Effects Of Chlorantraniliprole Research Articles

Effect of Chlorantraniliprole on Life History Traits and Relative Fitness of Laboratory-Selected Resistant and Susceptible Populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Insecticides are widely used to control pests and improve agricultural yield. The use of indiscriminate amounts and persistent pesticides has not only resulted in insect pest resistance challenges but has also harmed non-target organisms and contaminated the environment. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) resistance to chlorantraniliprole (CTPR) as part of insect resistance control programs. S. litura larvae were collected from the fields and treated with chlorantraniliprole for 15 generations. Compared to the unselected population (Unsel-Lab), the chlorantraniliprole-selected population (CTPR-Sel) of S. litura exhibited a resistance level of 98.23 times. The findings demonstrated that the chlorantraniliprole-resistant genotype had lower egg-to-adult survivability, longer egg-to-adult developing times, and lower fecundity than the chlorantraniliprole-susceptible genotype. Compared to the Unsel-Lab population, the CTPR-Sel population of S. litura had a poorer relative fitness (0.44) at LC30 and shorter male/female longevity. Demographic parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0) and intrinsic (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ), were lower in the CTPR-Sel strain than in Unsel-Lab S. litura. These findings demonstrate that chlorantraniliprole resistance in S. litura has fitness costs at the individual and population levels, implying that removing the selecting agent from the environment might result in less resistance and opportunities for susceptibility restoration. As a result, the current work could help to determine effective management strategies to prevent chlorantraniliprole resistance in S. litura.

Effect of chlorantraniliprole on soil bacterial and fungal diversity and community structure

Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is an insecticide with low toxicity and high efficiency, which is widely used in agriculture in China. However, its potential ecological risks remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the impact of different CAP concentrations on bacterial and fungal communities in soil based on high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that CAP application had no significant effect on soil bacterial and fungal diversity, but altered the bacterial and fungal community structure. In particular, the soil bacterial and fungal community structure in the low CAP concentration treatment group exhibited large variability. Compared with 0 day, the phylum level of bacteria changed at 115 days, and fungi changed at 175 days, indicating that soil microbial community might have significant correlation with CAP degradation in soil. Correlation analysis between soil properties and microbial communities showed that TN, TP, and NO3–N were three key factors that significantly influenced microbial community structure. These results provide basic data for studying the effects of pesticides on ecosystem and potential remediation strategies of polluted soil.

The effect of chlorantraniliprole on the transcriptomic profile of Spodoptera frugiperda: a typical case analysis for the response of a newly invaded pest to an old insecticide.

Chlorantraniliprole is a diamide insecticide widely used in China over the last 15 years. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, newly invaded China in 2019. The response of FAW to chlorantraniliprole deserves more attention, in the context of many destructive lepidopteran species are resistant to diamide insecticides and the patent on core chemical of chlorantraniliprole in China expired in August 2022. This study investigated the response profile in larvae under chlorantraniliprole-induced (LC50) stress using methods of bioassay, RNA-Seq and qPCR. We observed growth inhibition and lethal effects in FAW larvae, but at a relatively high LC50 value compared to other several pests. Additionally, under chlorantraniliprole-induced stress, 3309 unigenes were found to be differentially expressed genes. The impacted genes included 137 encoding for detoxification enzymes, 29 encoding for cuticle proteins, and 20 key enzymes involved in the chitin metabolism, which all associated with metabolic resistance. Finally, we obtained the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of two RyR genes, which are the target proteins for chlorantraniliprole. We also investigated the causes of the high LC50 value in our FAW, which possibly related to the stabilized 4743M on SNP frequency of RyR. These findings documented the genetic background of RyR of FAW and indicated that application of chlorantraniliprole has a high risk of controlling FAW in China. In brief, our results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of chlorantraniliprole toxicity and detoxification in FAW, and will aid in monitoring the development of resistant strains for a newly pest to an old insecticide.

Recent experiences with bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) semi-field tunnel testing following ICPPR Non-Apis 2016 and 2017 workshop recommendations to investigate the insecticide chlorantraniliprole.

The study investigated the potential impact of the insecticide chlorantraniliprole (Coragen® brand) on the bumble bee (Bombus terrestris L.) under semi-field conditions in Phacelia tanacetifolia in Germany based on ringtest protocols from the ICPPR Non-Apis workshops (2016 and 2017). The P. tanacetifolia crop was grown in soil treated with the predicted 20-year plateau concentration of chlorantraniliprole in the top 20 cm of soil (equivalent to a predicted 20-year plateau concentration of 0.088 mg a.s./kg). Additionally, two chlorantraniliprole applications at 60 g a.s./ha were made in the chlorantraniliprole treatments (T1 and T2). In T1 both applications took place before P. tanacetifolia flowering at BBCH 51-55 and BBCH 55-59. In T2 one application was conducted before P. tanacetifolia flowering at BBCH 55-59 and one application during P. tanacetifolia flowering and during daily bee flight at BBCH 61-62. The application in the control (C) and reference item treatment (R) (400 g dimethoate a.s./ha) was carried out during full P. tanacetifolia flowering and bumble bee flight. The bumble bee colonies were exposed to the treated flowering P. tanacetifolia crop for 20 days in the tunnels and afterwards the colonies were kept on a monitoring site. The results of this study indicate no significant differences between the chlorantraniliprole treatment groups T1 and T2 and the control regarding all parameters assessed (i.e. mortality in the colonies and in the tunnels, flight activity at the hive entrance, hive weight development, condition of the colonies and production of young queens and males). Overall, no effects of chlorantraniliprole on bumble bee B. terrestris colonies including queen/male production, adult and larval survival and forager flight activity were found.

