Effect Of Carbonization Temperature Research Articles

Production of activated carbons from Quercus cerris acorn shell under various experiment conditions, and their characterizations

AbstractDue to the high porosities, large surface areas, insolubilities in solutions, and unique structural and morphological structures, porous materials are utilized in various application areas such as energy conversion and storage, wastewater treatment, adsorption, catalysis and photocatalysis. In this study, activated carbons (QCACs), one type of porous materials, were synthesized from Quercus cerris acorn shells by using ZnCl2 chemical activation under various production conditions. The effects of carbonization temperature, carbonization period, and impregnation ratios on the yields, surface areas, pore developments, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of activated carbons obtained were investigated in detail. The highest surface area (1751.61 m2/g) was reached when utilized at the impregnation ratio of 2.0 at 500 ℃ for 90 min. The total pore volume of QCAC increased with increasing impregnation ratio, however the micropore volume of QCAC reduced. It was found from the pore distribution data that QCACs contained mostly narrow mesopores and a little amount of micropores. Also, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm data revealed that QCACs produced under different conditions were usually mesopore structures, and the pores were narrow slit-shaped. Moreover, the data provided from SEM, FTIR, Boehm titration, and elemental analysis gave more characterization information about QCACs synthesized.

Preparation and characterization of palladium nanoparticle-embedded carbon nanofiber membranes via electrospinning and carbonization strategy.

Carbon nanofiber membranes (CNMs) are expected to be used in many energy devices to improve the reaction rate. In this paper, CNMs embedded with palladium nanoparticles (Pd-CNMs) were prepared by electrospinning and carbonization using polyimide as the raw material. The effects of carbonization temperature, carbonization atmosphere, and heating rate on the physicochemical properties of the as-obtained Pd-CNMs were studied in detail. On this basis, the electrocatalytic performance of Pd-CNMs prepared under optimal conditions was characterized. The results showed that highly active zero-valent palladium nanoparticles with uniform particle size could be distributed on the surface of carbon nanofibers. Under vacuum conditions, at a carbonization temperature of 800 °C and a heating rate of 2 °C min-1, Pd-CNMs have lower H2O2 yield, lower Tafel slope (73.3 mV dec-1), higher electron transfer number (∼4), and superior durability, suggesting that Pd-CNMs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for ORR in alkaline electrolyte. Therefore, polyimide-derived CNMs embedded with Pd nanoparticles are expected to become an excellent cathode catalyst layer for fuel cells.

Density Profile and Sound Absorption Capability of Ceramics Manufactured from Sawdust, Chaff and Charcoal: Effect of Carbonization Temperature and Mixing Ratio

Density Profile and Sound Absorption Capability of Ceramics Manufactured from Sawdust, Chaff and Charcoal: Effect of Carbonization Temperature and Mixing Ratio

The effect of carbonization temperature on textural properties of sewage sludge-derived biochars as potential adsorbents

This article presents ways of recovering waste in the form of anaerobically digested and dried sewage sludge (average humidity approx. 6 wt%) by carbonization at various temperatures in the range of 400–900 °C. The resulting products, biochars, are investigated in terms of yield, surface properties and Raman spectra analysis. The sorption capacity of biochars differs depending on the carbonization temperature. The experimental amount of adsorbed CO2 slowly increases with the carbonization temperature from 0.212 mmol/g at 400 °C to the highest value of 0.415 mmol/g, which is achieved at 900 °C by slow carbonization at a rate of 10 °C/min. Additionally, there is a strong positive dependence of the adsorption capacity on the micropore volume. Higher carbonization temperatures support the powerful formation of micropores and improve their sorption capacity.

Effects of carbonization temperature and time on the characteristics of carbonized sludge.

