Effect Of DDVP Research Articles

Evaluation of Age Related Changes Associated with Exposure of Wistar Rats to Dichlorvor on some Haematological Parameters

Different studies proved that exposure over prolonged periods to pesticides increase the likelihood of developing adverse effects. 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP) is a predominant pesticide used in controlling insects. Therefore this study was aimed to investigate the age related changes in hematological indices of animals exposed to DDVP. Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were used in this study. Animals were grouped into three major groups of ten animals each. Group one animals served as young group (5 - 6 weeks) while group two and three was the middle-aged (2 months) and old groups (3-4 months) respectively. All the groups were subdivided into control and DDVP group with five animals in each subgroup. The DDVP groups were exposed to DDVP for five weeks. At the end of fifth week, they were euthanized with blood collected through cardiac puncture, hematological indices were analysed with autohematological analyzer.Exposure to DDVP significantly increased white blood cell counts and basophiles in old group. Platelets count and plateletcrit (PCT) were significantly decreased in young animals that were exposed to DDVP while platelet distribution width (PDW) and Mean platelets volume (MPV) were not significantly different across the groups. Red blood cells count, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin concentration, Mean cell volume, Mean cell hemoglobin and Mean cell hemoglobin concentration also show no significant difference across groups. Exposure of Wistar rats to Dichlorvos has no impact on haematological parameters in middle agerats. However, dichlorvos affects young and old animals proving age dependent effect of DDVP on hematological parameters.
 Keywords: DDVP, hematology, white blood cells, platelet, age

Effect of DDVP on urinary excretion levels of pyrethroid metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid in rats

Pyrethroid insecticide (PYR) is used worldwide in agriculture and for indoor extermination of harmful insects. Urinary PYR metabolites (e.g. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3PBA) have been used as the most sensitive biomarker for environmental PYR exposure since the late 1990s. In this study, we examined the effect of organophosphorus insecticide (OP) dichlorvos (DDVP) on excretion levels of urinary cis-permethrin-derived 3PBA in rats. Concentration of urinary 3PBA and cis-permethrin in plasma was monitored using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography after cis-permethrin injection (20 mg/kg) via the tail vein of rats pretreated intraperitoneally with DDVP (low dose, 0.3 mg/kg; high dose, 1.5 mg/kg). The amount of urinary 3PBA excretion over 48 h after cis-permethrin administration in control was 21.5 ± 5.1 μg (mean ± S.D.). In the low- and high-dose DDVP groups, the amounts of urinary 3PBA excretion were decreased to 81.1% (17.4 ± 2.7 μg) and 70.3% (15.1 ± 2.6 μg) of control, respectively. The plasma concentrations of cis-permethrin-derived 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (3PBAlc), which is a metabolite derived following hydrolysis of cis-permethrin, in high-dose DDVP group (0.18 ± 0.01 μg) were significantly lower than in control (0.23 ± 0.03 μg) 1 h after cis-permethrin injection. Both in the control and high-dose DDVP group, no differences were observed in the excretion levels of urinary 3PBA after injection of 3PBAlc (25 mg/kg, i.v.). These results suggested that the effect of DDVP on the amount of urinary 3PBA excretion was caused by the DDVP-induced modification of the cis-permethrin metabolic pathway. In conclusion, the possible decrease in urinary excretion level of 3PBA due to co-exposure to OPs should be considered in the biological monitoring of PYR exposure.

The effect of DDVP against Cordyceps brongniartii, natural enemy of yellow-spotted longicorn beetle (Psacothea hilaris)

The effect of DDVP against Cordyceps brongniartii, natural enemy of yellow-spotted longicorn beetle (Psacothea hilaris)

Effects of combined exposure to dichlorvos and monocrotophos on blood and brain biochemical variables in rats

Dichlorvos (DDVP) and monocrotophos (MC) are systemic insecticides and known to produce cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects. Individual toxic effects of these chemicals are known but their combined effects have not been studied. We studied the effect of concomitant exposure to DDVP and MC on selected biochemical variables suggestive of liver damage, changes in whole brain biogenic amines levels, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rats. Female rats were exposed to DDVP (2.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) and MC (1.8 mg/kg oral) either individually or in combination for 4 weeks. We observed significant decrease in more pronounced depletion in norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) levels during co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain AChE activity increased and activity of MAO showed significant depletion on co-exposure to DDVP and MC. Brain glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratio decreased significantly during exposure to DDVP or MC while co-exposure to these toxicants led to a more pronounced depletion of GSH: GSSG ratio. Serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities increased significantly on exposure to MC suggesting liver injury, while DDVP alone had no effect on these variables. There were no effects of DDVP and MC exposure on haematological biochemical variables except for depletion in serum glucose level after MC exposure which was more pronounced DDVP + MC during co-exposure. It can be concluded that only moderate synergistic effects occur between MC and DDVP during co-exposure. A more detailed study with variable doses, prolonged exposure and alterations in different brain regions is recommended.

Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems ofVicia faba

Plant bioassays are an important and integral part of the test battery used in detecting genotoxic/carcinogenic contamination in the environment. Highly sensitive biomonitoring of plant models have been developed, which enables the detection of hazards arising from pesticides, insecticides, industrial contamination, heavy metals and radiation. Root tips of Vicia faba ssp. minor were treated with 1-60 mM of the organophosphorus insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) for 2 h, followed by a 20-h recovery period. Maleic acid hydrazide (MH) was used as a positive control for the mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays performed on the Vicia model system. All treatments with DDVP significantly decreased the mitotic activity and increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations at the metaphase. The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased at DDVP concentrations starting from 10 mM. The results demonstrate clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of DDVP on Vicia faba cells.

Dichlorvosand Mononuclear Cell Leukemia in Fischer 344 Rats: Lack of Effect of Chronic Administration on Progression of the Disease

The National Toxicology Program reported that the daily administration of dichlorvos, in the form of a corn oil gay age, was associated with an increased incidence of mononuclear cell leukemia (MCL) in male but not female Fischer 344 rats. Because of the high degree of variability with which this neoplasm appears in groups of control laboratory rats, supportive evidence is frequently sought to facilitate interpretation of increased incidences of the disease in chronic toxicity and carcinogenesis studies. In the National Toxicology Program study MCL was increased in only one sex of rats (m ales), did not occur earlier in DDVP-dosed than in control animals, and there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship. The U.S. Office of Science Technology Policy has recommended that the presence or absence of treatment-associated changes in tumor progression be employed as an adjunct in the interpretation of common tumors in rodents. The present study employed evaluative criteria described by the National Toxicology Program to determine the effects of DDVP on the progression of MCL in affected male rats. The results revealed that DDVP had no effect on either the severity or progression of MCL in male rats. Since there is no corroborative evidence supporting the interpretation of the increased incidence of MCL in male rats, this isolated DDVP-associated finding in a single sex of rats should not be considered to be evidence of a carcinogenic effect.

Dissociation of DDVP-induced DNA strand breaks from oxidative damage in isolated rat hepatocytes

Dichlorvos(DDVP)-induced DNA single strand breaks were investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes. In a dose-response study in hepatocytes from PB-treated rats (80 mg/kg i.p., for 3 days), 250 μM DDVP substantially reduced cellular non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content, but had no detectable effect on DNA. At 500 μM, the increase in DNA single strand breaks was significant, with a slight increase in cellular lipid peroxidation. At doses over 1000 μM DDVP, cell death was accompanied with considerable lipid peroxidation, and DNA single strand breaks were evident. When the antioxidant N, N′-diphenyl- p-phenylene diamine (DPPD) was added or if the hepatocytes were incubated under air instead of 95% O 2, lipid peroxidation and cell death were attenuated but DNA single strand breaks and reduction in NPSH content were not. On the other hand, ferrous iron-induced DNA single strand breaks, lipid peroxidation, and depletion of NPSH content were all attenuated by DPPD or by incubating the cells under air. With respect to the subcellular lipid peroxidation, DDVP caused a significant increase, mainly in the microsomal fraction, whereas ferrous iron caused rapid and substantial increases in mitochondrial, microsomal, and nuclear fractions. There were more DNA single strand breaks caused by N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), which becomes genotoxic after microsomal metabolism, in hepatocytes from PB-treated rats than in those from control rats. The number of these breaks was reduced by adding the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, metyrapone. On the other hand, the effect of DDVP on DNA was not affected by modification of the cytochrome P450 status. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation induced by DDVP in isolated rat hepatocytes plays a significant role in its cytotoxicity but not in its genotoxicity.

The effect of DDVP, an organophosphorus pesticide on the humoral and cell-mediated immunity of rabbits.

The effect of daily oral administration of LD50 1/40, 1/20 and 1/10 of an organophosphate pesticide DDVP (Dichlorvos) was studied in rabbits for its effect on the humoral immune response after vaccination with Salmonella typhi, as well as on cell-mediated immunity. Serum antibody titers of treated animals showed a dose-dependent fall compared with the controls. The skin redness measured in the tuberculin test showed the same dose-dependent tendency.

Effect of DDVP (insecticide) on citric acid fermentation in Aspergillus niger

The effect of the insecticide 2,2-dichlorovinyldimethylphosphate (DDVP) on citric acid fermentation in Aspergillus niger was studied. The appearance of citric acid in the culture medium was increasingly delayed with increasing concentration of the insecticide, and at concentrations at or above 80 μg/ml medium, citric acid production was first observed after 192 h incubation, compared with 96 h in the control flasks. The timing of the maximum rate of citric acid formation was also similarly delayed. DDVP also resulted in a delay in the utilization of inorganic phosphate by the cultures.