Effects Of Cognitive Appraisal Research Articles

Effects of Cognitive Appraisals on Perceived Self-Efficacy and Distress during the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Empirical Analysis Based on Structural Equation Modeling

During the COVID-19 lockdown, individuals and households had to responsibly manage the difficulties and problems caused by the restrictions on their mobility, such as the interruptions to work schedules, insecure food supplies, and the procurement of services and health care. The perceptions of risk as well as the fear of disease were strongly linked to worry, defined as a sequence of thoughts that evoke negative emotions and elevated levels of anxiety and distress. This study evaluated how different cognitive appraisals of an individual's sources of worry could influence their perceived self-efficacy and directly or indirectly moderate their perceived general distress. A sample of 544 participants completed a survey that included questions based on the generalized self-efficacy scale, the sources of concern during the epidemic, the cognitive appraisal scale in emergency, and perceived discomfort. Subsequently, a structural-equation-modeling (SEM) analysis was performed to test the moderating role of cognitive appraisals and perceived self-efficacy on participants' overall distress during a lockdown. Overall, the model reported acceptable fit values and confirmed the hypotheses of the study. An individual's worries activated either a dysfunctional threat appraisal, which prompted a fear-and-closure response that then increased their overall state of distress; or two other functional appraisals (i.e., adaptive or supportive) that contributed to significantly improving the individual's self-efficacy. Higher self-efficacy was shown to be associated with lower levels of perceived distress. For the purposes of prevention and distress containment, it would be appropriate to promote psycho-educational interventions that promote the adoption of appraisal strategies that are functional and beneficial for perceived self-efficacy.

Reducing demands or optimizing demands? Effects of cognitive appraisal and autonomy on job crafting to change one’s work demands

ABSTRACT Employees can craft their job demands by optimizing or reducing them. Research has shown reducing demands produces dysfunctional effects, yet optimizing demands creates positive effects. However, little is known about when and why employees choose to engage in optimizing demands versus reducing demands. Drawing on the transactional theory of stress, we proposed that individuals’ primary appraisal of a demand as a challenge or a hindrance affects their choice of demands crafting via secondary appraisal of control. We further theorized that job autonomy affects control appraisal and interacts with primary appraisal to affect control appraisal. We conducted two randomized vignette experiments in which we manipulated primary appraisal and job autonomy in Study A (N = 182) and control appraisal in Study B (N = 145) to test our hypotheses. The assigned challenge appraisal positively predicted optimizing demands indirectly via the increased control appraisal. The assigned hindrance appraisal positively predicted reducing demands, but this effect was not mediated by control appraisal. Job autonomy had a main effect on control appraisal but did not interact with assigned challenge/hindrance appraisal in predicting control appraisal. Our findings provide significant insights into distinct mechanisms of two demands crafting strategies, and guidance to organizational practices.

The mediating effect of cognitive appraisal on the relationship between sleep habits and the stress response among Japanese female college students

BackgroundUndergraduate students tend to develop “evening-type” sleep patterns. Recent research has reported that evening-type and irregular sleep habits are related to physical and mental stress responses, particularly in female students. Although the connection between sleep habits and the stress response has been well documented, the mechanism behind this relationship is currently unknown. Using the transactional model as a framework and female students as our target population, we examined whether sleep habits predict the stress response through the mediation of cognitive appraisals of one’s own sleep habits.MethodsThree hundred twenty-one Japanese female college students participated in this study. Participants completed measures of their sleep habits (sleep patterns and sleep irregularity), cognitive appraisals of their sleep habits (including four subscales: commitment, appraisal of influence, appraisal of threat, and controllability), stress responses (depression and anxiety), and control factors. The reliability and validity of the scales used in this study, except for sleep pattern and sleep irregularity, were confirmed in previous studies.ResultsMultiple-mediation-model analysis indicated that commitment mediates the relationship between sleep pattern and anxiety. Meanwhile, cognitive appraisals, as a whole, were found to have a mediating effect on the relationship between sleep irregularity and depression.ConclusionsOur study revealed that cognitive appraisals mediated the relationship between sleep habits and the stress response. The findings also suggest that maintaining a low level of commitment might be effective for reducing anxiety, especially considering the difficulty associated with changing lifestyles. The findings of the present study should be useful for health education related to lifestyle.

