Complementarity Effects Research Articles

Registered report: Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of evaluation and identification

Researchers and theorists have explained variations in the relationship between implicit and explicit measures of social cognition by citing differences in measurement and cognitive processing. The present research explored how features of measured attributes and individual differences affect the relationship between implicit and explicit measures using existing data (Hussey, Hughes, & Nosek, 2018). In the original study, participants completed measures of explicit evaluation or identification (i.e., difference scores between self-report items) and implicit evaluation or identification (i.e., the Implicit Association Test; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) for one of 95 target pairs. First, we attempted to conceptually replicate Nosek's (2005) findings that self-presentation, distinctiveness, elaboration/importance, and complementarity moderated the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluations across individuals irrespective of attribute targets. These attribute features each moderated the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluations and accounted for unique variation in implicit-explicit relations. Second, we tested whether these features affected the relationship between implicit and explicit identifications. We found moderating effects of distinctiveness and complementarity but not of the other attribute features, likely due to their operationalization. Finally, we examined whether theoretically relevant individual difference measures moderated the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluations or identifications. Across almost all analyses, these measures (i.e., socially desirable responding, self-monitoring, need for cognition, personal need for structure, and need for cognitive closure) did not moderate implicit-explicit relations. Taken together, our results suggest that relationships between implicit and explicit measures reflect individual experiences with attribute targets rather than the cultural context, targets, or individuals themselves.

Species choice and N fertilization influence yield gains through complementarity and selection effects in cereal-legume intercrops

Maintaining yield when reducing inputs is one prime objective of sustainable agriculture. In this context, cereal-legume intercropping is a practice that can achieve increased yield under low-input conditions through the complementary use of abiotic resources and facilitation mechanisms. Many management options exist to design cereal-legume intercropping systems, among which the choice of the species intercropped and the level of nitrogen (N) fertilization are essential. In this study, we collected the results of 35 field experiments across Europe of cereal-grain legume intercrops that combined various intercropped species and N fertilization levels. We first assessed the intensity of the biodiversity effect and its components in unfertilized intercrops. Then, we focused on a subset of systems to analyze how N fertilization influenced biodiversity effects on three intercrops (durum wheat/pea, soft wheat/pea, and durum wheat/faba bean). The biodiversity effect represents the gap between the observed and expected yields of a mixture. The complementarity effect is the performance of mixtures relative to the performance of the component monocultures. The selection effect captures the extent to which a species with a high monoculture yield dominates a mixture at the expense of the other intercropped species. Our results confirmed an overall positive biodiversity effect under unfertilized conditions and various climate conditions (0.86 ± 0.04 t.ha−1). Complementarity effect was the main driver as it represented 76% of the biodiversity effect, confirming intercropping as a useful practice in low-input systems. N fertilization lowered the complementarity effect in durum wheat/pea intercrops, did not influence these effects in soft wheat/pea intercrops, and increased only the selection effect in durum wheat/faba bean intercrops. These results highlight the need for a sufficiently competitive legume in intercrops when N fertilizers are applied in order to avoid too much disruption of plant–plant interactions.

Strategic complementarities, geographical agglomeration, and firm investment

We estimate the effect of strategic complementarities (measured by the geographical agglomeration of firms) on firm investment. Individual firm investment responds significantly to industry investment in agglomerated industries, whereas the response is null in dispersed industries. Industry-region sales do not explain the differential effect between these two types of industries. These results have been overlooked in the literature, provide a justification for regional and industry policies, and challenge the stable unit treatment value assumption (SUTVA) required in potential outcome analysis.

Household-owned farm machinery vs. outsourced machinery services: The impact of agricultural mechanization on the land leasing behavior of relatively large-scale farmers in China

In the context of the rapid rise of agricultural mechanization in China, this paper examines the impact of household-owned farm machinery and outsourced agricultural machinery services on the land leasing behavior of Chinese relatively large-scale farmers. Based on the CFPS2018 survey data, this study suggests that farm machinery is beneficial for expanding the scale of farms. With increases in household-owned machinery, farmers are more inclined to lease-in land, and they are less inclined to rent-out land. The more agricultural machinery services farmers purchase, the more they tend to transfer-in land and the probability of transfer-out land is lower. However, uneven village terrain can weaken the effects of the two kinds of agricultural mechanization on land leasing. Moreover, this study confirms that household-owned farm machinery and outsourced agricultural machinery services could positively regulate each other's influence on land leasing, indicating that there is a complementary relationship between the two types of agricultural machinery. Further mechanism analyses show that the channels by which household-owned farm machinery and outsourced agricultural machinery services affect land leasing are quite different. The self-purchased machinery of farmers mainly plays a role through labor complementarity effects, while outsourced agricultural machinery services mainly affect land leasing through labor substitution effects.