Dissipation of chlorantraniliprole in contrasting soils and its effect on soil microbes and enzymes

An experiment was set up to determine the rate of dissipation of chlorantraniliprole (CTP) from two soils with contrasting properties. The other objective of the study was to find out the effect of CTP on soil microorganisms (population, microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymes) under controlled environment. CTP residues when applied at recommended dose ((RD) (at 40 g a.i./ha)) could not be recovered either from alluvial soil or red soil at 60 days post application of CTP in a microcosm study. Higher clay content led to higher half-life in alluvial soil compared to red soil. CTP could not be recovered from RD treatment at 30 days after pesticide application under controlled environment. Faster dissipation of CTP was observed in rice rhizosphere soil with 23.89 and 34.65 days dissipation half-lives for RD and double the recommended dose (DRD) treatments, respectively. Different doses of chlorantraniliprole did not have considerable negative effect on actinomycetes, fungi, biological nitrogen fixers and phospahte solubilising bacteria except the bacteria population. Among the treatments, DRD recorded the lowest activity of dehyrodeganse, fluoresein diacetate hydrolase, acid and alkaline phosphatases followed by RD treatment. Microbial biomass carbon, β –glycosidase and urease did not vary significantly among the different doses of CTP. In general, RD did not have negative effcts on soil microbes. Hence, CTP can be recommeded in rice pest managment maintaining existing soil microbes and soil enzymes activity.

Effect of increasing rate of insecticides on its selectivity for Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

The present study evaluated the effect of different rates of chlorantraniliprole, chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cyhalothrin, spinosad, and chlorfenapyr on their selectivity for the pupae and adults of Trichogramma pretiosum. The negative effect of majority of the insecticides tested on most of the parasitoids was directly proportional to the rate of the insecticide applied. Chlorantraniliprole at a rate of 10 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as harmless (class 1) to both pupae and adults of the parasitoid. The effect of chlorantraniliprole at a rate of 20 to 50 g a.i. ha-1 varied from harmless (class 1) to slightly harmful (class 2) to the adults of T. pretiosum. Chlorantraniliprole 10 + lambda-cyhalothrin at 5 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as harmless (class 1) to the pupae and moderately harmful (class 3) to the adults of T. pretiosum. On the contrary, the highest rate of chlorantraniliprole 50 + lambda-cyhalothrin tested (i.e., 25 g a.i. ha-1) was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to the pupae and harmful (class 4) to the adults of the parasitoid. Similarly, increasing the application rate of spinosad and chlorfenapyr also exhibited an increase in toxicity. Spinosad at a rate of 24 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) and harmless (class 1) to the pupae and adults of T. pretiosum, respectively. Spinosad at 96 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as both moderately harmful (class 3) and harmful (class 4) to the pupae of the parasitoid. Chlorfenapyr at a rate of 192 g a.i. ha-1 was classified as both slightly harmful (class 2) and moderately harmful (class 3) to the pupae of T. pretiosum, whereas chlorfenapyr at 336 g a.i. ha-1 was categorized as slightly harmful (class 3) and harmful (class 4) to the pupae. These results indicate that an increase in the rate of insecticide affected T. pretiosum negatively. Therefore, higher insecticide rates should only be adopted when strictly necessary to control the target pest, because they might compromise the biological pest control process in the field.

Effects of chlorantraniliprole on detoxification enzymes activities in Locusta migratoria L.

The broad insecticide chlorantraniliprole causes death by activating the ryanodine receptor, and its effects on detoxification enzymes limit its proper rotation and mixed use with other pesticides. Therefore, we studied the changes in detoxification enzymes activities of Locusta migratoria L. nymphs induced by chlorantraniliprole. When nymphs of locust were treated with chlorantraniliprole only on the first day, the LC50 was 4.8μgmL−1, and the activities of esterases (ESTs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) increased, but the activity of multi-function oxidases (MFOs) increased only at 3day after treatment, although the activities fluctuated over 7days after treatment. When the nymphs of locust were treated for 7days, the LC50 was 2.3–3.1μgmL−1, and similarly the activities of ESTs and GSTs increased while that of MFOs decreased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner. Synergism of triphenylphosphate, piperonyl butoxide, and diethyl maleate with chlorantraniliprole toxicity confirmed the correlation between chlorantraniliprole and changes in ESTs, GSTs, and MFOs activities. Herein, we improved the knowledge about the effects of chlorantraniliprole on these detoxification enzymes of L. migratória. These results clarified the effects of chlorantraniliprole on the activities of ESTs, GSTs, and MFOs in L. migratoria, and will provide insight into its proper rotation and mixed use with other pesticides.

