Effects Of Auditory Stimulation Research Articles

Effect of Sound Source Location and Spatial Hearing on the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex.

There have been conflicting results on the effect of auditory stimulation on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) with some studies indicating suppression, enhancement, or no effect. No studies to date have assessed the effect of sound source location on VOR gain or the relationship between spatial hearing ability and VOR gain. The purpose of the present study was to determine if VOR gain was affected by moving the location of the sound source within participants and to determine if these effects were related to spatial hearing ability. A between subjects repeated measures experimental design was utilized. Two groups of participants (adult and child) with normal otologic, vestibular, and neurologic function. 22 adults (20 female and 2 male; average age = 23 years) and 16 children (9 female and 7 male; average age = 7.5 years) were included in data analysis. VOR gain was measured using rotational chair stimulation in the following auditory conditions: silent, insert earphones, external loudspeaker at 0° azimuth rotating with participant, and external stationary speaker. Localization ability was measured using root mean square (RMS) error. Results indicated a significant effect for sound source location on VOR gain and VOR difference gain in both groups. RMS error was positively correlated for the moving and fixed sound source locations for both adults and children. VOR gain was significantly affected by location of the sound source. Findings suggest the presence and location of an auditory stimulus during rotational testing can alter results during the assessment.

Ideal Mode of Auditory Stimulation in Preterm Neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic Review.

The objective of this review was to find out the best mode of auditory stimulation for preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. We also aimed to find out the different effects of different types of auditory stimulation in these neonates. Advanced neonatal care and technological advances in neonatal intensive care units have led to increased survival of preterm-born neonates, but this in turn leads to increased incidences of disabilities like cerebral palsy, visual impairment, delayed social development, etc. Early intervention is provided to facilitate further development and prevent delays in all domains. Auditory stimulation is proven to benefit these neonates to stabilize their vitals and improve their auditory performance in later life.Different modes of auditory stimulation have been studied worldwide, but none of the studies has presented the ideal mode of auditory stimulation for these preterm neonates. In this review, we have discussed the effects produced by different types of auditory stimulation and compared their pros and cons. For conducting a systematic review, a search strategy adopted by MEDLINE is used. A total of 78 articles published between 2012 and 2017, on the effects of auditory stimulation on preterm infants' performance were reviewed.Out of that, eight studies that met the inclusion criteria and focused on short-term and long-term effects were included in this systematic review. Search terms included preterm neonates, auditory stimulation, and early intervention. Randomized controlled trials and cohort studies were included. Auditory stimulation by maternal sound provides physiological and autonomic stability, but the behavioral states of preterm neonates improved with auditory stimulation by music therapy with lullabies. Maternal singing during kangaroo care may be recommended for providing physiological stability.

Effects of Auditory Stimulation and Exercise on Gender Hormones in GMOs-Fed Rats

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of auditory stimuli and exercise on structural measurements, functional characteristics and sex hormones of rats fed with genetically modified organisms (GMO).Materials and Methods: A total of 64 8-week-old Spraque Dawley rats, 32 male and 32 female, were used in the study. GMO feeding, auditory stimulus and exercise were applied to both male and female rats. Control groups were also formed at the same time as the experimental groups. GMO application; It was fed by mixing 20ml water+20ml corn syrup per day. Auditory application; Segah and Hüseyni maqams were played at 55 decibels loudness for 60 minutes a day. Exercise app; It was applied as challenging swimming in an 80 cm long and 40 cm wide pool.Results: It was determined that the body weights of all rats treated with GMO showed a significant increase (p<0.05). Significant increases in blood lactate levels were observed in exercise-treated rats (p<0.05). It was determined that musical auditory stimuli were effective on sex hormones and significant decreases occurred in estrogen levels of female rats fed GMOs (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was observed that the preference of feeding with GMO significantly affected the body composition of the subjects. It was determined that swimming and sound stimuli were effective on sex hormones. It was determined that there was an increase in testosterone levels in male rats fed with exercise and GMO. A significant decrease was determined in the estrogen levels of female rats, especially in those fed with GMOs. For this reason, it was seen that the changes in the sex hormones caused by the high fructose-containing GMO diet can cause very important health problems. It was determined that more research on the subject should be done in order to explain the system response mechanisms of the organism, the relationship between exercise and auditory stimuli and GMO nutrition.