On the Timing of Auctions: The Effects of Complementarities on Bidding, Participation, and Welfare

On the Timing of Auctions: The Effects of Complementarities on Bidding, Participation, and Welfare

General Courts, Specialized Courts, and the Complementarity Effect

General Courts, Specialized Courts, and the Complementarity Effect

Economic and Stable Operation of Meshed MTDC/AC Grid as Affected by the Spatiotemporal Complementarities of Geographically Dispersed Wind Generation

Complementarities of geographically dispersed wind resources have been well recognized and evaluated based on the statistics of wind data. This paper investigates the effect of spatiotemporal complementarities of grid-connected offshore wind farms on operational cost and stability of meshed DC/AC grids with VSC-based MTDC networks. The investigation is carried out for a real power system in Jiangsu Province, China, and has used the real hourly wind data provided by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in terms of the unit commitment (UC) as well as the probabilistic small-signal angular stability. Several distributed offshore wind farms are interconnected via a VSC-based MTDC network to send power to the southern area in Jiangsu Province. Computational results of the UC and system probabilistic stability demonstrate that significant saving of operational cost and stability improvement can be brought about from the complementarities of geographically distributed offshore wind farms.

Глобальні фінансові цикли і проблема регулювання міжнародних потоків капіталу: роль банків і макропруденційної політики у протидії кризам

The aggravation of crisis processes in the global financial system produces a request to find tools to eliminate the systemic risk of global instability, which arises primarily through the interaction between the global financial cycle, key global factors (global risk and monetary policy in major economies) and cross-border banking activities. The situation in the monetary and financial spheres of countries with large open economies has a powerful impact on the economic situation, exacerbating the asymmetries of interaction on a global scale, which actualizes the need for macroprudential authorities in countries with small open economies to take preventive measures to maintain internal balance from destructive crisis processes in key economies of the world. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of approaches to substantiating the channels of mutual influence of the internal financial cycle, the global financial cycle and macroprudential policy, and also assesses the potential of macroprudential policy in smoothing out procyclical processes in order to stimulate economic growth. The interdependence of global banks on the dynamics of the global financial cycle and vice versa is determined, because global banks determine the specifics of the manifestations of the latter, given the way they manage their liquidity on a global scale, thereby contributing to the international transmission of shocks. It is found that the existence of a domestic capital market for global banks exacerbates the international spread of domestic liquidity shocks due to the strategic complementarity effect arising from strategic interactions between banks, other financial institutions and agents, which can increase systemic vulnerabilities during booms and busts due to increased competition between banks. It was revealed that the impact of the global financial cycle on the internal financial environment of banks and financial institutions through the mechanisms of external obligations of national banks and the determination of the cost of financing affects the availability of loans for companies and households. This means that the economies of small open economies are more vulnerable to external shocks and are affected by financing conditions determined in the world's financial centers. Under these conditions, the dynamics of global liquidity limits the effectiveness of national monetary policy, and therefore the demand for effective international coordination of macroprudential policy becomes even more urgent. The need to revise monetary policy in order to increase its ability to mitigate the risks of financial instability depends on: (1) the effectiveness of macroprudential policy (for example, the ability to manage the financial cycle); (2) the contribution of monetary policy (including its traditional and non-traditional instruments) to the exacerbation of financial instability; (3) the degree of independence of monetary policy, especially during a crisis.

Digital Ecosystem Mergers in Big Tech—A Theory of Long-Run Harm with Applications

In the past decades, several merger cases related to digital ecosystems1 were submitted to the European Commission (hereafter, the Commission) for its approval. We focus on the five landmark cases—Google/DoubleClick, Microsoft/Skype, Facebook/WhatsApp, Microsoft/LinkedIn, and Apple/Shazam.2 The Commission approved all of them with few restrictions (if any). One of the main reasons the cases were approved without many hindrances is that they fall in the category of conglomerate mergers. This type of merger is traditionally viewed to create efficiency and have inconsequential impacts on competition. Yet, the dominance of big tech companies in multiple related markets can hardly be denied. Arguably, these mergers allow them to expand their ecosystems and enter into new markets, further strengthening their dominance across markets. Hence, a rethinking of merger control related to digital ecosystems is warranted. This paper focuses on the effects of complementarity and economies...