To investigate the influence of carbonization process parameters on the characteristics of municipal sludge carbonization products, this study selected carbonization temperatures of 300-700 °C and carbonization times of 0.5-1.5 h to carbonize municipal sludge. The results showed that with an increase in temperature and carbonization time, the sludge was carbonized more completely, and the structure and performance characteristics of the sludge changed significantly. Organic matter was continuously cracked, the amorphous nature of the material was reduced, its morphology was transformed into an increasing number of regular crystalline structures, and the content of carbon continued to decrease, from the initial 52.85 to 38.77%, while the content of inorganic species consisting continued to increase. The conductivity was reduced by 87.8%, and the degree of conversion of salt ions into their residual and insoluble states was significant. Natural water absorption in the sludge decreased from 8.13 to 1.29%, and hydrophobicity increased. The dry-basis higher calorific value decreased from 8,703 to 3,574 kJ/kg. Heavy metals were concentrated by a factor of 2-3, but the content of the available state was very low. The results of this study provide important technological support for the selection of suitable carbonization process conditions and for resource utilization.

Effect of carbonization temperatures on the synthesis of biocarbon from Borassus flabellifer fruit fiber for capacitive energy storage

AbstractBorassus flabellifer (Palmyra) fruit fiber (PFF) was extracted and converted into biocarbon materials at different carbonization temperatures of 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C under N2 atmosphere for 1 h. The physicochemical properties of obtained biocarbon materials were investigated via CHNS, SEM‐EDX, FTIR, RAMAN, XRD, BET‐specific surface area, and TGA techniques. The obtained results were correlated with the capacitive energy storage application of biocarbon materials. The highest specific surface area of 46.36 m2 g−1 was observed for the biocarbon materials obtained at 800°C, which also showed superior capacitive performances. The specific capacitances of PFF‐derived biocarbon materials obtained at 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C are respectively found to be 28.58, 37.07, and 45.76 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 employing 1M KOH as electrolyte. The biocarbon materials obtained at 800°C showed the highest specific energy and power of 1.99 and 261 W kg−1 at 1 A g−1.

Enhancing energy recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plant sludge through carbonization

The Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) uses a dewatering machine to separate sludge from water. The resulting sludge is used as raw material for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), while the separated water is treated in the subsequent WWTP unit. However, the sludge from the WWTP is currently only processed into briquettes as per policy and then disposed of in landfills. Our investigation centers on the effects of carbonization temperature on sludge characteristics in a dewatering unit. Initial analysis revealed that 1-day-old sludge possesses a high moisture content (87.72 %) and a low calorific value (3.44 MJ/kg). Carbonization at 300 °C significantly enhanced the sludge's calorific value to 12,504 MJ/kg, reduced its moisture content to 60.72 %, and increased its carbon percentage to 22.76 %, indicating a direct correlation between carbonization temperature and both energy recovery and carbon content. Comparative analysis showed sludge carbonized at lower temperatures (200 °C and 100 °C) yielded lower carbon percentages (22.23 % and 21.66 %, respectively) and energy values, underscoring the efficiency of higher temperature carbonization in optimizing energy recovery.. This research contributes to developing sustainable organic waste recycling practices and supports achieving Sustainable Development Goals 11 and 12 targets. This research promotes sustainable development by improving sludge utilization from WWTPs as a raw material for energy production rather than being directly disposed of in landfills. This study provides insight into the potential for energy recovery from organic waste, technology, and policy's role in achieving a circular economy.

Effect of Carbonization Temperature on the Structure of Pitch Carbon and Its Low-temperature Lithium Storage Properties

Introduction:: Lithium-ion batteries were one of the most promising battery systems for electric vehicles. Currently, lithium-ion batteries are required to have higher energy density and cycle stability. The traditional graphite negative electrode cannot meet the requirements. Pitch has many advantages such as wide source, low cost, high carbon residue rate and easy graphitization, as a carbon precursor has been widely used in lithium-ion battery anode and anode materials. Method:: In this paper, pitch carbon was prepared by carbonization at different temperatures and studied. Result:: The results showed that with the increase of carbonization temperature, the interlayer spacing decreased gradually, the degree of amorphousness decreases gradually, the specific surface area and pore volume also decrease gradually, the initial coulombic efficiency and capacity retention increased, and the discharge-specific capacity decreased. Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) tests show that there are two main mechanisms of lithium ions intercalation in the material, surface adsorption and interlayer intercalation. Conclusion:: The difficulty of diffusion of lithium ions between pitch carbon layers at low temperatures is the main reason for the decrease of its capacity at low temperature. The carbon material obtained by carbonization of pitch at 800℃ has the best low temperature performance, with discharge specific capacities of 335, 272, 232 and 187mAh/g at 25, 0, -20 and -40℃, of which 55.8% of the discharge specific capacity at room temperature can be retained at -40℃. The amorphous carbon material has certain low temperature charge-discharge performance.