Effect of Auditory Stimulation by Upbeat Music on Radial Pulse

Introduction: Music of varying tempo or beats have physiological as well as adverse effects on the body. This study throws light on the influence of upbeat music on properties of radial pulse, in healthy young adults. Methods: One hundred and seventy-five students between the age of nineteen and twenty-four years were included in this study. The experiment was conducted in a room, devoid of any external disturbances. Subjects were made to listen the chosen upbeat music for 4 minutes using a headphone. The radial pulse was measured before and immediately after the experiment. Data analysis was done by using SPSS software version 16.0.Results: In this study we observed that normal mean pulse rate was 76 per minute in males and 72 per minute in female young adults. Following the auditory stimulation with upbeat music, rise in pulse rate was observed in more than 70% of subjects. Whilst, 24% showed a decrease pulse rate and 5% showed no change in pulse rate. Increased pulse rate was associated with decrease in amplitude of pulse wave but no change in rhythm and character of the pulse when compared to resting state. Conclusion: This study indicates that the music can increase the pulse rate in the majority of the subjects but also decreases the pulse rate in few individuals. This study provides the preliminary evidence to promote the music therapy in many preventive programs for patients with depression, patients with depressed cardiac functioning and useful in improving daily performances.

Down-phase auditory stimulation is not able to counteract pharmacologically or physiologically increased sleep depth in traumatic brain injury rats.

Modulation of slow-wave activity, either via pharmacological sleep induction by administering sodium oxybate or sleep restriction followed by a strong dissipation of sleep pressure, has been associated with preserved posttraumatic cognition and reduced diffuse axonal injury in traumatic brain injury rats. Although these classical strategies provided promising preclinical results, they lacked the specificity and/or translatability needed to move forward into clinical applications. Therefore, we recently developed and implemented a rodent auditory stimulation method that is a scalable, less invasive and clinically meaningful approach to modulate slow-wave activity by targeting a particular phase of slow waves. Here, we assessed the feasibility of down-phase targeted auditory stimulation of slow waves and evaluated its comparative modulatory strength in relation to the previously employed slow-wave activity modulators in our rat model of traumatic brain injury. Our results indicate that, in spite of effectively reducing slow-wave activity in both healthy and traumatic brain injury rats via down-phase targeted stimulation, this method was not sufficiently strong to counteract the boost in slow-wave activity associated with classical modulators, nor to alter concomitant posttraumatic outcomes. Therefore, the usefulness and effectiveness of auditory stimulation as potential standalone therapeutic strategy in the context of traumatic brain injury warrants further exploration.

The effect of auditory stimulation using delta binaural beat for a better sleep and post-sleep mood: A pilot study.

BackgroundAlthough previous evidence confirms the effects of sleep deprivation on mental health and wellbeing, due to the interaction effects of sleep and mood on each other, the influence of sleep improvement has received less attention.ObjectiveThis study aimed to find whether binaural beat technology can enhance sleep quality and thus post-sleep mood.MethodsTwenty healthy students participated in this pilot study. All subjects were investigated for two weeks (a baseline week and an experimental week). In the first week, there was no intervention, but in the second week, all subjects were exposed to a 90 min binaural beat in the delta frequency range. The individuals’ sleep was monitored for two weeks using a sleep diary form, and a Profile of Mood State questionnaire was employed to assess their mood at the end of the first and second weeks.ResultsAuditory stimulation with delta binaural beat enhanced sleep parameters such as sleep failure, the number of awakenings, real duration of sleep, sleep quality, and feeling following the waking of the individuals. Finally, students’ moods improved by reducing anxiety and anger, but other mood parameters did not indicate a significant difference.ConclusionThe findings of this study confirmed that auditory stimulation with a delta binaural beat seems to be a low-cost and alternative method for medicine and other treatment methods with side effects.ApplicationThis study demonstrates the use of technology with a neuroergonomics approach to improve sleep and mood disorders.

Fetal Middle Cerebral Artery Pulsatility Index in No-Risk Pregnancies: Effects of Auditory Stimulation and Pregnancy Order.