Temporal dynamics of biodiversity effects and light‐use‐related traits in two intercropping systems

AbstractIntroductionIntercropping systems can be more productive than their respective monocultures and this positive net biodiversity effect is caused by complementarity and selection effects. While the complementarity effect is caused through resource partitioning or facilitation, the selection effect operates via the greater probability that a more diverse community contains a dominant and high‐yielding species which will account for the majority of productivity in that community. Here, we investigated how light‐use‐related traits contribute to the net biodiversity effect via complementarity or selection effects and how these qrelationships change throughout an annual growing season.Materials and MethodsWe conducted weekly destructive harvests to examine temporal dynamics of biodiversity effects in two crop mixtures (oat–lupin and oat–camelina) and their respective monocultures. We linked the biodiversity effects to traits related to light use (i.e., light interception, plant height, photosynthetic efficiency and photosynthetic capacity) and investigated how these relationships changed over time.ResultsWe found that the net biodiversity and selection effect increased over time in both mixtures, while complementarity effects increased only in the oat–lupin mixture. More intercepted light and taller plants in mixtures compared to monocultures positively contributed to biodiversity effects in both mixtures. Strategies for shade tolerance differed between the mixtures, that is, increased photosynthetic capacity and increased photosynthetic efficiency contributed to a positive net biodiversity effect in the oat–lupin and oat–camelina mixture, respectively.ConclusionBy linking the temporal dynamics of the net biodiversity effect and its two additive components to light‐use‐related traits in two different crop mixtures, this study demonstrates that complementary light use contributes to overyielding in intercropping systems. Such understanding is important for the design of effective intercropping systems and developing new crop cultivars suited to these environments.

Cross-Category Retailing Management: Substitution and Complementarity

Problem definition: This paper studies pricing and assortment management for cross-category products, a common practice in brick-and-mortar retailing and e-tailing. Academic/practical relevance: We investigate the complementarity effects between the main products and the secondary products, in addition to the substitution effects for products in the same category. Methodology: In this paper, we develop a multistage sequential choice model, under which a consumer first chooses a main product and then selects a secondary product. The new model can alleviate the restriction of the independence of irrelevant alternatives property and allows more flexible substitution patterns and also takes into account complementarity effects. Results: We characterize the impact of the magnitude of complementarity effects on pricing and assortment management. For the problems that are hard to solve optimally, we propose simple heuristics and establish performance guarantee. In addition, we develop easy-to-implement estimation algorithms to calibrate the proposed sequential choice model by using sales data. Managerial implications: We show that ignoring or mis-specifying complementarity effects may lead to substantial losses. The methodologies on modeling, optimization, and estimation have potential to make an impact on cross-category retailing management.

Evenness alters the positive effect of species richness on community drought resistance via changing complementarity

Biodiversity loss may decrease the resistance of ecosystems to disturbance. While many studies have tested the effects of species richness on the ability of communities to resist disturbance, few have considered the role of species evenness. We examined whether species evenness affects the relationship between species richness and the drought resistance of plant communities. We constructed experimental plant communities with four levels of species richness (1, 2-, 4- and 8-species) and three levels of species evenness (high, medium and low) and subjected them to two drought treatments (with vs. without drought). Species evenness significantly increased the drought resistance of the communities and also complementarity effects. Moreover, a positive relationship between species richness and the drought resistance of plant communities was found at high and medium evenness but not at low evenness. This result corresponded well with the fact that complementarity effects increased with species richness at high and medium evenness but not at low evenness. However, neither species evenness nor species richness significantly affected selection effects for the drought resistance of the communities. We conclude that species evenness can alter the relationships between species richness and the resistance to disturbance (e.g., drought) in plant communities by enhanced complementarity among species. Thus, in addition to species richness, evenness should also be considered an important indicator of the community resistance to future global changes, such as increased drought intensity and frequency.

Using plant traits to understand the contribution of biodiversity effects to annual crop community productivity.

