Effect Of Atmospheric Transport Research Articles

Vliyaniye techeniy i atmosfernoy tsirkulyatsii na effektivnost' promysla khamsy v period yeye zimovki u Chernomorskogo poberezh'ya Krasnodarskogo kraya

Russian fishermen harvest European anchovy primarily off the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory during its wintering and wintering migrations. At wintering grounds, temperature conditions become a secondary factor in determining the behaviour of commercial concentration of European anchovy, with wind and currents being the primary factors. Therefore, the aim of this work is to determine the potential use of daily data on water circulation and local atmospheric transport in short-term (1–7 days) forecasting of European anchovy fishing in the Black Sea. The research used the European anchovy fishery monitoring materials for January – March 2019, as well as daily maps of the Black and Azov Seas level anomalies (from satellite altimetry data) and surface atmospheric pressure and temperature in Europe (analysis) for the mentioned period. The dynamics of the catch rate and its relation to altimetry and atmospheric transport indicators in the north-eastern part of the Black Sea were investigated using graphical and correlation methods. This analysis showed that the main factor contributing to increased catches is intensification of northwest currents in the coastal 60-km zone. The effect of atmospheric transport on fishing efficiency depends on the mesoscale eddy structure of the nearshore current field. In the presence of an intense northwest current in the fishing area, southwest atmospheric transports have a positive effect on fishing, while in the presence of an anticyclonic meander of currents, northeast atmospheric transports become effective. The presence of maximum significant relationships when the determinants of fishing performance are shifted by 1–7 days allows making short-term predictions of fishing efficiency.

Premature Mortality Due to PM2.5 Over India: Effect of Atmospheric Transport and Anthropogenic Emissions.

The annual premature mortality in India attributed to exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeds 1 million (Cohen et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30505-6). Studies have estimated sector‐specific premature mortality from ambient PM2.5 exposure in India and shown residential energy use is the dominant contributing sector. In this study, we estimate the contribution of PM2.5 and premature mortality from six regions of India in 2012 using the global chemical‐transport model. We calculate how premature mortality in India is determined by the transport of pollution from different regions. Of the estimated 1.1 million annual premature deaths from PM2.5 in India, about ~60% was from anthropogenic pollutants emitted from within the region in which premature mortality occurred, ~19% was from transport of anthropogenic pollutants between different regions within India, ~16% was due to anthropogenic pollutants emitted outside of India, and ~4% was associated with natural PM2.5 sources. The emissions from Indo Gangetic Plain contributed to ~46% of total premature mortality over India, followed by Southern India (13%). Indo Gangetic Plain also contributed (~8%) to the most premature mortalities in other regions of India through transport. More than 50% of the premature mortality in Northern, Eastern, Western, and Central India was due to transport of PM2.5 from regions outside of these individual regions. Our results indicate that reduction in anthropogenic emissions over India, as well as its neighboring regions, will be required to reduce the health impact of ambient PM2.5 in India.

Effects of atmospheric transport and trade on air pollution mortality in China

Abstract. Air quality is a major environmental concern in China, where premature deaths due to air pollution have exceeded 1 million people per year in recent years. Here, using a novel coupling of economic, physical and epidemiological models, we estimate the premature mortality related to anthropogenic outdoor PM2.5 air pollution in seven regions of China in 2010 and show for the first time how the distribution of these deaths in China is determined by a combination of economic activities and physical transport of pollution in the atmosphere. We find that 33 % (338 600 premature deaths) of China's PM2.5-related premature mortality in 2010 were caused by pollutants emitted in a different region of the country and transported in the atmosphere, especially from north to south and from east to west. Trade further extended the cross-regional impact; 56 % of (568 900 premature deaths) China's PM2.5-related premature mortality was related to consumption in another region, including 423 800 (42 % of total) and 145 100 (14 %) premature deaths from domestic consumption and international trade respectively. Our results indicate that multilateral and multi-stage cooperation under a regional sustainable development framework is in urgent need to mitigate air pollution and related health impacts, and efforts to reduce the health impacts of air pollution in China should be prioritized according to the source and location of emissions, the type and economic value of the emitting activities, and the related patterns of consumption.

