Effect Of Cobalt Deficiency Research Articles

Effects of Cobalt Deficiency on Nickel-Rich Layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The role of cobalt deficiency on the crystal structure, surface chemistry, and electrochemical performance of Ni-rich layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) positive electrode materials was experimentally studied possibly for the first time. We synthesized pristine and cobalt-deficient NCM811 samples by solid-state reaction. Using a variety of characterization techniques and electrochemical measurements, we show that cobalt nonstoichiometry can suppress Ni2+/Li+ cation mixing, but can simultaneously promote the formation of oxygen vacancies, leading to rapid capacity fade and inferior rate capability compared to pristine NCM811. This study provides new insights into the effects of cobalt deficiency on the cation mixing and electrochemical performance of a Ni-rich layered NCM compound.

Effect of cobalt deficiency on the structural phase transition in EuBaCo2–x O6–δ

The effect of cobalt deficiency on the structural phase transition in the double layered cobaltite EuBaCo2–xO6–δ has been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and high-temperature X-ray diffraction. It has been shown that, upon introduction of 5% cobalt vacancies, the energy and temperature of the phase transition from the orthorhombic unit cell (space group Pmmm) to the tetragonal unit cell (space group P4/mmm) decrease by 6% and 11°C, respectively, as compared to the corresponding values typical of stoichiometric EuBaCo2O6–δ. A model of the formation of cobalt–oxygen vacancies has been proposed.

Effect of Cobalt Deficiency on Physical Properties of the GdBaCo<sub>2-x</sub>O<sub>5+δ</sub> Single Crystal

The effect of cobalt deficiency in a single crystal of double layered cobaltite GdBaCo1.86O5.32 on the magnetic properties was investigated. We have found that in the region 210 - 400 K the sample has the ferrimagnetic state with the Neel temperature (TN ~ 400 K) which is above the Curie temperature (TC ~ 262 K). In the paramagnetic region T = 410 - 650 K the effective magnetic moment is μeff = 8.78 μB, that points out the intermediate spin state (IS) of Co3+ ions.

Effect of cobalt supplementation on performance of Mehraban lambs

A major physiological effect of cobalt deficiency is loss of appetite (Smith, 1997). Rumen micro-organisms require cobalt for the synthesis of Vitamin B12, which acts as a cofactor for protein and energy metabolism enzymes, namely methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase and methionine synthase (Kennedy et, al. 1992). Cobalt deficiency, therefore, impairs the energy and protein metabolism and thus growth and development of the deficient animal, which can be defined as changes in the weight, shape and size of the body. Sheep tend to be extremely susceptible to Co deficiency and develop a normocytic and normochromic anaemia, anorexia, reduced weight gains and photosensitivity (Vellema et al., 1996). The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary Co level on performance of Mehraban male lambs.

Effects of cobalt deficiency in the pregnant ewe on neonatal lamb survival

It has been suggested (Mills, 1981) that there was a lack of research on the effects of cobalt (Co) deficiency on the reproductive performance of sheep. Duncan, Morrison and Garton (1981) reported that clinically Co-deficient ewes produced fewer lambs with a higher incidence of stillbirths and neonatal mortalities than Co-sufficient animals. Garton, Duncan and Fell (1981) related these findings to the vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid status of dams. However, their investigations used few animals and were therefore inconclusive. The objectives of this work were to investigate the effects of subclinical Co deficiency in pregnant hill sheep on reproductive performance and neonatal lamb viability.Experiment 1 (1985/86) comprised 60 Scottish Blackface × Swaledale ewes, while experiment 2 (1986/87) included 30 of these animals plus 30 pure Scottish Blackface sheep. In both experiments the ewes were housed and bedded on sawdust and a Co-deficient diet of timothy hay, micronized maize, maize gluten, dibasic calcium phosphate and sodium chloride was offered. Skimmed milk powder was introduced to the diet during lactation. The Co content of the diet was 0.06 mg Co per kg dry matter.

