Effects Of Chloride Salts Research Articles

Role of hygroscopic chloride salts on corrosion performance and hydrogen absorption of steel under cyclic wet-dry conditions

The corrosion morphology of steel under aqueous NaCl, MgCl2, and ZnCl2 droplets and the corresponding hydrogen permeation behaviour were investigated using surface characterization techniques and electrochemical methods. Under cyclic wet-dry conditions, Mg2+ and Zn2+-containing surface layers were formed on steel and the latter presented a high corrosion resistance. The most active hydrogen entry occurred under ZnCl2 during drying, while it happened under MgCl2 at low humidity. The effects of chloride salts on the formation of rust layers and hydrogen entry into steel during wet-dry cycles were discussed based on the hardness of metal cations and the deliquescence properties of salts.

Effect of chloride salts and microwaves on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) hydrolysis by iron chloride/acetic acid Lewis/Brønsted acidic deep eutectic solvent

Iron(iii)-based deep eutectic solvents were demonstrated to be active solvents for the hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate), especially under microwave irradiation.

Effect of Chloride Salts on TBAC Semiclathrate Hydrates: Application to Produced Water Desalination

Effect of Chloride Salts on TBAC Semiclathrate Hydrates: Application to Produced Water Desalination

Diagnostic study of the green alga Dunaliella salina in the brine ponds from Basrah Governorate and the effect of chloride salt on alga growth and carotene production.

The current study included shedding light on one genus of green alga Dunaliella salina spread from the saline brine ponds, Basrah Governorate, southern Iraq. Morphological results showed all algal samples from different brine ponds sites in Basrah governorate were belong to the species D. salina, and the measured enviro-nmental factors are commensurate with the growth of this species especially salinity, due to its increasing growth compatible increasing salinity with significantly P≤0.05 at concentrations 0-15% of sodium chloride salt, which equaled a salinity level more than 4 times the salinity of sea water, which amounted to 150 g/L. finding showed the concentration 5% of sodium chloride is considered it is a suitable concentration for the growth of all alga samples with no significant differences P≤0.05 between the generation time (G) and constant growth (K) for all cultures samples. Finding was proven that all isolates of the different sites showed the ability to produce total carotene in response to an increase or decrease in salinity, as is the case in the salinity-free control group as an effort that requires the alga to produce carotene, and this is an important characteristic for this species as well. From these results, it can be concluded that all isolates of algae from different sites belong to only one species diagnosed in the current study.

Effects of chloride salts on strength, hydration, and microstructure of cemented tailings backfill with one-part alkali-activated slag

For mines located in saline areas, the use of mine water containing chloride salts to prepare cemented tailings backfill (CTB) for mined-out area treatment can realize the resource utilization of mine water and save a large amount of precious freshwater. However, the hydration behavior of binder and strength properties of CTB in the presence of chloride salts is still not well understood. This research investigates the effects of NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 with different Cl- concentrations (0.50, 0.77 and 1.0 mol/L) on strength of CTB prepared with one-part alkali-activated slag binder. It analyzes the hydration process of binder and the microstructure of CTB. The results indicated that the decalcification of C-A-S-H (replaced by sodium to create N(C)-A-S-H at high Na+ concentrations) leads to numerous 0.01–0.1 μm micropores within the hardened backfill, increasing porosity while decreasing strength by 3.2–25.0%. Calcium ion (Ca2+) contributes to the formation of dense internal structures and high-strength backfill. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) reduces alkalinity by consuming Ca(OH)2, seriously impacts slag decomposition, but accelerates the dissolution of desulfurized gypsum. The study’s findings will help the application of chloride-containing mixing water in mines situated in saline regions.

