Effect Of Chloroform Extract Research Articles

Effect of Ficus glomerata leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced early diabetic complications and its characterization by LC-MS.

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder that leads to various micro-vascular complications. The present study elucidated the effect of chloroform extract of leaves of Ficus glomerata (CHFG) in streptozotocin-induced early diabetic renal and neural complications. Wistar rats were injected with STZ (55 mg/kg, i.p.) to produce experimental diabetes. Two weeks after the stabilization of diabetes, CHFG extract at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg (CHFG 200 and CHFG 400) and metformin at the dose of 250 mg/kg (Met 250) was administered to the diabetic rats for further two weeks. Diabetic rats showed an increase in blood glucose, plasma urea, uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride, and total cholesterol level. The change in behavioral parameters such as thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia with compromised sciatic nerve and kidney antioxidant status were seen in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats treated with CHFG 200, CHFG 400, and Met 250 showed a decrease in blood glucose, plasma urea, uric acid, creatinine, triglyceride, and total cholesterol level. Also, it improved altered behavioral parameters such as thermal hyperalgesia and cold allodynia. It also restored the sciatic nerve and kidney antioxidant status. The results of kidney and sciatic nerves histopathological study were in line with the results of biochemical parameters that confirmed the favorable role of CHFG. Characterization of CHFG by LC-MS revealed the presence of diverse phytoconstituents, which might be responsible for its protective effect.

The Cytotoxic and Apoptosis Effects of Chloroform Extracts of Auricularia auricula on Cervical Cancer Cells

Auricularia auricula is an edible mushroom cultivated in Indonesia that has been known to have potential properties of bioactive compounds than can be used for medicinal purpose. This study aimed to examine the cytotoxic and apoptosis effect of chloroform extract of A. auricula on cervical cancer cells in vitro. The research design was in vitro experimental research. Cytotoxic tests was using an MTT [3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyl tertrazolium bromide] assay and apoptosis test was using double staining method. Test of bioactive compounds was carried out using GCMS. Cytotoxic effect were analyzed by linear regression and apoptosis test was analyzed descriptively. Chloroform extract of mycelium A. auricula showed the best results with IC50 = 264.87 µg/ml. An important finding obtained after the double staining process was that chloroform extract of A. auricula can induce HeLa cells death by apoptosis. GCMS test results showed that the extracts containing limonene and piperidinone which are the anticancer bioactive compounds. In conclusion, the chloroform extracts of A. auricula has the potential to inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells. The benefit of this study are expected to provide information about the anticancer potential of extract of A. auricula against cervical cancer cells, thus contributing to the development of alternative anticancer treatments from natural product.

Effect of chloroform extracts from Longdan Xiegan decoction in inhibiting hydrolytic enzyme activity of Candida albicans isolated from VVC patients

To investigate the inhibitory effect and mechanism of chloroform extracts from Longdan Xiegan decoction(CELX) against hydrolytic enzymes activity of Candida albicans isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC) patients. Secreted aspartyl proteinase(Sap), phospholipase(PL) and lipase(Lip) positive strains were identified from 15 strains of C. albicans with milk culture medium, egg yolk culture medium and tween-80 medium, respectively. Then, the activities of Sap, PL, and Lip were detected in the above media. qRT-PCR was used to detect the changes in gene expressions of aspartic protease(SAP1-7,10), phospholipase B(PLB1-2) and lipase(LIP3-6). Secreted aspartyl proteinase and phospholipase of 15 VVC clinical strains were positive, and lipase of 11 strains were positive. Compared with the blank control group, the drug CELX-containing medium(milk medium, egg yolk culture medium, tween-80 medium) experiment showed that the sedimentation of colonies decreased gradually in each culture medium with the increase of CELX dose. When the concentration of CELX was 256 mg•L⁻¹, the colony almost disappeared, which indicated the enzyme activity was significantly weakened. The results of qRT-PCR showed that SAP1, SAP2, SAP3, SAP4, SAP7, SAP9 and SAP10 were down-regulated by 62%, 55%, 62%, 84%, 61%, 51%, 68%, respectively, except for SAP5 and SAP6; and PLB1, LIP3, LIP4, LIP6 were down-regulated by 67%, 51%, 54%, 55%, respectively. The findings suggested that CELX may inhibit the activities of Sap, PL, and Lip, which are important virulence factors of C. albicans.

