Effects Of Β-alanine Research Articles

Effect of β-alanine on the athletic performance and blood amino acid metabolism of speed-racing Yili horses.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of supplemental β-alanine feeding on the athletic performance of Yili horses involved in speed racing, focusing on alterations in plasma free amino acid patterns pre and post exercise. Additionally, the research aimed to evaluate the effects of carnosine on the plasma acid-base buffering capacity and antioxidant levels in these horses. Twelve Yili horse stallions, averaging 3 years in age and 346.50 ± 21.39 kg in weight, were chosen and randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a test group, each comprising six horses. The control group received a supplementation of 300 mg/kg BW/day of α-alanine, while the test group received 300 mg/kg BW/day of β-alanine. This supplementation regimen was maintained for a 30-day supplementation trial period, under identical feeding and management conditions. Throughout the trial, the horses participated in the 1,000 Speed Race, and three distinct blood samples were gathered for assessing plasma free amino acids, blood gases, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant parameters. The outcomes indicated a considerable enhancement in the 1,000 m exercise performance of the speed racing Yili horses in the test group compared to the control group, showcasing a noteworthy improvement of 12.01%, with the test group completing the race 13.29 s faster. Notably, the α-alanine content in the plasma of the control group Yili horses remained higher than that of the test group, demonstrating a consistent increasing trend. By contrast, the plasma β-alanine content was notably higher in the test group than in the control group. Over the course of the supplementation period, plasma β-alanine exhibited an escalating and then stabilizing trend in the test group, whereas in the control group, although β-alanine content also increased, the trend was less pronounced. The plasma levels of histidine and carnosine showed minimal variance between the two groups. Overall, the test group of Yili horses exhibited slightly higher plasma levels of histidine and carnosine compared to the control group. The addition of β-alanine to their diet for a duration of 30 days notably affected the plasma levels of amino acids both pre- and post-exercise in speed-racing Yili horses. Furthermore, β-alanine demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the catabolism of these horses' bodies during high-intensity exercise. Ten marker amino acids, including valine, leucine, β-alanine, isoleucine, carnosine, 3-methyl-histidine, lysine, ethanolamine, argnine, and taurine, displayed statistically significant changes. β-alanine notably increased the blood glucose levels of Yili horses and played a role in expediting the restoration of blood gas levels post-exercise. Moreover, in the test group of Yili horses, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity significantly increased both before and after the race, while the content of malondialdehyde, an oxidation product, exhibited an extremely significant decrease immediately after the race. These outcomes suggest that the addition of β-alanine significantly augmented antioxidant levels during high-intensity exercise in Yili horses. Consequently, it reduced post-exercise injuries and accelerated the recovery process after exercise.

Effect of β-alanine on humoral immune response in low-dose allergy model

At the present time, the efforts of many research groups around the world are aimed at finding new factors triggering the allergic sensitization process linked with IgE synthesis to harmless allergens. According to the recent data, production of tissue cytokines is induced in tissue cells by alarmins, thus, in turn, eliciting pro-allergic immune response. Previously we have shown that β-alanine could be a potential alarmin capable to stimulate production of tissue cytokines. The aim of this work was to determine the impact of β-alanine on humoral immune response in low-dose allergy model. BALB/c mice were immunized by recombinant Asp f 2 protein or commercial ovalbumin (OVA) in the withers 3 times a week with or without β-alanine supplementation. To determine the mechanism of β-alanine effect, α-L-alanine, an isomer which is not MrgD receptor ligand, and β-aminoisobutyrate with β-alanine-like affinity to MrgD ligand, were compared. According to our data, β-alanine stimulated specific IgE and IgG1 production in a short-term course (7 immunizations) and enhanced antibody affinity after long-term (14 immunizations) protocol in the case of low-immunogenic protein Asp f 2. In the case of high-immunogenic OVA protein, the impact of β-alanine was significant only upon antibody affinity. Hence, β-alanine accelerates specific IgE production in the case of low-immunogenic protein. The impact of β-alanine on specific IgE production was not linked to specific MrgD receptor activation, because β-aminoisobutyrate, which is the other ligand of this receptor, did not have a similar effect upon humoral immune response. The effect of β-alanine on IgG1 production seems also independent of MrgD receptor, since the common proteinogenic amino acid α-L-alanine also enhanced specific IgG1 production. The effect of β-alanine on humoral immune response could be linked to its non-specific action, e.g., due to its ability to induce oxidative stress through blocking taurine transporter, or due to its ability to stimulate cellular metabolism.

