Effectiveness Of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy Research Articles

EFFECTIVENESS OF COGNITIVE STIMULATION THERAPY(CST) AMONG PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA - A NARRATIVE REVIEW

OBJECTIVE: This study explores the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy to improve cognition in people with dementia. SELECTION METHOD: PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane from these databases, articles were searched using keywords. SELECTION CRITERIA: The articles were collected based on the inclusion criteria focusing on the cognition in people with dementia. RESULTS: The preliminary results suggested that the tasks like measuring attention, memory, speed processing, executive functions, and speed processing following the cognitive stimulation treatment (CST). Evidence shows that CST promisingly improves people’s cognitive functions as measured by the (MMSE) mini-mental state examination. This test investigates memory, orientation, language, and visuospatial abilities. CST has led to significant improvements in quality of life, along with care givers. Analyses suggests CST is equally effective as many dementia drugs. CONCLUSION: Cognitive stimulation therapy improves cognition in people with dementia and benefits the quality of life. Evidence from several studies indicates that cognitive stimulation therapy along with multiple component interventions improves not only cognition but also the language, behavior, and quality of life of people with dementia. Results from interviews of CST sessions found key themes, including positivity being in the groups, due to a supportive and good environment, improvements in confidence, mood, and concentration. KEY WORDS: Non-Pharmacological intervention, Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST), People with Dementia (PwD), Cognition, Older adults, assessment scales, Quality of life (QoL).

Effect of cognitive stimulation therapy in combination with other intervention modalities on cognitive ability in elderly with cognitive impairment: a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundCognitive stimulation therapy (CST) has been proven to be beneficial in improving cognition and quality of life in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild dementia (MD). This study investigates the benefit of more frequent exclusively CST intervention compared to less-frequent CST-exercise combination on cognitive ability among elderly people with cognitive impairment. MethodsA quasi-experimental controlled study involving 22 subjects aged = 60 years with cognitive impairment. They were divided into three groups: group A (6 months, weekly CST + exercise sessions, n=13), Group B (3 months, twice-weekly CST-only sessions, n=5), group C (3 months, no intervention, n=4) as control. The Modified Mini Mental State Examination Indonesian Version was used for evaluating the cognitive ability of the elderly subjects. Data were analyzed using one-way Anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests ResultsAll participants completed the study, the majority being female with mean age of 70.43 ± 6.97 years and differences in education level distribution across the three groups. The scores before and after the intervention showed a significant difference in the registration and construction domains (p<0.005). However, there was a greater improvement of the mean difference in cognitive scores in groups A and B compared to the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (p >0.05). ConclusionA twice-weekly CST-only intervention and a once-a-week CST-exercise combination provide better cognitive improvement than no intervention (control). Therefore, elderly people with cognitive impairment should be encouraged to engage in physical activities, brain training, and group activities for promoting the brain’s ability.

Impact of Infection Control Measures on Effectiveness of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy

AbstractBackgroundPeople living with dementia are at higher risk of contracting and dying from SARS‐CoV‐2. Protection measures such as wearing a mask remained necessary in dementia service facilities, despite their limiting effects on communication and interactions. Their impacts on existing evidence‐based psychosocial interventions offered in these facilities, such as Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST), are yet unknown.MethodMixed‐methods study using data from a larger randomised controlled trial partially disrupted by the COVID‐19 pandemic. People with mild or moderate dementia randomised into receiving CST (n = 72) were compared with those receiving usual care (n = 72) for cognitive (ADAS‐Cog) and quality of life (QoL‐AD) changes. To investigate the impact of infection control measures on CST effectiveness, interaction effect between timing of enrolment (before vs after COVID‐19 outbreak) and intervention group was tested. Focus groups were conducted with persons with dementia who have received CST and their families (n = 22).ResultParticipants who received CST reported better quality of life (B = 4.195, F = 28.159, p <0.001) compared with those who received usual care, controlling for demographics and antidementia medications. For cognition, an interaction effect was observed (F = 4.557, p = 0.036) between timing of enrolment and group. CST maintained cognition only in groups before COVID‐19 outbreak (marginal means of ADAS‐Cog improvement: +0.453 in CST vs ‐1.465 in usual care) but not in groups after the outbreak (‐2.104 vs +0.716). Persons living with dementia and their families reported difficulties hearing, being heard, recognising and interacting with other CST group members, and reduced efforts in participation due to discomfort wearing a mask,ConclusionInfection control measures may reduce the cognitive benefits of CST, which may be due to their effects on speech intelligibility and other interactions in a psychosocial intervention group. In the post‐COVID era, alternative measures such as virtual CST delivered via an online meeting platform should be investigated.