Impact of Cooling on Water and Salt Migration of High-Chlorine Saline Soils

Secondary salinization is a common problem in saline soil projects. In order to grasp the mechanism of water and salt migration of high-chlorine saline soil during the cooling process, the saline soils along the Qarhan-Golmud Highway in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were selected as test samples. Firstly, the basic physical parameter test and the soluble salt chemical experiment were carried out and obtained liquid and plastic limits, dry density, etc. Secondly, freezing temperature experiments and water-salt migration experiments under one-way cooling conditions were conducted according to the actual environmental conditions, and after the temperature gradient line of the soil sample was stable, water content and labile salt chemistry experiments were conducted to obtain the distribution of water and salt contents of soil samples. Finally, the effect of crystallization-water phase transition on water and salt migration and the effect of chloride salt on the temperature of crystallization-water phase transition were considered, and a mathematical model applicable to the water and salt migration of highly chlorinated saline soils under the effect of unidirectional cooling was established and solved with COMSOL Multiphysics software, and the correctness of the model was verified by comparing the simulation results with the experimental results. The study found that (1) during the one-way cooling process, both water and salt showed a tendency to migrate to the cold end. The MC (saline soil with medium chlorine content) with an initial water content of 16.9% and Cl− content of 3.373% was measured to reach a 17.6% water content and 3.76% Cl− content at the cold (top) end after the experiment. The HC (saline soil with high chlorine content) with an initial water content of 6.6% and Cl− content of 17.928% was measured to reach a 6.83% water content and 18.8% Cl− content after the experiment and (2) after the one-way cooling experiment of the MC, the water content at a distance of 1–2 cm from the cold end has abrupt changes, which may be caused by a small amount of crystallization—water phase transition at this location. At the same time, according to the temperature change graph during the cooling process, the phase change temperature was set to −9°C in the numerical simulation process to match the experimental results.

Electrical resistivity model for quantifying concrete chloride diffusion coefficient

The effects of chloride salts on concrete durability have been financially and logistically overwhelming. Current test methods for quantifying diffusivity of chlorides in concrete are time consuming and demanding. A comprehensive electrical resistivity model has been developed to quantify the chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete. The model employs the modified Nernst-Einstein equation along with an ionic concentration sub-model, a pore solution conductivity sub-model, and a binder hydration sub-model. The sub-models, which account for the concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and OH− ions in the pore solution derived from the binder degree of hydration, binder chemical composition, and alkalis binding to the cement hydration products, are included to accurately quantify the conductivity of the pore solution. Moreover, an experimental program was developed to verify and validate the accuracy and completeness of the electrical resistivity model. The experimental variables are volume fraction of coarse aggregate, water to binder ratio, total binder content, and silica fume (SF) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) as supplementary cementing materials (SCMs). The model results are found statistically equal to experimentally quantified chloride diffusion coefficient values and possess high accuracy and precision for a wide range of concrete mixture, binder composition and age.

TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BETA-CYANOALANINE SYNTHASE FROM COMMON BEAN SEEDS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS)

Cyanide is produced throughout a plant's life cycle, its production increases during certain developmental stages such as seed germination, seedling elongation, fruit ripening and senescence. Beta-cyanoalanine synthase is the most important cyanide metabolizing enzyme found in plants. This work is aimed at studying the tissue distribution, partial purification and some physicochemical properties of β-cyanoalanine synthase from bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris). β-cyanolalanine synthase was isolated and partially purified using a combination of ammonium sulphate precipitation, desalting on Sephadex G-10 and gel filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 column. The biochemical characteristics of the enzyme were investigated. Results obtained from this work showed that β-cyanolalanine synthase is more concentrated in the seeds (20.53 nmol/HS/mg) when compared 2 to the cotyledons (10.08 nmol/HS/mg) and the seed coats (5.82 nmol/HS/mg). The partially purified 2 2 enzyme showed a specific activity of 26.77 nmol/HS/mg and an apparent molecular weight of about 2 60,000Da, K values for cyanide and L-cysteine of 0.741 mM and 1.724 mM respectively. The V max m value obtained for cyanide was 25.00 nmol/H S/ml/minwhile that of L-cysteine was 2 o666.67nmol/H S/ml/min. The enzyme showed an optimum temperature of 40C and optimum pH of 2 10.0.Studies on the effect of chloride salt indicated that NaCl and MnCl had strong inhibitory effect 2 on the enzyme; NHCl had slight negative effect while KCl and ZnCl activated the enzyme dose 4 2 dependently.This study showed the presence of β-cyanoalanine synthase in bean seeds which is believed to function in the detoxification of cyanide produced in its tissues especially during germination.