β-Alanine and l-histidine supplementation associated with combined training increased functional capacity and maximum strength in heart failure rats.

What is the central question of the study? Does β-alanine with l-histidine supplementation associated with endurance and strength training improve echocardiographic parameters, functional capacity, and maximum strength in rats with chronic heart failure? What is the main finding and its importance? β-Alanine with l-histidine supplementation associated with endurance and strength training increased functional capacity and maximum strength through increasing exercise capacity peripherally but did not affect echocardiographic parameters in rats with chronic heart failure. Combined training (CT) has been associated with positive responses in the clinical status of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Other non-pharmacological tools, such as amino acid supplementation, may further enhance its adaptation. However, the effects of β-alanine and l-histidine supplementation in CHF remain unclear. In the present study, the aim was to test whether supplementing carnosine precursors with CT could give improved responses in the functional capacity and echocardiographic variables of rats with CHF. Twenty-four Wistar rats, were submitted to myocardial infarction and allocated to three groups: animals with CHF kept in sedentary conditions (SED, n=8), animals with CHF submitted to CT in strength and aerobic exercise supplemented with placebo (CT-P, n=8) and animals with CHF submitted to CT in strength and aerobic exercise supplemented with β-alanine and l-histidine (CT-S, n=8). The trained animals were submitted to a strength protocol three times per week with intensity of 65-75% of one repetition maximum test. Aerobic training was conducted two times per week (50min, 15mmin-1 ). The supplemented group received β-alanine and l-histidine orally (each 250mgkg-1 day-1 ). No changes in echocardiographic and morphological parameters were found among the groups (P>0.05). Functional capacity, Δ and maximum strength were higher in CT-P than in SED and even higher in CT-S than in CT-P (P<0.01). The CT was able to improve functional capacity, but the supplementation was shown to enhance these parameters even further in the CHF rats. We conclude that the increase in functional capacity and strength gained through CT and supplementation were associated with the improvement in peripheral parameters with no changes in cardiac variables.

Effects of β-alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on the estimated energy system contribution during high-intensity intermittent exercise.

The effects of β-alanine (BA) and sodium bicarbonate (SB) on energy metabolism during work-matched high-intensity exercise and cycling time-trial performance were examined in 71 male cyclists. They were randomised to receive BA + placebo (BA, n = 18), placebo + SB (SB, n = 17), BA + SB (BASB, n = 19), or placebo + placebo (PLA, n = 18). BA was supplemented for 28days (6.4gday-1) and SB (0.3gkg-1) ingested 60min before exercise on the post-supplementation trial. Dextrose and calcium carbonate were placebos for BA and SB, respectively. Before (PRE) and after (POST) supplementation, participants performed a high-intensity intermittent cycling test (HICT-110%) consisting of four 60-s bouts at 110% of their maximal power output (60-s rest between bouts). The estimated contribution of the energy systems was calculated for each bout in 39 of the participants (BA: n = 9; SB: n = 10; BASB: n = 10, PLA: n = 10). Ten minutes after HICT-110%, cycling performance was determined in a 30-kJ time-trial test in all participants. Both groups receiving SB increased estimated glycolytic contribution in the overall HICT-110%, which approached significance (SB: + 23%, p = 0.068 vs. PRE; BASB: + 18%, p = 0.059 vs. PRE). No effects of supplementation were observed for the estimated oxidative and ATP-PCr systems. Time to complete 30 kJ was not significantly changed by any of the treatments, although a trend toward significance was shown in the BASB group (p = 0.06). We conclude that SB, but not BA, increases the estimated glycolytic contribution to high-intensity intermittent exercise when total work done is controlled and that BA and SB, either alone or in combination, do not improve short-duration cycling time-trial performance.