Frontline employee anger in response to customer incivility: Antecedents and consequences

This study examines the antecedents and consequences of frontline employee (FLE) anger evoked by customer incivility as well as the moderating effect of emotion regulation. The cognitive appraisal theory provides the theoretical basis for this study. Data were collected from a sample of 296 frontline service employees in four hotels in Guangzhou City, China. The results demonstrate that, while goal incongruence, goal importance, and other-agency positively predicted anger, coping potential negatively influenced anger. Furthermore, the effects of cognitive appraisals on FLE retaliation intention were mediated by anger. Additionally, FLE emotion regulation ability significantly moderated the relationship between anger and retaliation intention. Our findings extend the literature on customer incivility by demonstrating the psychological mechanism underlying how customer incivility triggers FLE retaliation intention. • This study investigates the mechanism of how customer incivility incidents lead to retaliation intention. • Goal incongruence/importance, and other-agency positively predicted anger, and coping potential negatively influenced anger. • The effects of cognitive appraisals on FLE retaliation intention was mediated by anger. • ERA acted as a moderating factor and weakened the relationship between anger and retaliation intention.

Teens’ responses to Facebook newsfeed advertising: The effects of cognitive appraisal and social influence on privacy concerns and coping strategies

This study examines how cognitive (benefit-risk appraisal) and social factors (parent and peer communication) are associated with teenagers’ privacy concerns as well as individual and social coping strategies in dealing with Facebook newsfeed advertising. A survey conducted with U.S. teen Facebook users demonstrates that benefit appraisal (ad value and relevance) induces greater ad engagement, while risk perceptions (goal impediment, ad intrusiveness, and sponsorship deceptiveness) result in reactive coping strategies such as privacy concerns, ad avoidance, and regulatory control. Parental mediation has a positive impact on teens’ privacy concerns and ad avoidance, whereas peer communication makes teens less critical about advertising practices. Teens’ privacy concerns lead to ad disengagement and support for government regulation. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

청소년 운동선수들의 긍정적 사고와 운동지속 및 탈퇴의 관계에서 인지평가와 정서의 매개효과

청소년 운동선수들의 긍정적 사고와 운동지속 및 탈퇴의 관계에서 인지평가와 정서의 매개효과

Social comparisons and quality of life following a prostate cancer diagnosis

ABSTRACTPurpose: The objective was to explore the relationships among cognitive appraisals of prostate cancer (challenge, threat, and harm/loss), social comparisons, and quality of life in men previously diagnosed. Design, Sample, & Methods: Men who had participated in prostate cancer support groups completed a cross-sectional questionnaire (N = 189). Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate social comparisons as mediators of quality of life while controlling for uncertainty and optimism. Findings: Positive and negative social comparisons were parallel mediators of the relationships between challenge or threat appraisals and quality of life, while only negative social comparisons mediated the relationship between harm/loss appraisals and quality of life. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the importance of social comparisons in accounting for the effect of cognitive appraisals of prostate cancer on quality of life among men in support groups. Implications for Psychosocial Providers: Interventions to improve quality of life could address reduction of maladaptive comparisons, a strategy that could be tailored based on the patient's appraisal of prostate cancer.

The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Emotional Suppression on Autonomic Nervous Reactions on the Basis of Sensory Processing Sensitivity

The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Emotional Suppression on Autonomic Nervous Reactions on the Basis of Sensory Processing Sensitivity

The Effect of Cognitive Appraisal on Quality of Life of Providers of Home Care for Patients With Stroke.

Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability. Most stroke survivors return to their own home and need to be cared for by family members, most of whom are informal caregivers. The aim of this study was to identify whether cognitive appraisal influences health-related quality of life. A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design was used. Participants included 77 primary support persons, mean age = 59.47 years, who were younger than stroke survivors (mean age = 78.13 years). Data were collected between March-November 2012 and obtained through face-to-face interviews, using the Short-Form-36 Health Survey, Caregiver Burden Inventory, and five cognitive appraisal questions. In addition, the Barthel Index, Modified Rankin Scale, and Glasgow Coma Scale were used to assess patient disease severity. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of health-related quality of life. The results indicated that 61% of participants rated their health as poor or fair. Patient severity, gender of primary support person, age, employment, burden, and cognitive appraisal impact accounted for 45.8% of the variance in primary support persons' physical component summary of health-related quality of life, with age, burden, and appraisal impact being the strongest of six predictors. In addition, burden and appraisal impact were the strongest of six predictors, explaining 18.1% of the variance in primary support persons' mental component summary of health-related quality of life. The results of the current study further highlight the importance of cognitive appraisal on the stroke survivor's primary support person's health-related quality of life.

The effect of cognitive appraisal in middle-aged women stroke survivors and the psychological health of their caregivers: a follow-up study.