Nano-silver@polydopamine carbonized melamine foam supported polyethylene glycol phase change materials: With simultaneous improved photo-thermal conversion ability

Ag nanoparticles are commonly used for phase change material (PCM) modification to improve the photo-thermal convertibility in composite phase change materials (CPCM) owing to enhance carrier's ability to absorb photons by virtue of its unique localized Surface Plasmon Resonance effect (LSPR). Currently, redox method is considered to be the most effective method for the preparation of Ag nano-coating. However, it is still challenging to obtain a dense and uniform Ag nano-coating on the carrier surface due to the difference in the binding force between Ag nanoparticles and different carriers. Herein, a new preparation strategy is demonstrated, in which the carrier is pre-modified by adding a polydopamine (PDA) coating to enhance the bonding between the carrier and the silver nanoparticles, and then a stable three-dimensional silver nano-conducting network is obtained by redox. Consequential stable architecture contributes to polyethylene glycol (PEG) loadings reach 98%, simultaneously with an ultra-high photo-thermal conversion efficiency of 97.9%. Furthermore, this paper demonstrates the effect of carbonization temperature on the flexibility of melamine carbon foam (CMF), and different nano-Ag concentrations on the thermal conductivity of CPCM. This finding provides valuable guidance for the engineering of high photo-thermal conversion performance CPCM and strengthens their practical implementation in solar energy storage and thermal management.

Investigation of the effect of carbonization temperature of plant biomass on the electrochemical properties of carbon material

Porous carbon materials (PСM) with different pore distributions in size and size of the specific surface area up to 250 m2/g were obtained by changing the carbonization temperature of plant biomass, namely walnut shells. The electrodes of electrochemical supercapacitors are formed based on the obtained carbon materials. The electrochemical behavior of PCM in 33% aqueous KOH solution has been studied by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic discharge-discharge methods and the value of their specific capacitance. The physicochemical processes occurring at the carbon electrode/electrolyte interface have been investigated by the method of impedance spectroscopy.

Application of Agro-industrial Solid Waste as Biochar for Iron (II) Removal from Aqueous Solution

In recent years, various industrial activities have introduced a high concentration of iron in the waterbody which causes serious problem to environment. This paper proposed the application of Exhausted Coffee Husk (ECH) as the biosorbent (BS) for removing iron (Fe) (II) in the aqueous solution. The ECH was carbonized into biochar before performing biosorption of the heavy metal ion. The effect of carbonization temperature, time and rate on the performance of the ECH biochar for removing Fe (II) were evaluated. The percentage of removal efficiency (RE) and the capacity of biosorption (mg/g) were considered as the determining parameters. The pyrolysis temperature was varied in a range of 200-600 °C with 50 °C of interval, while the time was in between 1h – 3h with a n interval of 0.5 h, and the temperature gradient of 5 – 25°C/min. The results showed that the temperature had a significant effect on the properties of the ECH biochar as BS for Fe (II). The temperature of 550 °C, at 1.5 h of time and 25 °C/min was chosen as the suggested carbonization temperature of biochar from ECH for biosorption of Fe (II). Keywords: Agro-industrial solid waste, Biosorption, Carbonization, Exhausted coffee husk (ECH), Heavy metal.