Chloride salts inhibit emergence and seedling growth of chickpea rather than germination

The effects of chloride salts (NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2) with the same electrical conductivity (EC) values on germination, emergence, seedling growth and Cl content of seedling in chickpea cultivars (Akçin 91, Aziziye, Gökçe, Inci, Iºýk-05 and Yaºa-05) were investigated. The EC values of the chloride salts were adjusted to 4, 8 and 16 dS m-1 and the distilled water was served as control. Germination percentage, mean germination time, radicula and plumula lengths, fresh and dry radicula and plumula weight, chloride (Cl-) content of seedling in germination test, and seedling length, fresh and dry seedling weight in emergence test were measured. The results revealed that increasing salt doses caused a significant reduction in parameters of all cultivars. The dose of 16 dS m-1 from each salt was found to be lethal. Cl- content of seedling was increased from 0.05 ppm in control to 4.10 ppm in 16 dS m-1; resulting in decreasing germination, emergence and seedling growth. The cultivar Aziziye presented better performance and gave higher emergence rates in NaCl, while Iºýk-05 in CaCl2 and Gökçe in MgCl2; indicating that there was a genotypic variation towards different salt sources. It was concluded that emergence and seedling growth were severely influenced by increasing salinity without changing germination and emergence was not possible at 16 dS m-1.

Effect of chloride salts on the sensory and nutritional properties of cracked table olives of the Maçanilha Algarvia cultivar

Abstract The effect of sodium chloride replacement with potassium chloride and/or calcium chloride in the fermentation brines on the physicochemical, organoleptic and nutritional profiles of cracked table olives was studied using no more than 8% salt. Although all brines led to vigorous fermentation with the desired characteristics of acidity and saltiness, the sensory panel rated the olives fermented in 8%NaCl and 4%NaCl + 4%KCl as the best, in terms of flavor and overall attributes. The olives fermented in the other brines (4%NaCl + 4%CaCl 2 , 4%KCl + 4%CaCl 2 and 2.7%NaCl + 2.7%KCl + 2.7%CaCl 2 ) were not acceptable. Olives fermented in 4%NaCl + 4%KCl had lower fat, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calories and similar amounts of phenolic compounds and Ca as the 8%NaCl treatment. In addition, the former had increased K (672%) and reduced Na (19%), making them more nutritionally acceptable. This alteration might be beneficial and allow the olive market to reach new customers or present current customers with a potentially healthier product.

Influence of chloride salts on hydrogen generation via hydrolysis of MgH2 prepared by hydriding combustion synthesis and mechanical milling

The effects of chloride salts (NaCl, MgCl2 and NH4Cl) on the hydrolysis kinetics of MgH2 prepared by hydriding combustion synthesis and mechanical milling (HCS+MM) were discussed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses show that high-purity MgH2 was successfully prepared by HCS. Hydrolysis performance test results indicate that the chloride salt added during the milling process is favorable to the initial reaction rate and hydrogen generation yield within 60 min. A MgH2–10% NH4Cl composite exhibits the best performance with the hydrogen generation yield of 1311 mL/g and a conversion rate of 85.69% in 60 min at room temperature. It is suggested that the chloride salts not only play as grinding aids in the milling process, but also create fresh surface of reactive materials, favoring the hydrolysis reaction.

Thermogravimetric and XRD study of the effects of chloride salts on the thermal decomposition of mercury compounds

In this paper, the effects of chloride salt (MgCl2, CaCl2 or NaCl) addition on the thermal decomposition of five inorganic mercury compounds (HgCl2, HgS, Hg(NO3)2·H2O, HgO, and HgSO4) were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Mercury-contaminated soil samples collected from Inner Mongolia were used to verify the results. The desorption temperatures of the mercury compounds increased in the following order: HgCl = HgCl2 < HgS < Hg(NO3)2·H2O < HgO < HgSO4. Among the chloride salts, MgCl2 had the greatest effect on thermal desorption of the mercury compounds, with the greatest reduction in the initial temperature of thermal desorption. After MgCl2 treatment, the mercury removal rates for the soil were 65.67–81.35 % (sample A), 70.74–84.91 % (sample B), and 69.08 % (sample C). The increase in the mercury removal rate for sample C with addition of MgCl2 was particularly large (34.96–69.08 %). X-Ray diffraction analysis of white crystals from the thermal desorption with MgCl2 indicated that MgCl2 promoted conversion of the mercury compounds in the soil to mercury(II) chloride and dimercury dichloride. This transformation is beneficial for applying thermal desorption to remedy mercury-contaminated soils and treat of mercury containing waste.