Increasing biodiversity generally enhances productivity through selection and complementarity effects not only in natural, but also in agricultural, systems. However, the quest to explain why diverse cropping systems are more productive than monocultures remains a central goal in agricultural science. In a mesocosm experiment, we constructed monocultures, two‐ and four‐species mixtures from eight crop species with or without fertilizer and both in temperate Switzerland and dry, Mediterranean Spain. We measured physical factors and plant traits and related these in structural equation models to selection and complementarity effects to explain seed yield differences between monocultures and mixtures. Increased crop diversity increased seed yield in Switzerland. This positive biodiversity effect was driven to almost the same extent by selection and complementarity effects, which increased with plant height and specific leaf area (SLA), respectively. Also, ecological processes driving seed yield increases from monocultures to mixtures differed from those responsible for seed yield increases through the diversification of mixtures from two to four species. Whereas selection effects were mainly driven by one species, complementarity effects were linked to larger leaf area per unit leaf weight. Seed yield increases due to mixture diversification were driven only by complementarity effects and were not mediated through the measured traits, suggesting that ecological processes beyond those measured in this study were responsible for positive diversity effects on yield beyond two‐species mixtures. By understanding the drivers of positive biodiversity–productivity relationships, we can improve our ability to predict species combinations that enhance ecosystem functioning and can promote sustainable agricultural production.

Mass-ratio and complementarity effects simultaneously drive aboveground biomass in temperate Quercus forests through stand structure.

Forests play a key role in regulating the global carbon cycle, a substantial portion of which is stored in aboveground biomass (AGB). It is well understood that biodiversity can increase the biomass through complementarity and mass‐ratio effects, and the contribution of environmental factors and stand structure attributes to AGB was also observed. However, the relative influence of these factors in determining the AGB of Quercus forests remains poorly understood. Using a large dataset retrieved from 523 permanent forest inventory plots across Northeast China, we examined the effects of integrated multiple tree species diversity components (i.e., species richness, functional, and phylogenetic diversity), functional traits composition, environmental factors (climate and soil), stand age, and structure attributes (stand density, tree size diversity) on AGB based on structural equation models. We found that species richness and phylogenetic diversity both were not correlated with AGB. However, functional diversity positively affected AGB via an indirect effect in line with the complementarity effect. Moreover, the community‐weighted mean of specific leaf area and height increased AGB directly and indirectly, respectively; demonstrating the mass‐ratio effect. Furthermore, stand age, density, and tree size diversity were more important modulators of AGB than biodiversity. Our study highlights that biodiversity–AGB interaction is dependent on the regulation of stand structure that can be even more important for maintaining high biomass than biodiversity in temperate Quercus forests.

What is your shopping travel style? Heterogeneity in US households’ online shopping and travel

Although online shopping has been shown to interact with travel behavior in several ways, most studies to date focused on individual-level behavior in non-representative, geographically limited samples, making it difficult to derive clear profiles of shoppers. Using the 2017 US National Household Travel Survey, which included information on online shopping frequency, we estimated a latent class model to identify different shopper types (classes) that exhibited distinct travel and online shopping behavior. We found four classes: time-pressured shoppers, dual-channel shoppers, traditional shoppers, and infrequent shoppers and travelers, that differed in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and stages of life. Our results suggest that this heterogeneity may extend to the effects of online shopping on shopping travel, for instance, with substitution effects being dominant for one class whereas complementarity effects may be dominant for another. These findings can inform the design of tailored policies to mitigate the sustainability impacts of online shopping while also addressing the various classes’ needs. Further research is needed to untangle the complex relationships between online shopping and travel behavior, especially considering this heterogeneity and the modification effect.

Trade costs and free trade agreements: Implications for tariff complementarity and welfare

This paper develops a three-country model of intra-industry trade under imperfect competition with trade costs between countries to examine the effects of a free trade agreement (FTA). Under sufficiently high trade costs, FTA member countries might have an incentive to set optimal external tariffs that are higher than the pre-FTA optimal tariffs (i.e., the tariff complementarity effect may not exist) and the formation of an FTA may worsen the non-member country’s welfare. Whether the member countries benefit from the FTA depends on the trade costs and the degree of substitutability among differentiated goods.

Stressor richness intensifies productivity loss but mitigates biodiversity loss.

Ecosystems are subject to a multitude of anthropogenic environmental changes. Experimental research in the field of multiple stressors has typically involved varying the number of stressors, here termed stressor richness, but without controlling for total stressor intensity. Mistaking stressor intensity effects for stressor richness effects can misinform management decisions when there is a trade‐off between mitigating these two factors. We incorporate multiple stressors into three community models and show that, at a fixed total stressor intensity, increasing stressor richness aggravates joint stressor effects on ecosystem functioning, but reduces effects on species persistence and composition. In addition, stressor richness weakens the positive selection and negative complementarity effects on ecosystem function. We identify the among‐species variation of stressor effects on traits as a key determinant of the resulting community‐level stressor effects. Taken together, our results unravel the mechanisms linking multiple environmental changes to biodiversity and ecosystem function.