Pulsatility index (PI) values in a fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) were compared in no-risk pregnancies to examine the differences related to auditory stimulation test and pregnancy order. The study included 196 women with no-risk pregnancies selected from the database of more than 1000 pregnant women divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 98 nulliparous women (C1 = 98) and Group 2 consisted of 98 parous women (C2 = 98). All pregnant women were of comparable age and fetal gestational age (GA) when MCA-PI values were recorded. Measurements of PI values in fetal MCA were obtained before and immediately after the application of fetal auditory stimulation test. The MCA-PI measuring was conducted in the period between the 36th and the 41st week of GA. The results showed that PI baseline values and PI values after defined auditory stimulation were significantly different when measured in nulliparous women compared to parous women (p = 0.001; p = 0.003, respectively), while no group differences were observed in relative PI value changes due to auditory stimulation. These findings suggest that hemodynamic changes in fetal MCA caused by defined auditory stimulation measured by PI value changes may be valuable in the assessment of fetal auditory perception functionality and its development.

The Effects of Auditory Stimulation with Pleasant and Unpleasant Sound on The Pain Threshold of Gingiva and Skin

The Effects of Auditory Stimulation with Pleasant and Unpleasant Sound on The Pain Threshold of Gingiva and Skin

聴覚刺激の周波数と強度が下腿三頭筋支配の脊髄興奮準位に及ぼす影響―第 2 報―

聴覚刺激の周波数と強度が下腿三頭筋支配の脊髄興奮準位に及ぼす影響―第 2 報―

Neural activation in response to conspecific songs in zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) embryos and nestlings.

Classic studies on the effects of auditory stimulation in embryonic birds have largely been limited to precocial taxa. In altricial taxa, physiological responses of embryos and, subsequently, the behavioral responses of nestlings have begun to receive increasing attention, yet it remains unclear whether and to what specificity neural responses are generated in ovo. Using in-situ hybridization for an immediate early gene, ZENK, we detected significant neural activation in both the embryos and nestlings of an altricial songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) when exposed to conspecific song playbacks relative to silence. In turn, embryonic ZENK responses to heterospecific songs were intermediate in strength. These results are consistent with physiological evidence for conspecific song selectivity in embryos of other altricial songbird taxa.

Effect of Auditory Stimulation on the Level of Consciousness in Comatose Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Comatose patients are exposed to sensory deprivation in the intensive care units. Auditory stimulation of patients who are unconscious is a nonmedical procedure. This study examines the effect of organized voice, performed by a nurse, on the state of consciousness of comatose patients in intensive care units. This randomized controlled trial study of 60 patients was conducted fitting between August 2017 and February 2018. For 10 days, patients received the voice of a male nurse twice a day in the morning and night shifts, recorded on MP3 and repeated at least 3 to 4 times. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores were recorded by the researcher before and after auditory stimulation. Patient mean age was 69.2 years; 56.7% of the experimental group and 53.3% of the control group were male. On the first day in the morning and evening after auditory stimulation, the mean GCS was 4.8 in the experimental group and 4.7 in the control group. Before and after the intervention on the 10th day after auditory stimulation, the mean GCS of patients was 9.5 in the experimental group and 7.1 in the control group in the morning and 9.6 and 7.2, respectively, in the evening. No significant differences in mean GCS by group were observed for the first 3 days (P > .05). However, the difference in mean GCS scores of the 2 groups was statistically significant after the third day (P < .05). Auditory stimulation is associated with higher GCS in comatose patients.

Effect of Auditory Stimulation During Early Development in Puppy Testing of Future Police Working Dogs

The aim of this study was to determine if the use of auditory stimulation during early development stages of young puppies, using a variety of sounds such as music, radio talk shows, and ambient noise, that included car noises, sirens, and gunshots, could affect the results of early puppy testing of future police working dogs. Sixty-seven puppies at 7 weeks of age were submitted to a 9-situation test and their results analyzed. The sample comprised 34 males and 33 females, from 4 different breeds/crosses (27 German Shepherd Dog, 19 Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dog, 7 Dutch Shepherd Dog, and 14 animals of a cross of German Shepherd Dog with Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dog), representing 12 litters. Puppies were divided in 2 groups, G1 (n = 46) and G2 (n = 21), with G1 being submitted only to the standard socialization protocol in use in the Grupo de Intervenção Cinotécnico while puppies in G2, beside the standard socialization protocol, were also presented with auditory stimulation throughout the day, particularly during playtime and meal time. Significant differences were observed in some situations between groups, with puppies in G1 achieving better scores on this specific test, which aims to access a puppy's level of interaction with humans, reaction to manipulations, and reaction to different environmental stimulus. No differences were found between sexes but some differences between breeds were found, suggesting familial effects on noise reaction. Further studies, involving a greater number of puppies and litters, and that would also include noise exposure quantification, behavioral, and physiological assays are required to confirm these findings. It will also be of interest to evaluate if the results obtained as a young puppy have any connection with future adult performance.