Effects of Malaysian Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST-M) for older people with mild dementia

Older people with dementia often deteriorate cognitive functions, which may lead to difficulty performing daily activities. One of the best non-pharmacological treatments for dementia is Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST), developed in the United Kingdom. The study aims to determine the effect of the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy - Malaysian version (CST-M) on cognitive functions. The results of this randomised controlled trial indicate a significant difference in cognitive functions among participants in the experimental group. CST-M should be encouraged as a standard treatment for older people with dementia in Malaysia.

Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) on cognition, quality of life and neuropsychiatric symptoms for patients living with dementia: A meta-analysis

IntroductionMany scholars have explored the effect of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) on dementia patients, however, due to different experimental designs and insufficient sample sizes, research results are inconsistent. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of high-quality quantitative results. ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of CST for improving cognition, quality of life (QoL) and neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia (PwD). MethodsChinese and English databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) between establishment of and April 2022, with another search done in May 2022. Finally, 10 studies on the application of CST in PwD for improving cognition, QoL, behavior, language and activities of daily living were reviewed. ResultsBased on the results of the 10 RCTs, CST significantly improved cognitive performance (MMSE: WMD = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.24–2.72, P<0.01), QoL (WMD = 3.12, 95% CI: 2.52–3.72, P<0.01), language (NLT: WMD = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.07–4.35, P<0.01) and activities of daily living (DAD: WMD = 7.27, 95% CI: 0.97–13.56, P<0.01) in PwD. However, no significant improvements in ADAS-Cog (WMD = 0.55, 95% CI: -3.04–4.14, P = 0.76), depression (SMD = -0.12,95% CI: -0.29–0.04, P = 0.15), anxiety (RAID: WMD = -1.05, 95% CI: -3.85–1.75, P = 0.46) or neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI: WMD = 0.23, 95% CI: -2.62–3.07, P = 0.88) were found. ConclusionCST improved the cognitive ability, QoL, language and activities of daily living of PwD. However, the effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms on PwD requires further exploration.

Effects of cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies

BackgroundCognitive stimulation therapy (CST) has been used to improve cognitive function and reduce negative emotions. However, the efficacy of CST among the dementia population remains inconclusive. AimTo analyze the efficacy of the CST among people with dementia. DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis. MethodsA systematic literature search was performed using the Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, OVID (UpToDate), and Web of Science databases from the inception to October 18, 2021. The revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate the pooled effects of CST. Stata 16.0 was used for statistical analysis. ResultsA total of 26 studies were included. Overall, CST increased cognitive function (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66 to 1.28) and decreased depression (SMD: −0.18; 95% CI: −0.33 to −0.04). No significant effects were found for neuropsychiatric symptoms. ConclusionsCognitive stimulation therapy effectively improves cognitive function and alleviates depression levels among people with mild-to-moderate dementia. Futures studies can consider a protocol combined with a rigorous study design to address the effects of CST.

Research on the application effect of cognitive stimulation therapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease based on expert consultation and semistructured interviews.

The awareness and utilization of psychological therapies for Alzheimer's disease have increased significantly in recent years. Limitations on the utilization of pharmacological therapy for Alzheimer's disease in China have corresponded with this surge in greater studies in the field. For individuals who have Alzheimer's disease, cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is a quick self-help that is founded on the theories of quality and cognitive functioning. People with Alzheimer's disease often participate in cognitive behavioral programs; however, their expense has never been studied. Being part of a meta-analysis, we analyze the application effectiveness of a CST program that is based on recent research for Alzheimer's disease patients. A CST group therapy was given to 91 Alzheimer's patients, who resided in healthcare settings or the general public, multiple times per week for 8 weeks; the other 70 people with Alzheimer's disease got a medical therapy. Costs were computed, and resource utilization was tracked for 8 weeks both before and after the therapy. It was determined by a value study. In the value study, cognition and quality of life were the major and tertiary outcomes, respectively. Contours of cost-effectiveness and acceptance were drawn. It was driven based on expert consultation and semistructured interviews. In Alzheimer's disease, CST improves intelligence and standard of living, and there was no difference in implementation expenditures between the categories. Regarding both outcome metrics, there is a significant chance that CST seems to be more expensive than conventional therapy within realistic expectations. The efficacy of CST for Alzheimer's patients is superior to conventional treatment, and it could be the greater value. The outcomes contrast well with pharmacological studies for Alzheimer's. Many people with Alzheimer's disease may benefit significantly from CST groups.