The Roles of Enterprise Resource Planning and Management Control on Knowledge Sharing

This study signifies knowledge as strategic resources in attaining organisational mission and vision. With the increasing trend of employee turnover, the need to retain knowledge is a challenge, and thus, fostering organisational knowledge sharing is an option to uphold the knowledge. The advancement of the technology, together with management control systems have crucial roles in effectively sharing knowledge. This study aims to examine the relationship between Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), management control (MC) and their complementarity effect towards facilitating organisational knowledge sharing (KS) practice. Questionnaires were administered to top management of randomly selected manufacturer listed in the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers Directory. 114 usable responses were analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate positive and significant relationships between ERP, MC and KS, hence suggesting the knowledge sharing role of ERP and MC as governing mechanism to KS. The complementarity effect between ERP and MC was also found to be positively associated with KS. The results provide evidence on the importance of appropriate governing control mechanism in combination with enhanced technology to foster organizational knowledge-sharing practice. Keywords: Enterprise resource planning; management control; knowledge sharing

Effects of patient-therapist interpersonal complementarity on alliance and outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapies for depression: Moving toward interpersonal responsiveness.

This study analyzed patient-therapist in-session interpersonal complementarity effects on the therapeutic alliance and depression severity during the initial and working phase of cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. It also explored whether patients' interpersonal problems moderate those complementarity effects. We drew on a sample of 90 dyads derived from a randomized controlled trial of two cognitive-behavioral therapies for depression. Using an observer-based measure, we assessed patients' and therapists' interpersonal behavior in Sessions 1, 5, 9, and 13 and computed their complementarity regarding interpersonal affiliation (i.e., correspondence) and dominance (i.e., reciprocity). Patients completed measures of interpersonal problems at baseline and session-by-session measures of depression severity and quality of the therapeutic alliance. Response surface analyses based on polynomial regressions showed that patient-therapist complementarity in higher affiliative behaviors was associated with a stronger alliance. Interpersonal problems regarding agency moderated the complementarity effects of the dominance dimensions on depression severity. Overly dominant patients benefited more from a nonreciprocal relationship in the dominance dimension, whereas submissive patients benefited more from complementarity in that dimension. Furthermore, interpersonal problems of communion significantly moderated the effects of complementarity in affiliative behaviors on both the alliance and outcome. These results suggest the relevance of both interpersonal correspondence and reciprocity for the psychotherapy process, informing clinical practice in terms of interpersonal responsiveness. The moderation effects of interpersonal problems provide preliminary evidence, which should be replicated in future research, to determine relevant markers indicating for whom a complementary approach would be beneficial in cognitive therapy for depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Positive Effects of Legumes on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks Disappear at High Legume Proportions Across Natural Grasslands in the Pyrenees

Soil is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, making it crucial for climate change mitigation. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is suggested to depend on biodiversity components, but much evidence comes from diversity-function experiments. To disentangle the relationships of plant guild diversity with SOC storage (kg m−2) at broad spatial scales, we applied diversity-interaction models to a regional grassland database (n = 96) including wide environmental conditions and management regimes. The questions were: (1) Are the effects of plant guilds on SOC stocks in natural grasslands consistent with those found in experimental systems? (2) Are plant guild effects on SOC stocks independent of each other or do they show interactive—synergistic or antagonistic—effects? (3) Do environmental variables, including abiotic and management, modify guild effects on SOC stocks? Among our most novel results we found, legume effects on grassland SOC vary depending on legume proportion consistently across broad spatial scales. SOC increased with legume proportion up to 7–17%, then decreased. Additionally, these effects were strengthened when grasses and forbs were codominant. Grazing intensity modulated grass proportion effects on SOC, being maximum at relatively high intensities. Interpreting our results in terms of existing contrasted ecological theories, we confirmed at broad spatial scales and under wide-ranging environmental conditions the positive effects of plant guild diversity on SOC, and we showed how legumes exert a keystone effect on SOC in natural grasslands, probably related to their ability to fix inorganic N. Niche complementarity effects were illustrated when codominance of forbs and grasses at optimum legume proportions boosted SOC storage, whereas grass dominance increased SOC stocks at medium–high grazing intensities. These findings can facilitate the preparation of regional and local strategies to ameliorate the soil capacity to absorb carbon.