Effect Of Bacterial Infections Research Articles

Management of Multidrug-Resistant Infections in Cirrhosis.

The World Health Organization describes antimicrobial resistance as one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development with indiscriminate use of antimicrobials globally driving the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, resistant to 60% of antimicrobials in some countries. Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) have increased in recent decades in patients with cirrhosis, who are frequently prescribed antibiotics, regularly undergo invasive procedures such as large volume paracentesis, and have recurrent hospitalizations, posing a particular risk in this already immunocompromised cohort of patients. In this review, we explore mechanisms underlying this vulnerability to MDRO infection; the effect of bacterial infections on disease course in cirrhosis; prevalence of MDROs in patients with cirrhosis; outcomes following MDRO infection; fungal infections; antibiotics and their efficacy; and management of MDRO infections in terms of detection, antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial treatments, prophylaxis, antibiotic stewardship, the gut microbiome, and technological interventions.

The Effect of Bacterial Infections, Probiotics and Zonulin on Intestinal Barrier Integrity.

The intestinal barrier plays an extremely important role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of the gut and the entire body. It is made up of an intricate system of cells, mucus and intestinal microbiota. A complex system of proteins allows the selective permeability of elements that are safe and necessary for the proper nutrition of the body. Disturbances in the tightness of this barrier result in the penetration of toxins and other harmful antigens into the system. Such events lead to various digestive tract dysfunctions, systemic infections, food intolerances and autoimmune diseases. Pathogenic and probiotic bacteria, and the compounds they secrete, undoubtedly affect the properties of the intestinal barrier. The discovery of zonulin, a protein with tight junction regulatory activity in the epithelia, sheds new light on the understanding of the role of the gut barrier in promoting health, as well as the formation of diseases. Coincidentally, there is an increasing number of reports on treatment methods that target gut microbiota, which suggests that the prevention of gut-barrier defects may be a viable approach for improving the condition of COVID-19 patients. Various bacteria–intestinal barrier interactions are the subject of this review, aiming to show the current state of knowledge on this topic and its potential therapeutic applications.

Effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality and DNA fragmentation in subfertile men with Leukocytospermia

BackgroundAlthough bacterial infections have been recognized as a possible cause of male infertility, the effect of bacterial infections on sperm quality and sperm DNA fragmentation remains controversial. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of bacterial infection in subfertile men and its effect on semen quality. Seminal fluid was collected from 172 male members of infertile couples attending the andrology infertility center and a group of 35 fertile subjects as a control. Sperm parameters and DNA fragmentation were evaluated based on the type of bacteria in all ejaculates.ResultsFrom the 172 patients investigated for infertility, 60 (34.88%) patients had a positive culture for pathogenic bacteria of different species. Leukocytospermia was significantly higher in infected samples in comparison with non-infected samples (p < 0.05). Sperm concentration and motility and morphology were significantly lower in infected than non-infected samples. Moreover, sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly higher in infected than non-infected samples. Besides, our results showed that sperm DNA fragmentation was correlated significantly with leukocytospermia (R: 0.22, p < 0.01).ConclusionThe present study suggested that bacterial infection significantly correlated with leukocytospermia could impair male fertility potential through decreasing sperm motility, morphology, and DNA integrity.

The Effect of Bacterial Infections on the Immune States in Eczematic Patients

Background :Eczema is one of most important global diseases that affects both genders at all age groups, the relationship between bacteria and allergy in Eczematic patients is still as a great need of studies to show more of the microbial role in eczema. Objective:This study has been investigating the main commonbacterial secondary infections associated with Eczema lesionand estimation the serum levels of immunoglobulin types and cytokines in both patients and control groups. Material and Method: Swabs samples were taken from infected eczema lesions in patients consulting in Dermatology Consultation Unit in Medical Marjan City in Al-Hilla Province. Microbiology investigation for swabs were done with antibiotic sensitivity test. Blood was collected for measuring the concentrations of serum IgG, IgA, IgM by single radial immunodiffusion assay, IgE, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-10 were measured using ELISA kits. Results: The noted profile of bacteria associated with cases of pyogenic eczema were Staphylococcus aureus (81.08%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5.1%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.1%). Several skin areas were affected, such as Hands (35.13%), Thighs (18.9%) and Feet (18.9%). The relation between pyogenic Eczema lesions and Occupation, Season and Geography were studied.At the immunological level, we found a significant increased (p≤0.05) in the concentrations of IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE compared with control groups with a significantly increased (p≤0.05) in the concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, Il-4, and IL-10) that stimulated the Th2 antibody production. Conclusion: We concluded that the bacterial infections played an important role in systemic humoral and cellular immunity in eczematic patients.