Cognitive Stimulation Therapy for People with Parkinson's Disease Dementia

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate the effect of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) for people with Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and their caregivers. <h3>Design</h3> Within-subjects pre-test post-test design. <h3>Setting</h3> Community-based, in partnership with the local American Parkinson Disease Association chapter. <h3>Participants</h3> Eighteen participants: 9 people with possible PDD (MoCA score < 21), and 9 caregivers. <h3>Interventions</h3> A 7-week program of bi-weekly 45-minute long CST group classes for people with PDD. CST is an intervention for people with dementia involving group activities and conversations that stimulate cognitive and social skills. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> PDD participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Neuro Quality of Life Cognition Short Form (NeuroQOL Cog SF), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) and Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). Caregivers completed the Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS) and RAS. After the course, both groups completed the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8). <h3>Results</h3> The PDD group's MoCA scores improved from pre to post intervention (pre: M = 19.11, SD = 2.57; post: M = 21.22, SD = 2.95; p = 0.01). All other measures, except the PDD RAS and CBS, showed pre-post improvement, although these were not significant. The PDD participants and their caregivers reported high satisfaction with the program, as indicated by the CSQ-8 (M = 3.5 [out of 4 possible], SD = 0.16), with 72% of participants rating all items positively. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Participation in a group CST course resulted in improved cognition in this small sample of people with PDD. In addition, individuals with PDD and their caregivers were highly satisfied with the program. Although larger studies are needed, these findings suggest that CST may benefit cognition among people with PDD and is an acceptable program for people with PDD and their caregivers. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors have no disclosures to report.

The Effect of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy on Social Interaction in Elderly With Mild Cognitive Impairment

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 지역사회에 거주하는 경도인지장애 노인을 대상으로 인지 자극치료가 사회적 상호작용에미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이었다. 방법: 연구대상자는 지역사회에 있는 복지관을 이용하는치매로 진단받은 40명이었다. 단순 무작위 방법으로 실험군과 대조군으로 선정하였다. 실험군은 인지자극치료를 적용 하고, 대조군은 기존의 인지치료를 적용하였다. 두 집단의동질성을 검증하였으며, 중재 전과 후에 사회적 상호작용검사를 하였다. 중재 기간은 7주 14회기였으며, 1회에 45~60 분, 주당 2회를 실시하였다. 결과: 결과를 살펴보면, 두 집단은 동질성을 보였다. 두집단에서 모두 중재 후 언어적, 총점 항목에서 사회적 상호작용이 유의하게 향상되었다. 실험군에서는 비언어적 사회성상호작용에 유의한 향상을 보였지만, 대조군에서는 유의성이 없었다. 또한, 실험군과 대조군 간에 중재 전과 후의 사회성상호작용의 변화량에는 실험군에서 대조군보다 0.25점 높았으나, 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 결론: 결론적으로, 지역사회에 거주하는 경도인지장애 노인에서 인지 자극치료도 기존의 인지치료 이상의 효과를얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 향후 연구에서 인지 수준에따른 인지 자극치료의 효과검증 연구가 필요하다.

Effect of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy on Quality of Life: A Critical Review

Aims: To determine the strength of the evidence regarding cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) to improve the quality of life of people with mild-to-moderate dementia.Methods: A critical literature review was conducted to evaluate the methodological quality of relevant studies. The Guidelines for Critical Review (GCR), the Jadad scale, and the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) quality assessment tool were used to complete a critical appraisal of the selected articles.Results: Eight publications were retrieved for review. Three studies indicated significant improvements in overall quality of life. The global EPHPP scores showed two studies were of strong methodological quality, while four were moderate, and two were weak.Conclusions: Results indicate the potential usefulness of CST for improving quality of life for older adults with mild-to-moderate dementia. With expertise in psychosocial interventions and dedication to evidence-based practice, occupational therapists (OTs) are well-positioned to implement CST.