Reply to “commentary on ‘effect of β-alanine and the solvent composition on the solubility of solvate of calcium d-pantothenate containing four molecules of methanol and one molecule of water (d-PC·4MeOH·1H2O)’”

Those comments from Acree on “Effect of β-alanine and the solvent composition on the solubility of solvate of calcium d-pantothenate containing four molecules of methanol and one molecule of water (d-PC·4MeOH·1H2O)” are very valuable and helpful for improving the quality of our paper. Here according to the comments, we make a deep analysis and discussion of our article again. Firstly, we need to make a restatement that S0 and S actually represent the solubility with no impurity in the solution and the solubility in the solution containing impurity in our article, respectively. Secondly, the experimental solubility was reanalysed by the new Cohen equation suggested by Acree Jr, and the results show that the original Cohen equation could give the better agreement. Finally, the modified Solubility-Polarity equation was adopted to correlate the solubility in terms of the relative dielectric constant.

Commentary on “Effect of β-alanine and the solvent composition on the solubility of solvate of calcium d-pantothenate containing four molecules of methanol and one molecule of water (D-PC·4MeOH·1H2O)”

Cohen equation coefficients reported by Han et al. (2017) were found to provide an incorrect mathematical description of the solubility behavior of calcium d-panthenate solvate as the mole fraction concentration β-alanine approaches zero. Reported equation coefficients fail to describe the observed trend of increasing calcium d-panthenate solvate solubility with increasing β-alanine mole fraction. The experimental solubility values were reanalyzed and new Cohen equation coefficients calculated. A polemic is also given regarding the interpretation by the authors of an observed mathematical relationship between the experimental mole fraction solubility and the dielectric constant of the binary solvent mixture. The authors interpreted one of the curve-fit equation coefficients as the energy dissolution barrier. A unit analysis shows that the unit of the curve-fit equation coefficient must be J·K−1·mol−1 which is inconsistent with energy.

Effect of β-alanine and the solvent composition on the solubility of solvate of calcium d-pantothenate containing four molecules of methanol and one molecule of water (D-PC·4MeOH·1H2O)

The solubility of calcium d-pantothenate in (water+methanol) mixtures and the effect of β-alanine on the solubility of calcium d-pantothenate in a constant mole ratio of methanol and water was measured from 263.15K to 303.15K by the HPLC analysis method (P=0.1MPa). The solubility of calcium d-pantothenate increased with increasing temperature in all the mixtures at constant composition. Besides, it also increased with mole fraction of water in (water+methanol) mixtures at a constant temperature. Additionally, the solubility of calcium d-pantothenate was enhanced by β-alanine at a given temperature. The experimental solubility in (water+methanol) mixtures was correlated by the modified Apelblat equation, the ternary NRTL equation and Solubility-Polarity Model. The Apelblat equation, the quaternary NRTL equation and the Cohn equation were adopted to correlate the experimental solubility in the (water+methanol+β-alanine) mixtures. Worthwhile, the quaternary NRTL equation was first applied to correlating the quaternary solid-liquid equilibrium. It turned out that all the selected models give good performance on solubility prediction.

Effects of β-Alanine on Body Composition and Performance Measures in Collegiate Women.

Outlaw, JJ, Smith-Ryan, AE, Buckley, AL, Urbina, SL, Hayward, S, Wingfield, HL, Campbell, B, Foster, C, Taylor, LW, and Wilborn, CD. Effects of β-alanine on body composition and performance measures in collegiate women. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2627-2637, 2016-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-alanine (BA) supplementation and resistance training on body composition and performance. In a double-blind placebo-controlled design, 16 untrained collegiate females (mean ± SD: 21.0 ± 2.2 years; 64.8 ± 8.5 kg; 164.5 ± 7.0 cm; 30.1 ± 5.1 percent body fat [%BF]) completed 8 weeks of resistance training while consuming either 3.4 g BA or placebo (PL; 5 g maltodextrin) before training sessions. Training consisted of 4 days per week upper- and lower-body exercises. Lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM), and %BF were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), aerobic time to exhaustion, Wingate peak power, bench press and leg press 1RM (BPmax; LPmax), and repetitions at 65% (BPreps; LPreps), vertical jump (VJ), and standing broad jump were assessed using standard National Strength and Conditioning Association guidelines. All measurements were taken at baseline (T1), 4 weeks (T2), and 8 weeks (T3). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and 95% confidence intervals were used to determine significance. Body composition (LBM, FM, and %BF) improved over time (p < 0.01) for both groups. Maximal strength and VJ increased significantly from baseline to T3 (p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant interaction for LPreps (p = 0.040), with only BA group resulting in significantly greater LPreps (p = 0.041) at T2 and T3. Results from this study suggest that 8 weeks, 4 days per week progressive resistance training and BA supplementation may be effective for improving lower-body muscular endurance. β-alanine had no additive effects on body composition or maximal strength in collegiate women.