Performance of an Ambulatory Dry-EEG Device for Auditory Closed-Loop Stimulation of Sleep Slow Oscillations in the Home Environment.

Recent research has shown that auditory closed-loop stimulation can enhance sleep slow oscillations (SO) to improve N3 sleep quality and cognition. Previous studies have been conducted in lab environments. The present study aimed to validate and assess the performance of a novel ambulatory wireless dry-EEG device (WDD), for auditory closed-loop stimulation of SO during N3 sleep at home. The performance of the WDD to detect N3 sleep automatically and to send auditory closed-loop stimulation on SO were tested on 20 young healthy subjects who slept with both the WDD and a miniaturized polysomnography (part 1) in both stimulated and sham nights within a double blind, randomized and crossover design. The effects of auditory closed-loop stimulation on delta power increase were assessed after one and 10 nights of stimulation on an observational pilot study in the home environment including 90 middle-aged subjects (part 2).The first part, aimed at assessing the quality of the WDD as compared to a polysomnograph, showed that the sensitivity and specificity to automatically detect N3 sleep in real-time were 0.70 and 0.90, respectively. The stimulation accuracy of the SO ascending-phase targeting was 45 ± 52°. The second part of the study, conducted in the home environment, showed that the stimulation protocol induced an increase of 43.9% of delta power in the 4 s window following the first stimulation (including evoked potentials and SO entrainment effect). The increase of SO response to auditory stimulation remained at the same level after 10 consecutive nights. The WDD shows good performances to automatically detect in real-time N3 sleep and to send auditory closed-loop stimulation on SO accurately. These stimulation increased the SO amplitude during N3 sleep without any adaptation effect after 10 consecutive nights. This tool provides new perspectives to figure out novel sleep EEG biomarkers in longitudinal studies and can be interesting to conduct broad studies on the effects of auditory stimulation during sleep.

Effects of auditory stimulation on stereotypy displayed by individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A response to Schwartz, Ayres, and Douglas (2017)

Effects of auditory stimulation on stereotypy displayed by individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: A response to Schwartz, Ayres, and Douglas (2017)

The effect of auditory stimulation on the level of spinal cord excitement in triceps surae muscle control

The effect of auditory stimulation on the level of spinal cord excitement in triceps surae muscle control

Effect of auditory stimulation on consciousness in coma patients with head injury: A randomized clinical trial

Context: Brain injury can cause coma and organized auditory stimulation (OAS) is thought to be associated with improvements in the level of consciousness. Aims: Determine of the effect of OAS on levels of consciousness in comatose patients with head injury Setting and Design: This study was a randomized clinical trial and conducted from July 2012 to February 2013 in the Panje Azar Hospital of Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: The patients from critical care units were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups, each group 20 patients. The intervention group underwent OAS using a nurse's voice who tried to call the patients' attention to their place, time, identification, family, and profession. This stimulation was conducted thrice daily for 10 days, and patient consciousness was measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Statistical Analysis Used: We used mean and standard deviation, Chi square, t test, and repeated measures to analysis of data. Results: The level of consciousness increased in both intervention and control groups, but the increase in the intervention group was more than the control group (P Conclusion: The level of consciousness of patients improved following an organized OAS by the nurses. Therefore, OAS likely will be a useful and applicable intervention for patients in Intensive Care Units.