Effects of the cognitive stimulation therapy based on Roy's adaptation model on Alzheimer's patients' cognitive functions, coping-adaptation skills, and quality of life: A randomized controlled trial.

This study aims to specify the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy based on Roy's adaptation model (RAM) on Alzheimer's patients' coping and adaptation skills, cognitive functions, and quality of life (QOL). This is an experimental and randomized controlled trial. Patients in the experimental group received cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) based on RAM. The cognitive function level of the experimental group was found to be higher than that of the control group at the end of the measurements (performed in the 7th week); the difference was found to be statistically significant (P < .05). In the experimental group, dimensions of troubleshooting and focusing, making physical decisions, attention processing, systematizing, learning, and establishing relationships were found to be better than those of the control group after the application, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P < .05). However, after the application, QOL of the experimental group was found to be better than that of the control group following the measurements; the difference was found to be statistically significant (P < .05). Psychiatric nurses should evaluate the patients using Standardize Mini-Mental Test Examination before applying RAM-based CST, and they should apply CST to early- and mid-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients at the end of the evaluation and work with groups consisting of six persons at most. Since the cognitive functions of individuals with AD decline from the first stage, coping-adaptation, and QOL levels will also be affected, so it is recommended to evaluate the cognitive functions, coping-adjustment and QOL levels of individuals before applying RAM-based CST. NCT02229474.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy with Reference to Cognitive Level among Patient with Dementia in Selected Rehabilitation Center of Pune District

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy with Reference to Cognitive Level among Patient with Dementia in Selected Rehabilitation Center of Pune District

Non-pharmacological Interventions to Treat Clinical Symptoms in Patients with Dementia

Previous systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions for clinical symptoms in dementia patients have confirmed the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) for cognitive impairment, exercise therapy for activities of daily living, and music therapy and behavior management techniques for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). A Japanese version of CST has been developed and is available, but standardized exercise therapy and music therapy have not been developed. It is also important for informal and formal caregivers to learn behavior management techniques. Thus, attempts are being made to promote the use of behavior management techniques in Japan. It is further important to incorporate non-pharmacological interventions into the daily life of dementia patients and to prevent the development of BPSD. In Japan, these interventions are usually provided in care services for elderly people and are covered by the Japanese long-term insurance system. Thus, it is advisable for dementia patients to start using these care services before they develop BPSD. The effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in patients with diseases causing dementia other than Alzheimer's disease has not yet been assessed.

The effect of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) groups for dementia on participant’s attitudes to ageing: A practice-based study

This practice-based study investigated the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) in everyday NHS clinical settings on both routine outcomes and attitudes to ageing. This is important given that negative ageist beliefs have been linked to decline in health and wellbeing among older people, especially those with a dementia diagnosis. A quantitative pre-test/post-test design was used to evaluate changes in participant outcomes for cognition, quality of life and ageing attitudes. A total of 82 CST participants with mild to moderate dementia were included in the study. Significant improvements on measures of quality of life and attitudes to ageing were found pre- to post-CST, and a holding pattern of no change was observed for cognition. A significant positive correlation was established between ageing attitudes and quality of life. Demographic characteristics were not found to have an influence on the treatment effects of CST. These findings provide additional evidence that CST can produce routine improvements in clinical practice settings that are equally applicable across age and gender. Of clinical significance is the finding that CST improves the attitudes to ageing of older people with dementia, as this is the first time it has been empirically studied. This further highlights the potential of CST as a de-stigmatising, positive ageing intervention.

Domain Fungsi Kognitif setelah Terapi Stimulasi Kognitif

Cognitive Function Domain after Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST). CST is a group therapy proved effective at improving cognitive function of the elderly with mild to moderate dementia. The literature hinted no research reports on effectiveness of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy in the Indonesian community. This study aimed to prove effectiveness of CST in the Indonesian community and find which cognitive function domain improved after participating in 14 CST sessions. Purposive sampling was used with inclusion criteria: elderly of 45 and plus, living in Binong, Tangerang, havingmild to moderate dementia (Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of 10-26, ability to communicate and understand Indonesian language.Attrition rate of respondents was 79,1%. Only 5 respondentsattended CST upto post-test. While 2,4 point increase was found on MMSE scores between pre- and post-test, paired t testshowed no significant difference between the two (p=0,080; α=0,05) and no differences found for each cognitive function domain. Future study is warranted with larger sample size to validate findings of this study.