Effect of β-alanine and L-histidine on concentration of carnosine in muscle tissue and oxidative stability of chicken meat

Effect of β-alanine and L-histidine on concentration of carnosine in muscle tissue and oxidative stability of chicken meat

Perinatal hypoxia: different effects of the inhibitors of GABA transporters GAT1 and GAT3 on the initial velocity of [3H]GABA uptake by cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic nerve terminals.

AimTo analyze the effects of highly selective blocker GAT1, NO-711, and substrate inhibitor GAT3, β-alanine, on the initial velocity of [3H]GABA uptake by cortical, hippocampal, and thalamic nerve terminals (synaptosomes) after perinatal hypoxia.MethodsAnimals were divided into two groups: control (n = 17) and hypoxia (n = 12). Rats in the hypoxia group underwent hypoxia and seizures (airtight chamber, 4% O2 and 96% N2) at the age of 10-12 postnatal days and were used in the experiments 8-9 weeks after hypoxia.ResultsIn cortical synaptosomes, the effects of NO-711 (30 μΜ) and β-alanine (100 μΜ) on [3H]GABA uptake were similar in control and hypoxia groups. In hippocampal synaptosomes, NO-711 inhibited 84.3% of the initial velocity of [3H]GABA uptake in normal conditions and 80.1% after hypoxia, whereas the effect of β-alanine was increased after hypoxia from 14.4% to 22.1%. In thalamic synaptosomes, the effect of NO-711 was decreased by 79.6% in controls and by 70.9% in hypoxia group, whereas the effect of β-alanine was increased after hypoxia from 20.2% to 30.2%.ConclusionsThe effectiveness of β-alanine to influence GABA uptake was increased in hippocampal and thalamic nerve terminals as a result of perinatal hypoxia and the effectiveness of NO-711 in thalamic nerve terminals was decreased. These results may indicate changes in the ratio of active GAT1/GAT3 expressed in the plasma membrane of nerve terminals after perinatal hypoxia. We showed a possibility to modulate non-GAT1 GABA transporter activity in different brain regions by exogenous and endogenous β-alanine.

The effect of β-alanine and NaHCO3 co-ingestion on buffering capacity and exercise performance with high-intensity exercise in healthy males.

Introductionβ-alanine (BAl) and NaHCO3 (SB) ingestion may provide performance benefits by enhancing concentrations of their respective physiochemical buffer counterparts, muscle carnosine and blood bicarbonate, counteracting acidosis during intense exercise. This study examined the effect of BAl and SB co-supplementation as an ergogenic strategy during high-intensity exercise.MethodsEight healthy males ingested either BAl (4.8 g day−1 for 4 weeks, increased to 6.4 g day−1 for 2 weeks) or placebo (Pl) (CaCO3) for 6 weeks, in a crossover design (6-week washout between supplements). After each chronic supplementation period participants performed two trials, each consisting of two intense exercise tests performed over consecutive days. Trials were separated by 1 week and consisted of a repeated sprint ability (RSA) test and cycling capacity test at 110 % Wmax (CCT110 %). Placebo (Pl) or SB (300 mg kgbw−1) was ingested prior to exercise in a crossover design to creating four supplement conditions (BAl-Pl, BAl-SB, Pl–Pl, Pl-SB).ResultsCarnosine increased in the gastrocnemius (n = 5) (p = 0.03) and soleus (n = 5) (p = 0.02) following BAl supplementation, and Pl-SB and BAl-SB ingestion elevated blood HCO3 − concentrations (p < 0.01). Although buffering capacity was elevated following both BAl and SB ingestion, performance improvement was only observed with BAl-Pl and BAl-SB increasing time to exhaustion of the CCT110 % test 14 and 16 %, respectively, compared to Pl–Pl (p < 0.01).ConclusionSupplementation of BAl and SB elevated buffering potential by increasing muscle carnosine and blood bicarbonate levels, respectively. BAl ingestion improved performance during the CCT110 %, with no aggregating effect of SB supplementation (p > 0.05). Performance was not different between treatments during the RSA test.