Persistent organic pollutants in subarctic lakes in the extreme North of European Russia

The paper presents data on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in bottom sediments of subarctic lakes on Vaygach Isl. and in the Polar Cis-Urals in the Northern European Russia. Dioxin pollution is estimated at the background level, and the recorded levels of hexachlorobenzene fall within the concentration range identified in the bottom sediments of small lakes in the southwestern Arkhangelsk region. The specific character of the congener profile of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in bottom sediments is demonstrated, suggesting a relationship between the pollution that forms under the effect of atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants from low latitudes in the past and present and the application of dioxin-containing organochlorine chemicals in timber industry.

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Contamination to Planting Base Soil in Shenyang, China

The distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the planting base soils in Shenyang, northeast of China, were investigated. Sixty soil samples were collected and characterized for heavy metals contents (AsCdCrPbHgNiCu and Zn). Concentration data were processed using correlation analysis and soils pollution assessment was carried out using geoaccumulation and PI. The results revealed that eight heavy metals contents of planting base all reached pollution level, which Pb and Hg pollution relatively serious, reached 2.41 and 2.1 respectively. The order of heavy metal pollution levels are: Pb> Hg> Zn = Cu> As> Ni> Cd> Cr. A significant correlation exists in Pb-Cd, Pb-Cu, Cd-As, Cu-Ni, while an extremely significant correlation exists between Zn-Cu. In addition to the parent material soil, the sources of soil heavy metals are mainly by the industrial, agricultural, transportation or other human activities and the effect of atmospheric transport and deposition. KEYWORDS: soil, heavy metal pollution, assessment, pollution index

Variable Hf[sbnd]Sr[sbnd]Nd radiogenic isotopic compositions in a Saharan dust storm over the Atlantic: Implications for dust flux to oceans, ice sheets and the terrestrial biosphere

Isotopic characterization of aerosol mineral particles (atmospheric dust) of varying sizes is essential in classifying source areas, and for determining the source of dust deposited over oceans and icesheets. However, the effect of atmospheric transport on radiogenic isotopic compositions is not well constrained, making provenance interpretation difficult. In order to investigate the isotopic variability of 176Hf/177Hf, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd we analyzed eight airborne dust samples in two size fractions collected along a cross-Atlantic transect through a dust storm originating in the Sahara in late 2002. Past measurements of 176Hf/177Hf, 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of dust have focused primarily on coarse sized particles (<30μm), whereas far field deposition is primarily finer particles (<2μm). Strontium or neodymium isotopic sorting based on distance is not evident in our dataset; however, the combined isotopic ratios of the dust collected suggest a Saharan origin. Hafnium isotopic compositions show an east to west trend towards more radiogenic compositions across the Atlantic, suggesting grain and mineral sorting during dust transport along the ~4000km transect. Transport models with variable dust particle diameter and wind speed demonstrate the preferential depletion of the high-density mineral zircon during transport of dust from the source area. The transport model combined with a simple two component mixing model show that the Hf isotopic composition changes can be explained by the loss of the mineral zircon during transport. Modeling of this “zircon effect” with distance from the dust source in the Hf isotopic composition of marine, terrestrial and glacial dust deposits may reveal additional information concerning dust transport and sources in the geologic past.

Black carbon over Mexico: the effect of atmospheric transport on mixing state, mass absorption cross-section, and BC/CO ratios