This study identified the factors that affect health-related quality of life at one and six months post-stroke in women who have undergone a mild stroke and that affect their informal caregivers' psychological health status. Middle-aged women perform the main care roles in a family. When they suffer a stroke, it upsets the equilibrium of their family life. This is a longitudinal design. This prospective follow-up study recruited 41 middle-aged women stroke survivors (mean age = 54.95, SD = 9.63) and their informal caregivers (mean age = 41.56, SD = 15.93). The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to assess stroke survivor's health-related quality of life, and the Chinese Health Questionnaire was used to measure the level of depression of the stroke survivor's informal caregiver. Data were analysed through descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and the generalised estimating equation approach for modelling repeatedly measures. All stroke survivors showed significant improvement in the physical component summary of the health-related quality of life at one and six months after stroke, but there was no significant difference in the mental component summary. In addition, there was no significant difference in the health of the informal caregivers of the women over time. Generalised estimating equation analysis showed that the most important determinant of mental component summary of health-related quality of life among women stroke survivors was cognitive appraisal. The informal caregivers' most important determinants of health status, as measured by level of depression, were their sense of coherence, burden and patients' mental component summary of the health-related quality of life. This study highlights the impact of cognitive appraisal in determining health-related quality of life of women stroke survivors and how it affects their caregivers' mental health. The findings of this study may contribute to home care nurses' understanding the importance of the psychosocial impact of the stroke for the survivor and their ability to help the surviving women to promote the confidence needed for self-care, which will contribute to their quality of life and affect their caregivers' health.

Effects of cognitive appraisal and mental workload factors on performance in an arithmetic task.

We showed in a previous study an additive interaction between intrinsic and extraneous cognitive loads and of participants' alertness in an 1-back working memory task. The interaction between intrinsic and extraneous cognitive loads was only observed when participants' alertness was low (i.e. in the morning). As alertness is known to reflect an individual's general functional state, we suggested that the working memory capacity available for germane cognitive load depends on a participant's functional state, in addition to intrinsic and extraneous loads induced by the task and task conditions. The relationships between the different load types and their assessment by specific load measures gave rise to a modified cognitive load model. The aim of the present study was to complete the model by determining to what extent and at what processing level an individual's characteristics intervene in order to implement efficient strategies in a working memory task. Therefore, the study explored participants' cognitive appraisal of the situation in addition to the load factors considered previously-task difficulty, time pressure and alertness. Each participant performed a mental arithmetic task in four different cognitive load conditions (crossover of two task difficulty conditions and of two time pressure conditions), both while their alertness was low (9a.m.) and high (4p.m.). Results confirmed an additive effect of task difficulty and time pressure, previously reported in the 1-back memory task, thereby lending further support to the modified cognitive load model. Further, in the high intrinsic and extraneous load condition, performance was reduced on the morning session (i.e. when alertness was low) on one hand, and in those participants' having a threat appraisal of the situation on the other hand. When these factors were included into the analysis, a performance drop occurred in the morning irrespective of cognitive appraisal, and with threat appraisal in the afternoon (i.e. high alertness). Taken together, these findings indicate that mental overload can be the result of a combination of subject-related characteristics, including alertness and cognitive appraisal, in addition to well-documented task-related components (intrinsic and extraneous load). As the factors investigated in the study are known to be critically involved in a number of real job-activities, the findings suggest that solutions designed to reduce incidents and accidents at work should consider the situation from a global perspective, including individual characteristics, task parameters, and work organization, rather than dealing with each factor separately.

Toward a Theory of Persuasive Hope: Effects of Cognitive Appraisals, Hope Appeals, and Hope in the Context of Climate Change

Hope has the potential to be a powerful motivator for influencing behavior. However, hope and messages that evoke hope (hope appeals) have rarely been the focus of theoretical development or empirical research. As a step toward the effective development and use of hope appeals in persuasive communication, this study conceptualized and operationalized hope appeals in the context of climate change prevention. Then, the study manipulated components of the hope evocation part of a hope appeal. Specifically, the components were designed to address appraisals of the importance, goal congruence, future expectation, and possibility of climate protection, resulting in a 2 (strong/weak importance) × 2 (strong/weak goal congruence) × 2 (strong/weak future expectation) × 2 (strong/weak possibility) between-subjects pretest–posttest factorial design. Two hundred forty-five undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of the 16 message conditions and completed the study online. The study tested whether the four appraisals predict feelings of hope. It determined whether message components that address importance, goal congruence, future expectation, and possibility affect appraisals, feelings of hope, and persuasion outcomes. Finally, this study tested the effects of feelings of hope on persuasion outcomes. This study takes an important step toward enabling the effective use of hope appeals in persuasive communication.

The Effect of Cognitive Appraisals and Coping Strategies of Anticipated High School Entrance Exams on Stress-Related Growth in Japanese Junior High School Students

The Effect of Cognitive Appraisals and Coping Strategies of Anticipated High School Entrance Exams on Stress-Related Growth in Japanese Junior High School Students

感謝生起状況における状況評価と感情体験が対人行動に及ぼす影響

People tend to show some types of interpersonal behavior after feeling gratitude: reciprocal behavior, expression of apology, expression of thanks, and prosocial behavior. We examined the mechanism of these behaviors in 304 undergraduate students who were presented with three types of situations that produce gratitude: receiving help, receiving gifts, or imposing on others. We asked participants to rate three types of cognitive appraisals (receiving favor, cost to benefactor, naturalness of the situation), two types of emotional experiences of gratitude (contentment, apologetic emotion), and four types of interpersonal behavior. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that receiving benefit basically facilitated reciprocal behavior, prosocial behavior, and expression of thanks. Furthermore, the cost to the benefactor basically facilitated expression of apology. However, some effects of cognitive appraisal and emotional expression on behaviors differed among the types of situations. In particular, the results for imposing on others were different from the other situations. These results are discussed related to the different characteristics of the types of situations.