In vitro effects of Genkwa Flos chloroform extract on activity of human liver microsomes UGTs and UGT1A1

To predict the mechanism of liver injury induced by Genkwa Flos, we investigated the effect of chloroform extract on UGTs and UGT1A1 activities of the liver microsomes in rat and human. In the present study, 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) and β-estradiol were elected as substrates to determine activities of UGTs and UGT1A1 by UV and HPLC. The results showed that there were 1.00% of apigenin, 6.40% of hydroxygenkwanin and 18.38% of genkwanin in chloroform extract; and total diterpene mass fraction was 31.40%. Compared with the control group, chloroform extract could significantly inhibit the activity of UGTs in rat liver microsomes(RLM) system, while the inhibitory effect was not obvious in human liver microsomes(HLM) system. UGT1A1 activity was inhibited by chloroform extract in rat liver microsomes and human liver microsomes (based on genkwanin, IC₅₀=8.76, 10.36 μmol•L⁻¹). The inhibition types were non-competitive inhibition(RLM) and uncompetitive inhibition(HLM). In conclusion, the results indicated that chloroform extract showed different inhibitory effects on UGTs and UGT1A1 activity, which may be one of the mechanisms of liver injury induced by Genkwa Flos.

Evaluation of antinociceptive effects of Tragia plukenetii: A possible mechanism

Tragia plukenetii R.Smith. (Euphorbiaceae) is an erect, prostate herb with sparsely hispid stinging hairs. In the present study, ethanolic extract and its fractions of T. plukenetii aerial parts were evaluated for antinociceptive and central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects. Among all the extracts, chloroform extract has produced significant analgesic activity at a test dose of 250 mg/kg in acetic acid induced writhing test and Eddy's hotplate test. The analgesic effect of chloroform extract (68.83% inhibition) is comparable with aspirin (72.09% inhibition) in acetic acid induced writhing test. Chloroform extract significantly increased the latency time in hotplate test. In the study of CNS depressant effect, the chloroform extract was found to produce a significant (P < 0.01) reduction of the exploratory capacity and depressant effect in locomotor activity. From the point of CNS depressant and good protective effect on chemical and thermal pain stimuli, indicates that T. plukenetii chloroform extract may have morphinomimetic properties. The naloxone is not able to alter the T. plukenetii induced antinociceptive effect in writhing and hotplate test. Thus, the observed antinociceptive activity of T. plukenetii might have resulted from the activation of peripheral receptors.

Effects of papaya seeds extract on the sperm characteristics of dogs

The effect of chloroform extracts from seeds of the papaya plant ( Carica papaya) on the spermatic characteristics of dogs was evaluated at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg, Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Structural and ultrastructural changes in sperm cells and testicular parenchyma were also evaluated, and possible side effects were noted. Significant reductions in sperm concentration and motility were observed starting from Days 60 and 75, respectively, in all treated groups ( P < 0.05), but no azoospermia was noted. A mild osmotic diarrhea occurred in dogs from Group 3 (150 mg/kg), although blood variables were within the normal range of a clinically healthy dog. Arrested spermatogenesis was observed in the seminiferous tubules of all treated groups, and vacuolization and signs of Sertoli cell degeneration were detected in all treated groups, particularly in Group 3 (150 mg/kg). Selective damage to Sertoli cells induced by the extract occurred in all treated groups independently of the extract concentration. Alteration of the epididymal environment may reduce the motility of sperm cells, considering that their structure was normal. Sperm characteristics in treated animals were considered to be similar to those of sub-fertile dogs. However, these effects may be temporary, and dogs may recover normal sperm characteristics when the extract is withdrawn.