Effect of cobalt deficiency in the pregnant ewe on reproductive performance and lamb viability

Reproductive performance and lamb viability in cobalt sufficient and subclinically deficient ewes, and from ewes experiencing repletion from and depletion into cobalt deficiency, were investigated in two experiments. The sheep were fed a cobalt deficient ration and supplementation was by oral dose according to treatment. The treatments had a significant effect (P<0·001) on ewe serum vitamin B 12 and methylmalonic acid concentrations. There were no significant effects on ewe liveweight, condition score or conception rate. Cobalt deficient ewes produced fewer lambs and had more stillbirths and neonatal mortalities than cobalt sufficient controls. Lambs from deficient ewes were slower to start suckling (P<0·05), had reduced concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G and zinc sulphate turbidity levels (P<0·05), and had lower serum vitamin B 12 and higher methylmalonic acid concentrations (P < 0·05), than lambs from cobalt sufficient dams. Cobalt supplementation in either the first or second half of pregnancy only did not fully alleviate these adverse effects.

The Effect of Cobalt Deficiency in the Pregnant Ewe on Lamb Viability

Experiments were designed to investigate the effect of sub-clinical cobalt deficiency in pregnant hill sheep, on lamb viability. This form of the deficiency is not characterised by clinical symptoms. The disease is therefore difficult to detect, and may be of economic importance to farms on land of marginal cobalt status.In each of two trials, both with sixty Scottish Blackface x Swaledale ewes, animals were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: A. Cobalt-deficient intake throughout pregnancy; B. Initially cobalt-sufficient intake, but deficient from mid-pregnancy (Trial 1) or initially cobalt-deficient intake, but repleted from mid-term (Trial 2); C. Cobalt-sufficient intake throughout pregnancy. A cobalt-deficient ration (&lt;0.06 mg Co/kg DM) of Timothy hay, micronised maize and maize gluten, was fed from tupping in Trial 1, and from two months before tupping in Trial 2. Treated animals received a weekly oral dose of 0.7 mg Co/head.Vitamin B12 (microbiological and radio-immuno assays) and methylmalonic acid (capillary gas chromatography) were analysed in ewe and lamb sera, as indicators of cobalt status. Levels of passively acquired immunity were measured by analysis of lamb sera, sampled at two and four weeks post-partum, for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and by the zinc sulphate turbidity test (ZSTT).

Effects of cobalt deficiency in pregnant and post-parturient ewes and their lambs.

1. Two groups of ewes were fed on a cobalt-deficient diet throughout pregnancy; one group (group A) was given the diet from the beginning of pregnancy, whilst the other (group B) received the diet for 16 weeks before mating. The ewes in group A continued to receive the diet for 12 weeks post-partum. 2. The vitamin B12 content of serum was estimated on three occasions before parturition and, for group A ewes, at 12 weeks post partum. Urinary concentration of methylmalonic acid was also determined at intervals before the lambs were born. 3. Serum values for vitamin B12 indicated that the ewes in both groups were depleted of the vitamin, though those in group B were more severely affected, as was evidenced by the high incidence of perinatal mortality among the lambs born to these ewes. Perinatal mortality appeared to be associated with abnormally-high values for urinary concentration of methylmalonic acid. 4. Analysis of liver lipids and adipose tissue triacylglycerols of some of the vitamin B12 -deprived lambs which died before, or within 1 d of, birth showed that, compared with the corresponding tissues of control lambs, these lipids contained unusually high proportions of odd-numbered fatty acids (mostly 15:0, 17:0 and 19:0). This observation is discussed in relation to the likelihood that, in vitamin B12-deprived lambs, propionate becomes available as a primer unit for fatty acid synthesis when the metabolism of its carboxylation product, methylmalonic acid, is impaired due to partial lack of a vitamin B12-containing enzyme system.

The residual effect of pasture cobalt applications on some soils in South East Scotland

There are extensive areas in Scotland and other parts of Britain where, because of low soil cobalt status, the cobalt concentration of pasture herbage is below the 0–1 /fg/g D.M. regarded as the requirement for grazing ruminants (Agricultural Research Council, 1965). A common method of overcoming the effects of cobalt deficiency in livestock occurring within these areas is to apply cobalt sulphate to the pasture. Following work carried out by Stewart, Mitchell &amp; Stewart (1941, 1942) and Stewart etal.(1946) the standard recommended application of cobalt sulphate for pasture has remained at 2 kg/ha for many years, an application generally expected to last for 3–5 years. However, in South East Scotland there are doubts about the adequacy of such treatment which has led to a reappraisal. Significant increases in uptake of cobalt by herbage following applications to land at this rate are not always observed and sometimes there is no appreciable increase in ‘available’ soil cobalt as determined by acetic acid extraction.