Dissolution of cellobiose in the aqueous solutions of chloride salts: Hofmeister series consideration

The effects of chloride salts on the dissolution of cellobiose in aqueous solution were investigated using calorimetry and 1H NMR. The dissolution of cellobiose in salt solutions is a typical entropy-driven process. The activity of ZnCl2 and LiCl hydrated ions is enhanced as the hydration number decreases with increasing temperature. Zn2+ and Li+ hydrates can interact with the oxygen atoms at the O5 and O6 positions of cellobiose and associate with the Cl− anions, leading to the breakage of cellobiose hydrogen bonds. We found that the solubility of cellobiose in aqueous solutions is on the order of ZnCl2 > LiCl > NaCl > H2O > KCl > NH4Cl, which is consistent with the Hofmeister series. For the first time, we recognized the specific ionic effects of the Hofmeister series on the dissolution of cellobiose in salt aqueous solutions. This finding is helpful for understanding the dissolving mechanism of cellulose in aqueous solvents with salts and providing fundamental knowledge for finding and designing new cellulose solvents.

Effect of chloride salts on biodesulfurization process of a colombian coal

A chloride salts medium was evaluated in biodesulfurization processes of a Colombian coal (2.34% total sulfur: 1.34% as pyritic, 0.90% as organic and 0.10% from sulfates), employing a consortium of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The process was carried out at three pulp concentrations (9.09%, 16.67% and 23.08%) and was compared with assays under similar conditions but containing modified T&amp;K medium. All the tests were determined by measuring changes in soluble iron, pH, redox potential and microbial populations approach. Original and treated coal was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). For bioassays with chloride salts medium, the results showed above 70% of pyritic sulfur oxidation after 12 days, regardless of pulp concentration in contrast with results obtained for bioassays with a T&amp;K modified medium where pulp concentration had influence and the pyrite oxidation was lower (below 55%).

Correlation between temperature-dependent dissolution of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)/poly(N-l-(1-hydroxymethyl)propylmethacrylamide) layer-by-layer films and cloud point of mixed solutions of the two polymers in the presence of chloride salts

We studied the effect of chloride salts on the dissolution behavior of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of two thermosensitive polymers. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) and poly(N-l-(1-hydroxymethyl)propylmethacrylamide) (P(l-HMPMAm)) were used to assemble a LbL film in water at 33°C. We found that the dissolution temperature (Td) of the LbL film in a solution of 0.5M chloride salts was lower than that in water. Furthermore, the effect of chloride salts on the Td of films was positively correlated with the effect of chloride salts on the cloud points of the mixed solutions. These experimental results indicate that the stability of the LbL films of two thermosensitive homopolymers can be increased in chloride salt solutions. Other researchers have found that some polyelectrolyte LbL films are stable in water but dissolve in a solution containing high concentrations of salts. The effect of salts on polyelectrolyte LbL films and the effect of salts on LbL films of the thermosensitive polymers are opposite. The opposite effects could be attributed to the different characteristics – some films are ionic and the others are non-ionic. These dissolvable films of non-ionic polymers could have potential for biological applications.

Effect of Chloride Salts and Bicarbonate on Solubility of CaSO4 in Aqueous Solutions at 37°C

In the study, we present the results of thermodynamic simulation of CaSO4 water-salt systems containing Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and HCO-3 at 37°C. The results showed that the solubility of CaSO phase increased with increasing NaCl as wells as KCl concentration in the range of 0.0 to 2.0 M and 0.0 to 1.0 M, respectively. Remarkably, enhanced effect of MgCl2 on the solubility of CaSO4 phase was much larger than that of KCl or NaCl. The only exception was CaCl2, which was found to reduce solubility value of CaSO4 in aqueous solution at 37°C with the increase of CaCl2 concentration. Also, the solubility of CaSO4 phase in mixed salt solutions was investigated at 37°C. The common ion effect was the main factor on the solubility of CaSO4 in the mixed salts solution. Furthermore, CaSO4 solubility was reduced by small amounts of NaHCO3 in mixed solutions. These studies are of relevance in the estimating the changes of various salts in blood plasma and production of salt with low impurities of Ca2+ and SO42- ions, as well as estimating oceanic-containing CaSO4 uptake of CO2.

Effects of Chloride and Ammonium Salts on the Incidence of Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot of Soybean.