UJI KUALITAS SINTESIS KARBON AKTIF DARI PELEPAH AREN TERAKTIVASI ASAM FOSFAT

Palm fronds which contain a lot of cellulose have the potential to be used as active carbon. There are three stages in making activated carbon from sugar palm fronds, namely the dehydration process, carbonization process, and activation process using phosphoric acid activator (H3PO4) with a concentration of 1M at temperatures of 450°C and 600°C. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of carbonization temperature on the quality of activated carbon from sugar palm fronds. The activated carbon quality tests carried out include yield tests, water content tests, ash content tests and iodine absorption tests. The results of testing the quality of activated carbon showed that optimal conditions were at a temperature of 450°C with a yield of 22.189%, a water content of 2.562%, a total ash content of 5.86% and an iodine absorption capacity of 81.423 mg/g.

Fabrication of CaO pellets via polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) method for efficient CO2 capture and solar energy storage

Calcium looping (CaL) exhibits great prospects for both thermochemical energy storage and CO2 capture. The granulation of CaO into spherical pellets is a crucial step for its practical application. In this study, a PVA solution was utilized as a binder to prepare CaO spherical pellets. Two different methods including the direct method and indirect method assisted with PVA solution were employed to produce CaO pellets. The experimental results indicated that the carbonation conversion of the sorbents from the indirect method was significantly superior to those from the direct method. For energy storage, CaO pellets decomposed from calcium hydroxide using indirect method exhibited satisfying energy storage density, starting with 3200 kJ/kg at the 1st cycles and ending with a high level of ∼2400 kJ/kg over 10 cycles. In the CO2 capture performance test, CaO spheres prepared with calcium citrate as a precursor showed promising CO2 capture performance at around 700 °C. In addition, the effects of carbonation temperature on the energy storage and CO2 capture performance were also studied. It was indicated that CaO pellets exhibited better cyclic energy storage performance at 750 and 800 °C, and that performed best when carbonated at 700 °C for cyclic CO2 capture. Besides, the pellets also demonstrated good mechanical properties such as satisfactory long-term anti-attrition ability, further supporting the practical viability of CaO pellets for both thermochemical energy storage and CO2 capture applications.

Carbonization of Ni@SiC@C nanoparticles reinforced PAN nanofibers for adjustable impedance matching

Achieving a broad bandwidth and efficient absorption of electromagnetic wave absorption materials remains a significant challenge, especially when considering electromagnetic pollution protection. One-dimensional carbon nanofibers with a three-dimensional network structure have been extensively studied to address this need. However, the high permittivity of carbon nanofibers results in a strong impedance mismatch with free space. In this work, we successfully dispersed double-shell Ni@SiC@C nanoparticles into one-dimensional carbon nanofibers (Ni@SiC@C CNFs) using electrospinning and heat treatment. We extensively explored the effect of carbonization temperature on the impedance matching and magnetic-dielectric loss for electromagnetic wave. The presence of rich interfaces from the double-shell nanoparticles and defects from N-doping optimizes the impedance matching of the composites. The exceptional electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the Ni@SiC@C CNFs are attributed to the synergistic effect between the three-dimensional conductive network, the interface electronic engineering induced by the sensibly loaded double-shell nanoparticles, and the multiple reflections, especially at a carbonization temperature of 600 ℃. The achieved minimum reflection loss value has been measured at an outstanding −53.27 dB, coupled with a remarkable absorption bandwidth that spans from 2.53 GHz to 18.00 GHz (15.47 GHz) across various thicknesses. These findings underscore the potential of the meticulously engineered Ni@SiC@C CNFs as highly promising candidates for efficient and broadband electromagnetic wave absorption applications.

Cu+-Doped PVA-Derived Mesoporous Carbon@Diatomite Adsorbent for Selective Adsorption Desulfurization.