Asthma Exacerbation Caused by Bacterial Infection in Two Elderly Patients

Background: The role of airway bacterial infection in the asthma exacerbation has been reported in addition to that of viral infection. However, the effect of bacterial infections on asthma exacerbation has received less attention than that of viral infections, and clinical features have not been well reported.Case presentation: Here, we describe the clinical features of two cases of asthma exacerbation that were thought to involve airway and/or lung bacterial infection and that improved with treatment including antibiotics, glucocorticoids and bronchodilators.Conclusion: The examination data suggested that neutrophilic inflammation caused by bacterial infections may have an important role in the development of asthma exacerbations.

Enhanced susceptibility to infections in a diabetic wound healing model

BackgroundWound infection is a common complication in diabetic patients. The progressive spread of infections and development of drug-resistant strains underline the need for further insights into bacterial behavior in the host in order to develop new therapeutic strategies. The aim of our study was to develop a large animal model suitable for monitoring the development and effect of bacterial infections in diabetic wounds.MethodsFourteen excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of diabetic and non-diabetic Yorkshire pigs and sealed with polyurethane chambers. Wounds were either inoculated with 2 × 108 Colony-Forming Units (CFU) of Staphylococcus aureus or injected with 0.9% sterile saline. Blood glucose was monitored daily, and wound fluid was collected for bacterial quantification and measurement of glucose concentration. Tissue biopsies for microbiological and histological analysis were performed at days 4, 8, and 12. Wounds were assessed for reepithelialization and wound contraction.ResultsDiabetic wounds showed a sustained significant infection (>105 CFU/g tissue) compared to non-diabetic wounds (p < 0.05) over the whole time course of the experiment. S. aureus-inoculated diabetic wounds showed tissue infection with up to 8 × 107 CFU/g wound tissue. Non-diabetic wounds showed high bacterial counts at day 4 followed by a decrease and no apparent infection at day 12. Epidermal healing in S. aureus-inoculated diabetic wounds showed a significant delay compared with non-inoculated diabetic wounds (59% versus 84%; p < 0.05) and were highly significant compared with healing in non-diabetic wounds (97%; p < 0.001).ConclusionDiabetic wounds developed significantly more sustained infection than non-diabetic wounds. S. aureus inoculation leads to invasive infection and significant wound healing delay and promotes invasive co-infection with endogenous bacteria. This novel wound healing model provides the opportunity to closely assess infections during diabetic wound healing and to monitor the effect of therapeutical agents in vivo.

The effect of bacterial infections on ketone concentrations in rat liver and blood and on free fatty acid concentrations in rat blood

The concentrations of cytoplasmic lactate and pyruvate and the NAD + NADH ratio and the concentrations of mitochondrial acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and the NAD + NADH ratio were determined in normal, fed, and fasted rats, and in rats infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, and Salmonella typhimurium. The various infections were found to have little or no effect on the cytoplasmic parameters. In normal rats, fasting caused a marked increase in blood and hepatic ketone concentration and in serum free fatty acid content. Fasted infected rats, however, did not show the increase in ketone bodies or serum free fatty acids normally associated with fasting alone. The mitochondrial NAD + NADH ratio increased as the infections progressed, reversing the normal trend. The introduction of an infection during the fasting state when ketone bodies and serum free fatty acids were elevated caused a marked depression in their concentration. These data have led to a postulation of decreased lipolysis in the infected host to account for the lowered hepatic and blood ketone bodies and the decreased level of serum free fatty acids.