Effects Of Dietary Ingredients Research Articles

Application of n-of-1 Clinical Trials in Personalized Nutrition Research: A Trial Protocol for Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake (WE-MACNUTR).

ABSTRACTPersonalized dietary recommendations can help with more effective disease prevention. This study aims to investigate the individual postprandial glucose response to diets with diverse macronutrient proportions at both the individual level and population level, and explore the potential of the novel single-patient (n-of-1) trial for personalization of diet. Secondary outcomes include individual phenotypic responses and the effects of dietary ingredients on the composition of gut microbiota. Westlake N-of-1 Trials for Macronutrient Intake is a multiple crossover feeding trial consisting of 3 successive 12-d dietary intervention pairs including a 6-d washout period before each 6-d isocaloric dietary intervention: a 6-d high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, and a 6-d low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. The results will help provide personalized dietary recommendations for macronutrients in terms of postprandial blood glucose responses. The proposed n-of-1 trial methods could help in optimizing individual health and advancing health care.This trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04125602).

Abstract 5654: Novel changes in colonic epithelial junctional complexes precede onset of colitis in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection

Abstract Activation of β-catenin is recognized as a critical early factor in tumorigenesis. Citrobacter rodentium (CR) induces transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia (TMCH) and variable degrees of inflammation and necrosis depending upon the genetic background. Utilizing the CR-induced hyperplasia and/or inflammation in C3H/HeNHsd (C3H) inbred mice, we observed a dual phase wherein initially, an increase in proliferation at days 5 and 7 was followed by development of colitis at day 9 of TMCH. When sequential changes in proteins involved in adherens and tight junctions were analyzed in isolated colonic crypts, increasing levels of β-catenin, ZO-1, ZO-2 and claudin-2 were measured in TritonX100-soluble fraction at days 5 and 7 of TMCH, while E-cadherin and claudin-5 were mainly present in TritonX100-insoluble (cytoskeletal) pool. Interestingly, the cytoskeletal pools exhibited extensive degradation of β-catenin/E-cadherin/ZO-1 and ZO-2 but not of claudin-5 at days 5 and 7 of TMCH and preceded active colitis at day 9. Immunohistochemically, almost complete loss of membrane-bound β-catenin/E-cadherin and ZO-2 was recorded between 9 and 11 days post-infection. However, changes in permeability, as measured by increases in serum FITC-dextran levels, increased significantly at days 5 and 7 and peaked between day 9 and 11 post-infection paralleling bacterial dissemination to spleen and liver at these time points. Mechanistically, β-catenin translocated to the nucleus, interacted with increasing levels of T-cell factor-4 and upregulated downstream targets, cyclinD1 and c-myc thereby promoting crypt hyperplasia at days 5 and 7 of TMCH. When CR-infected mice were placed on: 6% pectin (source of colonic butyrate), 4% curcumin and 4% bael extract diets for 9 days starting 2 days post-CR infection, all three dietary interventions: i) reduced the morbidity and mortality of CR-infected C3H mice, ii) restored the junctional labeling of β-catenin/E-cadherin and ZO-2, iii) blocked increases in colonic permeability thereby preventing bacterial dissemination to distant organs and finally, iv) promoted β-catenin-independent increases in colonic crypt proliferation as was revealed by increased Ki-67 labeling. Thus, i) fragmentation of β-catenin/E-cadherin/ZO-1 and ZO-2 precedes loss of barrier function and onset of colitis and, ii) epithelial hyperproliferation in response to dietary interventions may facilitate epithelial recovery following inflammatory insult but may also promote mucosal priming for neoplasia. TMCH model therefore provides an excellent tool to separate the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary ingredients from pro-proliferatory functions in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5654.