GLOBAL CHAOTIC PARAMETERS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY DURING EXPOSURE TO MUSICAL AUDITORY STIMULATION

Background: The physiological responses to auditory stimulation with music are relevant to understand and provide additional information regarding complementary and alternative therapies. Objectives: Investigate the acute effects of auditory stimulation on the globally chaotic parameters of Heart rate Variability (HRV). Methods: 27 healthy male students. Measurements of the equivalent sound levels were conducted in a soundproof room. The RR-intervals recorded by the portable HR monitor. HRV was analyzed in the following periods: control protocol – the 10-minutes period before the exposure and the 10-minutes period during the exposure to musical auditory stimulation . Results: We have the values of CFP for seven groups for 27 subjects who are undergoing auditory stimulation; hence a grid of 7 by 27 to be assessed. The First Principal Component has a variance of 4.5282 and accounts for 64.7% of the total variance. The Second Principal Component has an eigenvalue of 2.4631 accounting for 99.9% of total variance. When we observe the results of PCA. CFP3 is very weakly influencial with first principal component (PC1) at 0.012; whereas, CFP1 is much more influencial with PC1 of 0.2288. Conclusion: Musical auditory stimulation with a specific classic style did not acutely influence the global chaotic parameters of HRV.

Sophisticated evaluation of possible effect of distinct auditory stimulation during REM sleep on dream content

Introducti o n : Studies have revealed significant impacts of different external stimuli during sleep on dream content and have reported various incorporation rates. The present study was performed to evaluate possible effect of auditory stimulation with sophisticated method. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, fifteen healthy male volunteers, who were tested for having normal auditory sensation, slept for two consecutive nights on sleep laboratory and monitored by polysomnography device. Subjects were not informed about content and time in which the sound was played. Traffic ambience sound (40‐60 decibel for 1 minute) played during second Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep of experimental (second) night and self-written dream report has collected after second and fourth REM sleep of both nights. Dream reports were coded by two independent coders according the Hall and de castle coding rules. Results: Dreaming something related to traffic sound (according to coding rules) was reported significantly more in dream reports of second REM of experimental night (in which sound was played) in comparison to dream reports of second REM of control night(p=0.033). Direct incorporation of traffic sound was reported in 78% subjects. Conclusion: Our finding revealed that information processing of auditory stimuli continues during sleep and can affect dream content, much more than previously estimated. The evaluation of possible correlated EEG changes when dream has been affected by external auditory stimuli is needed in future studies.

Effects of auditory stimulation with music of different intensities on heart period

Various studies have indicated that music therapy with relaxant music improves cardiac function of patients treated with cardiotoxic medication and heavy-metal music acutely reduces heart rate variability (HRV). There is also evidence that white noise auditory stimulation above 50 dB causes cardiac autonomic responses. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the acute effects of musical auditory stimulation with different intensities on cardiac autonomic regulation. This study was performed on 24 healthy women between 18 and 25 years of age. We analyzed HRV in the time [standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration >50 ms (pNN50), and root-mean square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD)] and frequency [low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio] domains. HRV was recorded at rest for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the volunteers were exposed to baroque or heavy-metal music for 5 minutes through an earphone. The volunteers were exposed to three equivalent sound levels (60–70, 70–80, and 80–90 dB). After the first baroque or heavy-metal music, they remained at rest for 5 minutes and then they were exposed to the other music. The sequence of songs was randomized for each individual. Heavy-metal musical auditory stimulation at 80–90 dB reduced the SDNN index compared with control (44.39 ± 14.40 ms vs. 34.88 ± 8.69 ms), and stimulation at 60–70 dB decreased the LF (ms2) index compared with control (668.83 ± 648.74 ms2 vs. 392.5 ± 179.94 ms2). Baroque music at 60–70dB reduced the LF (ms2) index (587.75 ± 318.44 ms2 vs. 376.21 ± 178.85 ms2). In conclusion, heavy-metal and baroque musical auditory stimulation at lower intensities acutely reduced global modulation of the heart and only heavy-metal music reduced HRV at higher intensities.

The effectiveness of auditory stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorders: A case–control study

Background/Aim: The Listening Program (TLP) is a sound-based intervention that claims to treat the behavioural challenges of children diagnosed on the autism spectrum with sensory processing difficulties. There is a paucity of peer-reviewed evidence supporting its use. The purpose of this study was to determine whether TLP reduces sensory over-responsitivity (SOR) to auditory stimuli. Methods: Data were collected over a 28-week period using an ABAB multiple events case–control design of testing and treatment intervals to capture the responses of three participants to TLP. Results: Graphs from repeated measures data were drawn to analyse the direction and level of trend lines. There was a high variability of responses, with participants responding positively and others negatively at different stages of the study. Conclusions: The results lend some support to the use of TLP with children on the autism spectrum who are experiencing auditory SOR.