive days. Feeding rats a diet containing large amounts of menhaden oil resulted in lower prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 synthesis and lower sucrase activities. Indicators of mucosal mass after methotrexate-induced injury were significantly improved in both the jejunum and ileum at 3 and 10 d after methotrexate administration. Our data suggest that dietary menhaden oil stimulates mucosal regeneration after methotrexate-induced injury.

Anti-arrhythmic effects of dietary menhaden oil (MO) in myocardial ischkmia-rkperfusion

Anti-arrhythmic effects of dietary menhaden oil (MO) in myocardial ischkmia-rkperfusion

Effect of dietary menhaden oil and vitamin E onin vivo lipid peroxidation induced by iron

Weanling rats were fed diets containing 10% menhaden oil (MO) or 10% corn oil-lard (1:1, COL) with low (less than or equal to 5 IU/kg) or supplementary (35 IU/kg) vitamin E for six weeks. The rats were killed 30 min after injection with 24 mg iron/kg as ferrous chloride because thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in liver homogenates were highest at 30 min after injection of iron into rats fed a standard diet. Tissue homogenates were used either without incubation (zero-time) or after incubation at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. In addition to TBARS and conjugated dienes, headspace hexanal and total volatiles (TOV) determined by capillary gas chromatography were useful indices of lipid peroxidation since they were decreased by vitamin E supplementation and were increased with increasing iron dose. Regardless of the dietary lipid used, vitamin E supplementation decreased headspace hexanal, TOV, TBARS and conjugated dienes in both zero-time and incubated homogenates of liver and kidney. Dietary MO increased TBARS in both zero-time and incubated homogenates of tissue from rats injected with iron. In contrast, dietary MO decreased hexanal and TOV in incubated tissue homogenates. The study demonstrated the usefulness and limitations of using hexanal and TOV as indices of lipid peroxidation.

Effects of dietary menhaden oil and retinyl acetate on the growth of DU 145 human prostatic adenocarcinoma cells transplanted into athymic nude mice.

The effects of feeding menhaden oil (MO), rich in omega-3 fatty acids, or supplemental vitamin A [as retinyl acetate (RA)], on the growth of DU 145 human prostate cancer cells were studied in athymic nude mice. The mice were fed AIN-76A diets containing either 23% corn oil (CO), a mixture of 17% MO and 6% CO, or 23% CO plus RA. After irradiation sterilization, the RA-supplemented diet was found to contain approximately 15 times the amount of vitamin A present in the control diet. There were 24 mice in each dietary group. Three weeks after commencement of feeding the experimental diets, 1 x 10(6) or 5 x 10(6) DU 145 cells were inoculated into subgroups of 12 animals, and the appearance and growth of solid tumors followed over a 6-week period. There was no significant difference in tumor latency between mice fed MO plus CO, and those fed CO alone, regardless of the inoculum size. However, the appearance of palpable tumors was more rapid in mice inoculated with 5 x 10(6) cells and fed the RA-supplemented CO diet (91% after 17 days) compared with mice receiving the same tumor cell load but fed the unsupplemented CO diet (55% after 17 days). Growth of the solid tumors was retarded significantly in mice inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cells and fed the MO-containing diet compared with the CO controls; this effect was not evident in animals who received 5 x 10(6) cells. RA supplementation caused accelerated tumor growth, which, again, only achieved statistical significance in the group inoculated with 1 x 10(6) cells.

BP metabolism and the in vivo binding to hepatic DNA of rats fed diets containing menhaden fish oil.

It is well established that dietary polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acids promote tumorigenesis and support the activity of mixed-function oxidases (MFO), which are responsible for carcinogen activation. This study was undertaken to determine if increased levels of dietary menhaden fish oil (rich in omega-3 fatty acids) would affect in vivo binding of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to rat liver DNA. The effects of dietary menhaden oil on the activities of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes were also studied to determine the possible relationships between the activity of these enzymes and the binding of [3H]BP metabolites to liver DNA. Following a single intraperitoneal injection of [3H]BP, more BP was bound to liver DNA recovered from rats fed diet containing 20% menhaden oil for 11 days at all time intervals tested (16, 24, 48, and 192 hours) than was bound from rats fed 0.5% menhaden oil. The increased binding of [3H]BP to liver DNA of rats fed the high level of menhaden oil may be due, in part, to increases in the MFO responsible for BP activation (as suggested by increased cytochrome P-450 level and total BP hydroxylase activity). The higher concentrations of radioactivity extracted from blood of rats fed 20% menhaden oil diet at the initial time periods (16 and 24 hours) may be a reflection of the greater capacity of the liver to metabolize BP to more water-soluble metabolites. The maximum velocity (Vmax) for ethoxycoumarin O-dealkylase, expressed as nanomoles per milligram protein or per gram liver, was increased three- to fourfold by feeding the high level of menhaden oil. The differences in these enzymatic responses suggest that certain form(s) of cytochrome P-450 are preferentially increased by feeding the omega-3 fatty acids of menhaden oil.