Abstract. A single particle soot photometer (SP2) was operated on the NCAR C-130 during the MIRAGE campaign (part of MILAGRO), sampling black carbon (BC) over Mexico. The highest BC concentrations were measured over Mexico City (sometimes as much as 2 μg/m3) and over hill-fires to the south of the city. The age of plumes outside of Mexico City was determined using a combination of HYSPLIT trajectories, WRF-FLEXPART modeling and CMET balloon tracks. As expected, older, diluted air masses had lower BC concentrations. A comparison of carbon monoxide (CO) and BC suggests a CO background of around 65 ppbv, and a background-corrected BC/COnet ratio of 2.89±0.89 (ng/m3-STP)/ppbv (average ± standard deviation). This ratio is similar for fresh emissions over Mexico City, as well as for aged airmasses. Comparison of light absorption measured with a particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) and the SP2 BC suggests a BC mass-normalized absorption cross-section (MAC) of 10.9±2.1 m2/g at 660 nm (or 13.1 m2/g @ 550 nm, assuming MAC is inversely dependent on wavelength). This appears independent of aging and similar to the expected absorption cross-section for aged BC, but values, particularly in fresh emissions, could be biased high due to instrument artifacts. SP2-derived BC coating indicators show a prominent thinly-coated BC mode over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), while older air masses show both thinly-coated and thickly-coated BC. Some 2-day-old plumes do not show a prominent thickly-coated BC mode, possibly due to preferential wet scavenging of the likely-hydrophilic thickly-coated BC.

Effects of Atmospheric Transport on Temporal Variations of 222Rn and Its Progeny Concentration in the Atmosphere.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of atmospheric transport on temporal variations in the concentration of 222Rn and its progeny in the air by using a three dimensional atmospheric dispersion model. The objective region for this study was the Chubu district in Japan and the objective period was from November 1 to 20, 1991. It is well known that the diurnal variation of concentration is due to the diurnal cycle of the growth and decay of the mixed layer. In addition, this study led to the following conclusions: 1. Comparing the observed results with one- and three- dimensional models showed that the atmospheric transport of 222Rn and its progeny affects the temporal variation of concentrations for limited area sources like the islands of Japan. 2. Time series analyses of observed and calculated results revealed that a periodicity of several days was included in the variation of the concentration of 222Rn from a remote source. Moreover, it suggested that it IS dependant on the long-range ...

Effects of Atmospheric Transport on Temporal Variations of 222Rn and Its Progeny Concentration in the Atmosphere

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of atmospheric transport on temporal variations in the concentration of 222Rn and its progeny in the air by using a three dimensional atmospheric dispersion model. The objective region for this study was the Chubu district in Japan and the objective period was from November 1 to 20, 1991. It is well known that the diurnal variation of concentration is due to the diurnal cycle of the growth and decay of the mixed layer. In addition, this study led to the following conclusions: 1. Comparing the observed results with one- and three- dimensional models showed that the atmospheric transport of 222Rn and its progeny affects the temporal variation of concentrations for limited area sources like the islands of Japan.2. Time series analyses of observed and calculated results revealed that a periodicity of several days was included in the variation of the concentration of 222Rn from a remote source. Moreover, it suggested that it IS dependant on the long-range transport of 222Rn by the air-flow caused by the changing high and low pressure systems.

Effects of atmospheric transport on column abundances of nitrogen and chlorine compounds in the Arctic stratosphere

In the absence of heterogeneous processes, distributions of NOy, HNO3, Clx and HCl in the polar winter stratosphere should be determined by transport. A model simulating distributions of these species in the arctic for January and February 1989 is developed using observed fields of potential vorticity and potential temperature. Comparison of model results with column measurements from the DC‐8 indicates conversion of NOx to HNO3, condensation of HNO3, conversion of HCl to ClNO3, and conversion of HCl plus ClNO3 to an unmeasured species. Heterogeneous processes strongly affect abundances of NOy and Clx species in the winter arctic stratosphere.

Halocarbon behaviour from a long time series

Five years of halocarbon observations from December 1970 to December 1975 are combined with meteorological analyses to determine the growth rates of CCl 3F and CCl 4 atmospheric concentrations in comparison with the estimated growth of the emissions of these compounds. The effect of atmospheric transport from the European continent is compared against “oceanic” trajectories. A mapping methodology is developed which combines meteorology and concentration data to identify the differences in the strength of source areas. A complete tabulation of the concentration data and its variations at Adrigole, Ireland is presented. We have shown that the growth in concentration of CCl 3F in both hemispheres closely parallels the emission into the atmosphere. No such simple relationship exists with CCl 4 and the data suggest that there must be significant sources and sinks to account for the observations. We conclude that careful long-term measurements of two, or preferably more, compounds can, when combined with an analysis of the mechanisms of atmospheric transport, reveal much about the atmospheric chemical interactions in the troposphere.