Effects of Cognitive Appraisals and Coping on the Development of Emotional Intelligence during Preparation for a University Entrance Examination

Effects of Cognitive Appraisals and Coping on the Development of Emotional Intelligence during Preparation for a University Entrance Examination

Mediation of Cognitive Appraisal on Combat Exposure and Psychological Distress

Applying Cognitive Appraisal Theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), this study sought to determine the mediating effect of cognitive appraisal on combat exposure and psychological distress. A total of 3,002 military personnel completed measures of combat exposure, cognitive appraisal of combat-related events, and psychological distress either during or soon after combat operations in Afghanistan. Bootstrapping was employed to test the mediation model. Cognitive appraisal mediated the relationship between combat exposure and psychological distress, suggesting that the impact of a potentially stressful event on well-being is contingent on one's appraisal of that event. Implications for future research and training are presented.

The effect of cognitive appraisals on emotional experiences of gratitude in the situations arousing gratitude

This study had two purposes: first, to clarify the cognitive appraisals that produce gratitude; and second, to examine the effect of cognitive appraisals on emotional experiences of gratitude. Results of a preliminary study indicated that four predominant cognitive appraisals can produce gratitude: naturalness of the situation, receipt of benefit, concern of benefactor to recipient, and cost to benefactor. Furthermore, 488 undergraduate students were presented with five types of situations that produce gratitude: “receiving help,” “receiving gifts,” “imposing on others,” “getting a condition improved” or “changeless condition.” Then, we asked participants to rate on the scales of the four groups of cognitive appraisals and two groups of emotional experiences of gratitude: contentment and apologetic emotion. Factor analysis revealed three groups of cognitive appraisals: ‘receiving favor,’ ‘cost to benefactor,’ and ‘naturalness of the situation.’ Regression analysis showed that ‘receiving benefit’ facilitates contentment. Furthermore, in three types of situations, namely “receiving help,” “receiving gifts” and “imposing on others,” ‘cost to benefactor’ facilitated apologetic emotion. In addition, the effects of cognitive appraisal on emotional experiences of gratitude differed among the types of situation. These results were discussed regarding the different characteristics among the types of situations.

Affect and Self-Efficacy Responses During Moderate-Intensity Exercise Among Low-Active Women: The Effect of Cognitive Appraisal

To investigate the relationship between cognitive and affective responses during acute exercise, 24 low-active females completed two 30-min bouts of cycle ergometer exercise at 90% of the ventilatory threshold. In one condition participants had full knowledge of the exercise duration (KD); in the other, exercise duration was unknown (UD). Affect and self-efficacy were measured before and every 3 min during exercise, and affect was also measured postexercise. Affect declined throughout the first half of both conditions, and continued its decline until the end of the UD condition, when a rebound effect was observed. Self-efficacy during exercise displayed a similar pattern. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that during-exercise self-efficacy was a stronger predictor of during-exercise affect than preexercise self-efficacy, and that this relationship was strongest at the end of exercise when duration was unknown. These results indicate that repetitive cognitive appraisal of self and the task could impact the exercise experiences of low-active women during the adoption phase of an exercise program.

The Relation between Stress Perception and Negative Emotion: The Mediating Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Perfectionism

The Relation between Stress Perception and Negative Emotion: The Mediating Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Perfectionism

The Effects of Cognitive Appraisal and Emotion on Social Motive and Negotiation Behavior: The Critical Role of Agency of Negotiator Emotion

This study presents an emotion-based model of the negotiation process and validates it using data from a dyadic negotiation simulation. We propose that cognitive appraisal of the situation generates one of four emotions (pride–achievement, gratitude, guilt–shame, and anger), depending on the valence and agency of the emotion. We also hypothesize that the effect of negotiator emotion on negotiation behavior is mediated by social motive. Structural equation modeling analyses of the data obtained from 322 participants supported most of the relationships hypothesized in the proposed model. Surprisingly, emotions with the same valence (positive or negative) exhibited contrasting relationships with collaborative and competitive motives, depending on their agency (caused by the self or the other). These findings highlight the importance of considering agency in any examination of the roles of distinct emotions in a negotiation setting. This study also offers a process-based account of how emotion is elicited and how it influences behavior in a negotiation situation.