The Effect of Chlorantraniliprole on the Oxygen Consumption of the Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

The Freshwater fish Labeo rohita was exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of Chlorantraniliprole to determine the oxygen consumption patterns. The rate of oxygen consumption was declined in pesticide treatment fish. Severe respiratory distress, rapid opercular movements, leading to the higher amount of toxicant uptake, increased mucus secretion, higher ventilation volume, and decrease in the oxygen uptake efficiency, labored breathing and engulfing of air through the mouth were observed in the fish.

Effect of Chlorantraniliprole on Biochemical and Certain Biomarkers in Various Tissues of Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita(Hamilton)

Fish were exposed for 15 and 30 days to sublethal concentration of chlorantraniliprole (1/20th LC50) and their biochemical constituents, oxidative stress induction potential was estimated in various tissues of fish Labeo rohita. Protein content of the various tissues like liver, kidney, gills, and muscle decreased by (41%, 37%, 63%, and 50%) respectively, The maximum reduction of amino acid content in kidney, liver, gills, and muscle of pesticide exposed fish were (60%, 63%, 62%, and 51%) respectively, the same trend was also observe in glycogen and total lipids content. SOD, CAT, GST, Gpx and LPO levels fluctuated in all tissues, compare to control, at sublethal concentration for 15 and 30 days. These findings may be used as biomarker for water pollution.

氯虫苯甲酰胺对黑肩绿盲蝽实验种群的影响

Chlorantraniliprole is a kind of systemic insecticide and also so-called low risk insecticide targeting at the ryanodine receptor.Chlorantraniliprole has been recently registered for controlling the rice insect pests such as rice stem borer,rice leaf roller and rice water weevil in China.In order to investigate its non target effects,we estimated the toxicities of chlorantraniliprole on nymphs and adults of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter),an important predator in rice ecosystem,by using the rice-stem dipping method.The rice-stem dipping method has been normally used to estimate the killing effect of the systemic insecticide to rice planthopper.The LC50 and LC10 of the third instar nymphs and newly emerged adults were examined.The estimated LC50 and LC10 on nymphs were 83.5 mg/L and 61.3 mg/L,respectively.Meanwhile,the estimated LC50 and LC10 on adults were 64.3 mg/L and 39.0 mg/L,respectively.These doses were higher or similar to the field recommended dose(40 mg/L) which indicates that chlorantraniliprole is a safe insecticide for natural enemies.However,the outcome from toxicity test does not necessary suggest its safety on C.lividipennis because there still are some negative effects,e.g.,reduced fecundity,adult mating ability.Consequently,we investigated some negative effects by comparing the biological performance of insecticide treated or not treated of C.lividipennis.The insecticides were applied at the third instar nymph stage with 40 mg/L dosage or control.The biological characters of C.lividipennis adults were measured to estimate negative effects.The female pre-ovipositing period,ovipositing period,longevity,and fecundity were measured.These characters were significantly decreased if treated with the field recommended dose of chlorantraniliprole.The pre-ovipositing period were prelonged from 2.3 days to 3.0 days.In contrast,the ovipositing period,female longevity,and fecundity were all significantly reduced.All these changed aspects resulted into the largely reduced population growth rate of C.lividipennis which suggested that chlorantraniliprole could result a negative effect on natural enemies.Furthermore,we also investigated the potential effects of chlorantraniliprole on C.lividipennis offspring.When the 3rd instar nymphs treated with 40 mg/L chlorantraniliprole,F1 generation eggs and nymphs had significantly extended developmental immature stages.In addition,the daily survival rate and fecundity of F1 females treated by chlorantraniliprole were significantly decreased in compared to control.For example,the averaged egg laid by untreated female was 70.5,while it was only 47.6 by treated female.We also estimated the net reproduction rate(R0),finite rate of increase(λ),and intrinsic rates of increase(rm) of F1 generation.All of these parameters of treated individuals were decreased significantly in compared to untreated individuals.Especially,the net reproduction rate(R0) of untreated population was largely reduced from 63.3 to 21.0.The calculated population doubling time(t) was extended from 3.2 d(control) to 4.3 d(treated).These results suggested that C.lividipennis can survive from the directly killing effect of the field recommended dosage(40 mg/L) of chlorantraniliprole.However,the sublethal effect of chlorantraniliprole can result a remarked negative effects on the population growth of.C.lividipennis.These results would provide some evidences to apply chlorantraniliprole to harmony the insecticide and biological control against rice pest insects.