Herein, we successfully constructed a Cu+-doped PVA-derived mesoporous carbon@diatomite (DE) composite by virtue of N2-suffered carbonization and self-reduction at a high temperature. The structure and composition of C/Cu@DE composite adsorbents were determined by a series of characterizations. The results affirmed that Cu+ species are highly scattered in PVA-derived mesoporous carbon, which covered the DE surface. The effect of carbonization temperature on the structure and composition of the C/Cu@DE composite adsorbents were intensively investigated, indicating that the C/Cu@DE composite at an 800 °C carbonization temperature (C/Cu@DE-800 °C) showed the formation of many Cu+ species and preferable hierarchical pore properties. The adsorption experiments of benzothiophene (BT) indicated that C/Cu@DE-800 °C possessed a better adsorption capacity. The adsorption behavior of BT onto C/Cu@DE-800 °C was investigated by a variety of adsorption times, initial concentrations, and recycle times, of which the largest adsorption capacity for BT attained 34.2 mg/g. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, adsorption isotherms, and adsorption thermodynamics of BT onto C/Cu@DE-800 °C was deeply studied, which contributed to the proposed adsorption mechanism.

Sodium polyacrylate-based porous carbon fabricated by one-step carbonization and its outstanding electrochemical properties in supercapacitor

A sodium polyacrylate-based porous carbon was fabricated by direct carbonization without additional activator and template. The by-products of Na2CO3 and CO formed in pyrolysis process of precursor served as self-template, self-activation agent, and pore-forming agent. The effects of carbonization temperature and atmosphere type on the structure and electrochemical performance for the resulted porous carbon were investigated. The optimized sodium polyacrylate-based porous carbon (PC-600) synthesized at 600 °C under argon (Ar) atmosphere exhibits exceptional capacitance characteristics, a unique honeycomb-like structure, a large surface area of 1100 m2 g−1 and a moderate oxygen content of 7.8 %. PC-600 was identified as an advanced electrode material for supercapacitor assembly. In a three-electrode system with 6 M KOH electrolyte, PC-600 suggests a specific capacitance of 270 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 with a retention rate of 79 % at 20 A g−1. The symmetrical supercapacitor assembled using PC-600 shows a capacitance of 197 F g−1 and an energy density of 6.7 Wh kg−1 along with a 255.0 W kg−1 power density at 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH, a 95 % capacity retention undergoing 10,000 cycles at 2 A g−1, and an approximate 100 % coulomb efficiency. Moreover, in 1 M Li2SO4 electrolyte, the PC-600 based supercapacitor delivers a 19.0 Wh kg−1 energy density along with a 489.0 W kg−1 power density, and still deserves 9.0 Wh kg−1 even at 1.8 KW kg−1. This study demonstrates that the porous carbon derived from sodium polyacrylate exhibits an outstanding electrochemical performance while providing practical value-added exploitation ideas for polymer use in electrochemical energy storage fields.

Hydrothermal carbonization of vegetable-tanned leather shavings (HTC-VTS) for environmental remediation: optimization of process conditions.

Herein, the response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to study simultaneously the effects of carbonization temperature, residence time and moisture content on the activated hydrochar preparation-based vegetable-tanned leather shavings (VTS) using hydrothermal carbonization method (HTC). Owing to the desirability chosen, three responses were analysed, namely: the hydrochar yield, iodine and methylene blue numbers. The analysis of experimental results revealed that the hydrochar yield was decreased with increase in carbonization temperature which led to micropores formation inside the hydrochar network. The optimal preparation conditions retained were: 83.10%, 390.44 mg g-1 and 259.63 mg g-1 for the hydrochar yield, iodine and methylene blue number respectively. The hydrochar micrograph showed the presence of external pores, whereas the FTIR analysis recorded the presence of acidic functional groups found on hydrochar surface. The findings revealed that the VTS is a good precursor for the hydrochar preparation useful in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants in aqueous media.