β - Alanine protects mice from memory deficits induced by ageing, scopolamine, diazepam and ethanol

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of β-alanine (a glycine agonist), on learning and memory in mice. β-alanine (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p.) was administered for 6 successive days, to young (3 months old) and aged-mice (16 months old). The learning and memory parameters were assessed, using elevated plus-maze and passive-avoidance apparatus. The effect of β-alanine (20 mg/kg for 6 days) on locomotor function of young and aged mice, was studied using photoactometer, to rule out the increase in locomotor performance of mice. β-alanine at both the doses (10 and 20 mg/kg), significantly improved learning and memory of young- and aged- mice. β-alanine also reversed scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg i.p.), ethanol (1.0 g/kg i.p.) and diazepam (1.0 mg/kg i.p.) -induced amnesia in young mice. There was no significant effect of β-alanine on the locomotor activity of both young and aged mice. The probable underlying mechanism of the memory-enhancing effect of β-alanine appears to be related to its antioxidant, anti-amyloid and procholinergic activities.

Pharmacologic characteristics of excitatory γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) receptors in a snail neuron

1. 1. The pharmacologic characteristics of excitatory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, termed muscimol II type GABA receptors, found in a giant neuron type, v-LCDN (ventral-left cerebral distinct neuron), of an African giant snail ( Achatina fulica Férussac), were studied using the mammalian GABA receptor agonists, antagonists and synergists and GABA uptake inhibitor using the voltage clamp technique. 2. 2. GABA and its agonists, ejected by brief pressure, produced an inward current ( I in) of the following order of potency: trans-t-aminocrotonic acid (TACA)>GABA>muscimol>isoguvacine> 5-aminopentanoic acid and cis-4-aminocrotonic acid (CACA). (±)-Baclofen and 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid (APPA) were ineffective. The I in values produced by GABA, TACA, isoguvacine and CACA were stable for at least 60 min, whereas the I in induced by muscimol was not. 3. 3. According to the dose-response curves of GABA, TACA, isoguvacine and CACA, measured by the varied pressure duration method, the ED 50 value of CACA was larger than those of the other compounds, and E max of TACA was larger than that of GABA, whereas E max values of isoguvacine and CACA were smaller. 4. 4. The perfusion of β-alanine, pentobarbital and 5-aminopentanoic acid inhibited the I in induced by GABA, whereas (-)-bicuculline, pitrazepin, diazepam and 2-hydroxysaclofen had no effect. 5. 5. From the effects of β-alanine on the dose-response curves of GABA, measured by the varied pressure duration method, β-alanine competitively inhibited the I in caused by GABA. According to the effects of pentobarbital on the dose-response curves of GABA, this drug noncompetitively inhibited the I in using the varied pressure duration method, and partly competitively and partly noncompetitively using the Y-tube method. The effects of 5-aminopentanoic acid on the dose-response curves of GABA indicated that this drug noncompetitively inhibited the I in using the varied pressure duration method, and partly noncompetitively and partly uncompetitively using the Y-tube method. 6. 6. The pharmacologic features of the Achatina muscimol II type GABA receptors were similar to those of mammalian GABA C (GABA pl) receptors, except for the effects of pentobarbital.

P-140 - Effects of β-alanine on vagal efferent and afferent excitatory responses of the stomach to stimulation of vagal trunk iij cats.