The Effect of Cognitive Stimulation on Nursing Home Elders: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This paper describes the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) on cognition and depressive symptoms in older adults in nursing homes (NHs). A randomized controlled trial, carried out from 2012 to 2013, included 56 residents from four NHs, 36 women and 20 men (randomized into experimental and control groups). Eight participants dropped out. Participants of the experimental group underwent 14 CST sessions (7 weeks) in groups of six to eight older adults, and participants of the control group received usual care. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Geriatric Depression Scale-15, and the Barthel Index of activities of daily living (ADLs) were administered at baseline and postintervention. Repeated measures revealed that CST increased cognition (F = 8.581; p = .005; partial η squared = 0.157; power = 0.82). There were no statistically significant differences in depressive symptoms (F = 1.090; p = .302). Baseline level of ADLs did not affect the outcomes. CST had significantly improved cognition, explaining the 15.7% variability, but there was no statistical evidence of its effectiveness on depressive symptoms. This improvement was not affected by the baseline level of dependence-independence in ADLs. CST offers a range of activities, providing general stimulation for thinking, concentration, and memory, usually in a social setting. These results will support implementation of CST in NHs. In addition to the impact on elderly independence and autonomy, CST may also have an economic impact by reducing the direct costs of the impact of elders' cognitive frailty.

Effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy for cognitive dysfunction of patients in acute stage with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective To observe the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation therapy for cognitive dysfunction of patients in acute stage with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods 30 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage at Hunt - Hess [Ⅰ～ Ⅱ were brought into the study, and were divided into two groups randomly. 15 patients who received cognitive stimulation therapy were brought into experimental group;the other 15 patients were control group. All the patients' cognitive function were assessed before endovascular treatment and 14 days after treatment respectively, by mini -mental state examination (MMSE), verbal fluency test, visual reproduction, and trail making test. Results(1)There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender,age and Hunt -Hess stage( P ＞0. 05). (2)There was no significant difference between the two groups in MMSE, verbal fluency test, visual reproduction and trail making test ( A and B ) before endovascular treatment ( P ＞ 0. 05 ) . ( 3 ) The cognitive function assessments after endovascular treatment of experimental group were better than those of control group in MMSE,verbal fluency test and trail making test( A and B) ( P ＜0. 05). There was no significant difference in the visual reproduction ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusion Cognitive stimulation therapy may help to improve patients' cognitive function partly in acute stage with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Key words: Subarachnoid hemorrhage; Cognitive function; Cognitive stimulation therapy

The dementia patient and other identities: Exploring the role identity theories have in explaining the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy in people with dementia

The dementia patient and other identities: Exploring the role identity theories have in explaining the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy in people with dementia

Cognitive stimulation therapy for Alzheimer's disease: the effect of cognitive stimulation therapy on the progression of mild Alzheimer's disease in patients treated with donepezil

There is general consensus regarding the benefit of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. donepezil) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the combined effect of acetylcholinesterase and cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is still controversial. This study examines their combined effect on the progression of cognitive decline in AD by comparing the cognitive performance of 17 AD patients treated with CST and donepezil (combined treatment group) and 13 AD patients treated with donepezil alone (control group). Patients in the combined treatment group received 5 mg of donepezil per day and about 20 one-hour CST sessions for one year, whereas the control group received only 5 mg of donepezil per day. The first eight sessions were carried out once a week, and subsequent sessions were generally once every two weeks. The patients were evaluated for changes in cognitive ability by administering the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) before the start of CST (baseline) and about one year later (follow-up). A repeated-measure analysis of variance revealed a significant group x time interaction. The MMSE score decreased significantly in the control group, but did not change significantly in the combined treatment group. Three patients in the control group declined by four points on the MMSE, compared to none in the combined treatment group. Effect size (ES) in the control group was relatively large and negative, while the ES in the combined treatment group was close to zero. The results suggest the possibility that donepezil plus CST slowed the rate of cognitive decline more than the administration of donepezil alone.