Optimization of hydrogen sulfide adsorption performance by tar based porous carbon prepared by template method

This study provides a method of preparation of tar based porous carbon (TPC) for H2S adsorption by high-temperature carbonization with tar as precursor and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as template. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to systematically investigate the effects of carbonization temperature, mass percentage of template and carbonization time on the cumulative adsorption (CAC) of H2S. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms, thermodynamics, and TPC’s properties were explored to obtain its adsorption mechanism on H2S. The results demonstrate that TPC was a microporous material with a rich surface functional group structure. The specific surface area and pore volume of the optimal sample (TPC-750-66-90) could reach 890.08 m2/g and 0.440 cm3/g, respectively, accompanied by a CAC of 34.01 mg/g. FTIR and XPS analysis results indicate that there were abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing groups on the surface of TPC, which helped to promote the chemisorption on H2S. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms fitting and thermodynamic calculation of H2S adsorption demonstrate that both physisorption and chemisorption played important roles, and the adsorption was a spontaneous, exothermic, random, and monolayer process. According to the regeneration tests, TPC could maintain at least 70% of its initial capacity after three rounds of regeneration. All the above results demonstrated that porous carbon preparation through high-temperature carbonization is a promising method for tar utilization, and the prepared porous carbon as adsorbent for gas pollutants like H2S has wide application potential in areas including kitchen trash, sewage treatment facilities, and biogas purification.

Experimental Study and Thermodynamic Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Adsorption onto Activated Carbons Prepared from Biowaste Raw Materials

Nutshells are regarded as cost-effective and abundant raw materials for producing activated carbons (ACs) for CO2 capture, storage, and utilization. The effects of carbonization temperature and thermochemical KOH activation conditions on the porous structure as a BET surface, micropore volume, micropore width, and pore size distribution of ACs prepared from walnut (WNS) and hazelnut (HNS) shells were investigated. As a result, one-step carbonization at 900/800 °C and thermochemical KOH activation with a char/KOH mass ratio of 1:2/1:3 were found to be optimal for preparing ACs from WNS/HNS: WNS-AC-3 and HNS-AC-2, respectively. The textural properties of the WNS/HNS chars and ACs were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen vapor adsorption, XRD, and SEM methods. Dubinin’s theory of volume filling of micropores was used to evaluate the microporosity parameters and to calculate the CO2 adsorption equilibrium over the sub- and supercritical temperatures from 216.4 to 393 K at a pressure up to 10 MPa. The CO2 capture capacities of WNS- and HNS-derived adsorbents reached 5.9/4.1 and 5.4/3.9 mmol/g at 273/293 K under 0.1 MPa pressure, respectively. A discrepancy between the total and delivery volumetric adsorption capacities of the adsorbents was attributed to the strong binding of CO2 molecules with the adsorption sites, which were mainly narrow micropores with a high adsorption potential. The high initial differential heats of CO2 adsorption onto ACs of ~32 kJ/mol confirmed this proposal. The behaviors of thermodynamic functions (enthalpy and entropy) of the adsorption systems were attributed to changes in the state of adsorbed CO2 molecules determined by a balance between attractive and repulsive CO2–CO2 and CO2–AC interactions during the adsorption process. Thus, the chosen route for preparing ACs from the nutshells made it possible to prepare efficient carbon adsorbents with a relatively high CO2 adsorption performance due to a substantial volume of micropores with a size in the range of 0.6–0.7 nm.

Sustainable Polyvinyl Chloride-Derived Soft Carbon Anodes for Potassium-Ion Storage: Electrochemical Behaviors and Mechanism.

Soft carbon is a promising anode material for potassium-ion batteries due to its favorable properties such as low cost, high conductivity, stable capacity, and low potential platform. Polyvinyl chloride, as a white pollutant, is a soft carbon precursor that can be carbonized at varying temperatures to produce soft carbons with controllable defect and crystal structures. This work investigates the effect of carbonization temperature on the crystalline structures of the obtained soft carbons. In situ Raman spectroscopy was used to elucidate the adsorption-intercalation charge storage mechanism of potassium ions in soft carbons. Soft carbons prepared at the temperature of 800 °C have a defect-rich, short-range ordered structure, which provides optimal intercalation and adsorption sites for potassium ions, resulting in a satisfactory capacity of 302 mAh g-1 . This work presents new possibilities for designing soft carbon materials from recycling plastics for potassium-ion batteries.