In growth chamber experiments using field soil naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae, addition of KCl at 150 to 400 μg of K per gram of dry soil increased the incidence of Phytophthora root and stem rot on susceptible soybean (Glycine max) compared with a distilled water control. Other potassium salts at 150 to 400 μg of K, phosphorus salts at 20 to 317 μg of P, and sulfate salts of K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Al at 491 μg of SO4 per gram of soil did not affect disease incidence. Application of chloride salts of K, Na, Mg, Ca, NH4, Al, Fe, and Sr at 250 μg of Cl per gram of soil all increased disease incidence compared with the distilled water control. Addition of other ammonium salts also increased disease incidence. Disease incidence increased when KCl at 300 μg of K per gram soil was applied to naturally infested Blount silt loam but not to naturally infested Hoytville silty clay. The effects of chloride salts on plant growth and on natural inoculum of P. sojae were investigated. At 450 μg Cl/g of soil, addition of NaCl increased plant fresh weight but had no effect on germination, emergence, transpiration, height, and dry weight of plants grown in pasteurized, pathogen-free soil. When soybean plants were grown without a deplasmolytic shock and without promoting zoospore release by saturating the soil, the addition of chloride salts at 304 μg of Cl per gram of soil increased disease. In a leaf-disc-baiting bioassay, leaf infection by P. sojae zoospores decreased when 0.01 or 0.02 M KCl was added to soil extracts from flooded soil but was unaffected by KCl at 150 to 600 μg of K per gram of soil applied to the soil 5 days before baiting. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of taproots of 5-day-old soybean plants indicated a reduction in the calcium content of the outer cell layers with KCl at 400 μg of K per gram of soil but not with K2SO4. Disease increases with addition of KCl appear to be due to the presence of chloride and may be associated with changes in the micropartitioning of root calcium.

Effect of chloride salt, freeze–thaw cycling and externally applied load on the performance of the concrete

The effect of sodium chloride solution, freeze–thaw cycling and externally applied load on the performance of concrete was experimentally investigated. The results show that the concrete specimens subjected to freeze–thaw cycling scaled more severely in chloride salt solution than those in water, and weight losses of the specimens tested in chloride salt solution were twice as much as those tested in water. However, dynamic modulus of elasticity of the concrete specimens decreased more slowly in chloride salt solution than in water due to the decline in the freezing point of the chloride salt solution compared with water. It is also shown that the performance deterioration in the concrete subjected to multidamaging processes was significantly accelerated. The larger the stress ratios, the fewer freeze–thaw cycles the concrete could bear. When steel fiber is incorporated, performance degradation in the steel fiber-reinforced concrete exposed to the multidamaging processes could be considerably retarded.

Electrical properties of tetraazamacrocycle-substituted phthalocyanines

D.c. and a.c. conductivities of a copper phthalocyanine substituted with four 15-membered tetraazamacrocycles ( 1) and its pentanuclear complexes are measured as Au/MPc/Au sandwiches in vacuum and in air. Chemical doping with NOBF 4 increases the d.c. conductivity of the order 10 2. Complexation of the perchlorate salts of Ni II, Co II and Cu II with the macrocycles leads to an increase in the d.c. conductivity of about 10 2–10 3, but the effects of chloride salts are not so distinct. A.c. conductivities of the phthalocyanines depend on frequency with the empirical formula σ( ω) = A( T) ω n( T) , where n is found to be between 0.37 and 1.20.

Effect of chloride salts on protein extraction and interfacial protein film formation in meat batters

AbstractSix comminuted chicken breast meat mixes and six meat batters were made with isoionic NaCl (25 g kg−1), MgCl2, CaCl2, KCl, LiCl (IS = 0.43) and 15 g kg−1 NaCl (IS = 0.26). The quantity and type of proteins extracted and used for interfacial protein film (IPF) formation was determined and related to batter stability. The monovalent salts produced IPF which differed in individual protein content between salts but which all contained significantly larger amounts of protein (P &lt; 0.01) than those using divalent salts. MgCl2 extracted more protein than CaCl2 and produced a different protein profile in the IPF. However, MgCl2 formed unstable raw batters whereas CaCl2 did not. In addition, a simple, rapid method for extracting and quantifying proteins from meat batters was developed to assist in direct determination of the actual soluble protein uptake by the fat phase during comminution.