The Relationship of Cobalt Requirement to Propionate Metabolism in Rhizobium

Cobalt is known to be essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by legumes (l-5), but a requirement of the element for growth of leguminous plants supplied with adequate fixed nitrogen has not been shown. Ahmed and Evans (3) provided evidence that cobalt was required for the bacteria within the nodules of inoculated legumes but was not required for the leguminous plants per se. Lowe, Evans, and Ahmed (6) and Lowe and Evans (7) subsequently showed that cobalt is necessary for normal growth of five species of Rhixobium. More recently, Kliewer and Evans (8-10) analyzed nodules of a variety of symbionts and cells from several species of Rhizobium and observed the presence of cobamide coenzymes in each of the organisms. In addition, they (9) isolated and identified the dimethylbenaimidazolylcobamide coenzyme in extracts of cells isolated from soybean nodules and in cells of a pure culture of Rhizobium meliloti and presented data (10) showing that cobalt deficiency not only limited the growth of Rhizobium japonicum and R. meliloti but also limited the synthesis of cobamide coenzymes in these organisms. The Bn coenzyme has been shown to be involved in propionate metabolism in animals (11-13) and in Propionibacterium sherma&i (14, 15). In addition, Arnstein and White (16) have shown that Bn deficiency in Ochromonas malhamensis resulted in a reduced capacity of the organism to oxidize propionate. Ayers (17) has described similar effects of Blz deficiency in a Flavobacterium species. On the basis of these reports, experiments were conducted to determine whether Rhizobium would metabolize propionate and the possible effect of cobalt deficiency on propionate utilization in these bacteria. In a preliminary communication (18), evidence was presented showing that the rate of oxidation of propionate by cell suspensions of R. meliloti was strikingly affected by the concentration of cobalt in the culture medium. In contrast, the oxidation of glutamate was not affected by cobalt deficiency. In this paper, evidence is presented showing that enzymes necessary for the catalysis of the conversion of propionate to succinyl coenzyme A by a pathway involving methylmalonyl coenzyme A are widely distributed in Rhizobium and that cobalt deficiency in R. meliloti results in insufficient Blz coenzyme for the function of methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase in cell-free extracts.

The effect of cobalt deficiency on the utilization of nitrate nitrogen in Rhizobium

The effect of cobalt deficiency on the utilization of nitrate nitrogen in Rhizobium

The determination of vitamin B12-activity in the organs and excreta of sheep. 5. The effect of cobalt deficiency on the vitamin B12 content of the blood plasma.

Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical ScienceVolume 35, Issue 3 p. 273-276 Original Article THE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN B12-ACTIVITY IN THE ORGANS AND EXCRETA OF SHEEP 5. THE EFFECT OF COBALT DEFICIENCY ON THE VITAMIN B12 CONTENT OF THE BLOOD PLASMA Mary C Dawbarn, Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Animal Products Research Foundation, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorDenise C Hine, Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Animal Products Research Foundation, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorJean Smith, Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Animal Products Research Foundation, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author Mary C Dawbarn, Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Animal Products Research Foundation, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorDenise C Hine, Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Animal Products Research Foundation, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this authorJean Smith, Division of Biochemistry and General Nutrition, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Animal Products Research Foundation, University of AdelaideSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 1957 https://doi.org/10.1038/icb.1957.30Citations: 15AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume35, Issue3June 1957Pages 273-276 Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology RelatedInformation

The effects of cobalt deficiency on the appetite of lambs.

The effects of cobalt deficiency on the appetite of lambs.

Cobalt and copper in the nutrition of sheep (2)

SUMMARYThe effects of cobalt deficiency and of varying degrees of copper deficiency in young sheep were investigated.Five of six evenly matched groups of hoggets aged about 8 months when transferred to the deficient pastures were supplemented with the equivalent of 1 mg. Co/day, 10 mg. Cu/day, 1 mg Co + 1 mg. Cu/day, 1 mg. Co + 5 mg. Cu/day, 1 mg. Co + 10 mg. Cu/day, respectively, administered thrice weekly as a drench; the sixth group was untreated.All individuals that received no cobalt developed typical symptoms of cobalt deficiency and most of them died within a year. After 11 months the remaining cases were removed to the laboratory. They were then in the advanced stages of the terminal cachexia.