P-140 - Effects of β-alanine on vagal efferent and afferent excitatory responses of the stomach to stimulation of vagal trunk iij cats.

β-Alanine potentiation of [ 3H]flunitrazepam binding to rat spinal cord homogenates

The effect of β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and other functionally related amino acids on [ 3H]flunitrazepam binding to rat spinal cord homogenates was studied. β-Alanine potentiated [ 3H]flunitrazepam binding by 40% and GABA by 88%. Taurine increased the binding by 19%. Hypotaurine produced an 11% increase. No significant effect was seen in glycine, alanine, serine, valine or the dipeptide carnosine. The β-alanine increase in [ 3H]flunitrazepam binding was completely inhibited by 10 μM strychnine, where-as the GABA increase required 0.1 mM strychnine to be fully suppressed. Results suggest that β-alanine specifically potentiates binding of [ 3H]flunitrazepam in rat spinal cord homogenates.

The effect of β-alanine on the concentration of taurine and other free amino acids during osmotic stress ofMytilus galloprovincialis

The effect of β-alanine on the concentration of taurine and other free amino acids (FAA) in different osmotic conditions inMytilus galloprovincialishave been investigated. Significant variation of the concentration of FAA as a function of the salinity have been observed.β-alanine incorporation decreases the level of cysteic acid and taurine as well as the level of other FAA.

High affinity binding of β-alanine to regions of rat CNS

“High-affinity” binding of β-alanine to synasptosomal mitochondrial fractions was found in seven regions of rat CNS. Dissociation constants, K B, ranged from 5 nM in cerebellum to 28 nM in thalamus. Maximal binding capacities, B max, varied from 33 p-moles/g pellet in cerebral cortex to 91 p-moles/g pellet in thalamus. These results are in agreement with previous physiological data concerning effects of β-alanine in CNS.

Effects of β-alanine, l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid and nipecotic acid on the sodium-dependent binding of [ 3H]GABA to brain particles

1. The effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), (±)-nipecotic acid, l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA) and β-alanine were compared on the Na +-dependent binding of [ 3H]GABA (3 nM) to a synaptosome-enriched fraction of rat whole brain. 2. (±)-Nipecotic acid ( IC 50 ⋍ 2 × 10 -5 M ) and DABA ( IC 50 ⋍ 6 × 10 -5 M ), which predominantly inhibit neuronal GABA uptake, produced parallel shifts on log-probit plots at decreasing [ 3H]GABA binding with respect to the decrease caused by unlabelled GABA. 3. β-Alanine, which mainly inhibits glial GABA uptake, produced a slight non-parallel shift at decreasing GABA binding. 4. These findings indicate that Na +-dependent GABA binding to synaptosome-enriched fractions involves mainly neuronal elements. 5. The lack of specificity of (±)-nipecotic acid, DABA and β-alanine regarding neuronal vs glial GABA transport sites is discussed.

The effect of beta-alanine on motor behaviour, body temperature and cerebral monoamine metabolism in rat.

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of beta-alanine produced a decrease in rectal temperature, inhibition of exploratory behaviour and motility, and changes in the metabolism of cerebral monoamines. Dopa and 5-HTP accumulation after inhibition of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, NSD 1015 (3-hydroxybencylhydrazine HCl, 100 mg/kg i.p.) was found to be significantly increased in all the dissected cerebral regions of animals treated with beta-alanine, as compared to the controls. Levels of tyrosine and tryptophan did not show any significant change. Endogenous levels of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), did not change. After inhibition of the catecholamines synthesis with alpha-methyltryrosine (alpha-MT), dopamine depletion was retarded and noradrenaline accelerated, but without reaching statistical significance. After intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of beta-alanine, significant changes in motor behaviour were found. Body temperature and metabolism of brain catecholamine were unchanged. This lack of effect could be explained by poor penetration through the blood-brain barrier.

EFFECT OF β-ALANINE AND L-HISTIDINE ON IMMUNE RESPONSE

EFFECT OF β-ALANINE AND L-HISTIDINE ON IMMUNE RESPONSE