Effects of Dietary Ingredients on Function and Expression of P-Glycoprotein in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The present study was conducted to investigate the functional and transcriptional modulation of P-glycoprotein (MDR-1) by several dietary ingredients (piperine, capsaicin, daidzein, genistein, sesamin, curcumin, taurine) in vinblastine-resistant colon carcinoma LS-180 cells (LS-180V cells). The amount of rhodamine 123 accumulated in LS-180V cells was significantly increased by capsaicin, piperine and sesamin, whereas it was significantly reduced by daidzein and genistein which stimulated the efflux of rhodamine 123. These results suggest that the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux is inhibited by piperine, capsaicin and sesamin and stimulated by daidzein and genistein. The concurrent addition of piperine and capsaicin seemed to inhibit synergistically the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. Pretreatment with sesamin for 48 h caused a significant increase in MDR1 mRNA expression without a significant effect on the expression of P-glycoprotein or accumulation of rhodamine 123. Similar pretreatment with other ingredients had little effect on the expression of MDR1 mRNA or P-glycoprotein, suggesting that they do not cause transcriptional modulation of P-glycoprotein. Piperine, genistein and curcumin have been suggested to stimulate P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux without increasing P-glycoprotein expression. In LS-180V cells, significant increases in mRNA levels of multi-drug resistance associated protein 1 (MRP1) or MRP3 were observed on pretreatment with capsaicin, daidzein, piperine and sesamin. In conclusion, our results suggest that P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux is significantly affected by dietary ingredients. Also, capsaicin, daidzein, piperine and sesamin increased significantly the mRNA expression of MRP1 or MRP3. Thus, the present study provides further evidence that repeated exposure to dietary ingredients can cause drug-food interactions by affecting the function and mRNA expression of intestinal transporters such as P-glycoprotein.

Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine.

Two feeding studies were conducted to examine the impact of dietary inclusion of specific feed ingredients on manure characteristics and manure odor. In one study, 72 finishing pigs were used to evaluate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pig performance, manure characteristics, and odorous emissions. Three diets containing 0, 5, and 10% DDGS were fed during six 4-wk feeding periods. Week 1 served as a dietary adjustment period. Animals were housed in two feeding rooms (six pigs/room) with one treatment/room. A new group of animals (average initial BW = 85.8 kg) was used for each feeding period. Diets were replicated four times. Rooms were equipped with individual shallow manure storage pits that were cleaned once weekly (d 7). On d 4 and 7 of each week, manure pit samples, for chemical analyses, and air samples, for olfactometry analysis, were collected from each room. Odor dilution threshold was greater on d 7 than on d 4 of manure storage across all treatments (P < 0.01). No treatment differences in manure composition were noted. In the second study, weaned pigs (approximately 5 wk old) were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 1.5, or 3% bloodmeal. Pigs were housed by diet (three pigs/diet) in one of four individual feeding rooms. A new group of pigs was used for each of the two, 4-wk feeding periods. During period 1, the 3% bloodmeal diet was fed in two of the four rooms; the 0% bloodmeal diet was fed in two rooms during period 2. Manure samples, for chemical analyses, and air samples, for olfactometry analysis, were collected 2 d per week (d 4 and d 6) from each room during wk 2 through 4. No significant treatment differences were observed for odor dilution threshold (P = 0.30). Longer manure storage time, 6 d vs 4 d, resulted in a larger odor dilution ratio (P < 0.01). Manure composition was unaltered by storage time. Results suggest that odor intensifies during storage.

The Effect of Dietary Ingredients and Age on the Microscopic Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Poultry

The objective of this research was to identify changes in the microscopic structure of the gastrointestinal system which accompany the growth of poultry and the feeding of various dietary ingredients and additives, including oxidized fats. This report will cover 1) the early development of gut structure and effects of dietary changes on that development and 2) effects of ingredients introduced after the structure of the gut is relatively stable at one or more weeks of age. Results demonstrate the enormous changes in the microscopic structure of this organ system during the first week after hatching as sell as later in life, following various dietary changes. The early development of the gut is responsive to changes in diet, including diet restriction. In addition, results suggest that the more mature gut is also responsive to dietary ingredients and that some of the performance effects associated with various ingredients may be due to adaptive changes in the structure and function of the gut.

Effect of Dietary Ingredients on Monensin Toxicity in Chicks

A corn-soybean (CS) diet and diets containing medium or high levels of animal protein (AP) calculated to contain the same concentrations of the main nutrients promoted essentially the same growth rate and feed utilization in 20-day-old chicks.Supplementation with monensin sodium (100 or 120 mg/kg) depressed growth rate of the chicks fed all three diets. However, effect of the drug was much more severe in chicks fed the diets containing AP. This interaction resulted in significant (P<.05) differences in body weights between chicks fed the CS diet and AP diets. Moreover, feed-to-gain ratio was significantly (P<.05) adversely affected by monensin only in chicks fed the AP diets.Supplementation of the high AP diet with extra vitamin E, a mixture of arginine and tryptophan, or a mixture of silicon, chromium, and molybdenum failed to prevent the growth depression caused by monensin.These studies demonstrate that ingredient composition of diets for broiler chicks affects the magnitude of growth depression caused by monensin supplementation.