Anti-diabetic potential of chloroform extract of flowers of Calotropis gigantea: An in vitro and in vivo study

The chloroform extract of Calotropis gigantea flowers was evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in vivo and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in vitro. It was also intended to establish correlation between the serum marker antioxidant enzymes and diabetes. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate freshly prepared in a dose of 150 mg/kg. Chloroform extract showing presence of flavonoids was administered orally at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/ kg for 21 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose level, glycosylated haemoglobin, blood glutathione, serum creatinine kinase, serum lactate dehydrogenase levels as well as final change in body weight were evaluated. In vitro inhibition of carbohydrate digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) was also determined. Experimental findings showed moderately significant anti-diabetic potential of extract in terms of reduction of fasting glucose level in diabetic rats. The extract was found statistically significant in maintaining the level of serum marker antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the effect of chloroform extract particularly 200 mg/kg was moderate as compared to that of standard drug glibenclamide. Key words: Anti-hyperglycemic, calotropis gigantean, glibenclamide, α-amylase, α-glucosidase

Hepatotoxic effects of chloroform extract of Artemisia macivera Linn in rats following intraperitoneal administration of different subchronic doses

The possible hepatotoxic effects of chloroform extract of Artemisia maciverae was evaluated biochemically and histologically using male Swiss albino rats, randomly assigned into four groups of 24 animals each. The groups (control, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) were treated for 60 days and then monitored for another 30 days before sacrifice. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin (total and direct), total protein and albumin were assessed colorimetrically, while tissue specimens were subjected to histological examination following standard hematoxyline-eosin staining techniques. After 1 week of treatment, the extract caused statistically significant elevation in levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin (total and direct), while there was significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the levels of serum total protein and albumin at the onset of treatment when compared with the control. These abnormalities in the levels of serum biochemical parameters were spontaneously corrected within 2 weeks of treatment. Similarly, histological assessment showed severe hepatic tissue injuries after 1 week, but these organs recovered spontaneously by the second week of treatment. The results indicate that long-term exposure to therapeutic doses of chloroform extract of A maciverae is relatively safe, but high dose exposure may result in hepatocellular injury.

Evaluation of anti-tussive activity of Chamaedorea tepejilote

Aim of the study Evaluate the potential inhibition of cough in a mouse model induced by sulfur dioxide gas of methanol and chloroform extracts of aerial parts of Chamaedorea tepejilote. Material and methods The antitussive effect was examined using the Ogyhara method. The extracts and theobromine were orally administered to mice. Each extract was administered to one group (400 mg/Kg) and theobromine (2 mg), and negative control received PVP. The frequency of cough was measured at 60, 90 min after the administration of chloroform extract. Results The water extract of C. tepejilote had no effect on the pharmacological model used in this study. The effects of the methanol and chloroform extracts of this plant on sulfur-dioxide-induced cough in experimental animals show activity dose-dependently in the range between 100 to 500 mg/Kg. At doses of 400 mg/kg, the methanol and chloroform extracts inhibited cough by 41.72% and 49.1%, respectively; these results are comparable to the effect produced by the antitussive agent theobromine (53.4% inhibition). Conclusions Both extracts exhibited significant antitussive activity, and the effect of the chloroform extract was dose dependent. The antitussive activity of this extract was comparable to that of theobromine. The effect of chloroform extract on the trachea was also tested; it did not relax pre-contractions in guinea pig trachealis induced KCl, carbachol or histamine.

The effect of chloroform extracts of micromycete biomass on the movement of tracheal cilia in one-day old chickens in vitro.

The effect of chloroform extracts of micromycete biomass on the movement of tracheal cilia in one-day old chickens in vitro.